i ABSTARCT
Zulfadli. Registration Number: 8146111074. The Language Maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa. Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2016.
ii ABSTRAK
Zulfadli. Registration Number: 8146111074. The Language Maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa (Pemertahann Bahasa China Hokkien di Kota Langsa). Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2016.
viii
4.1.1.1 Use of language in family domain ... 45
4.1.1.2 Use of language in neighborhood domain ... 49
4.1.1.3 Living together and see each other frequently ... 52
4.1.1.4 Use of language in religion domain ... 56
4.1.2 Strategies of language maintenance ... 62
4.1.3 The reason the speaker of Hokkien Chinese maintain their language ... 64
4.2 Finding ... 66
4.3 Discussion ... 67
4.3.1 The factor affecting Hokkien Chinese language ... 67
4.3.2 The strategies of Hokkien Chinese language maintenance ... 69
4.3.3 The reason for maintaining Hokkien Chinese language ... 70
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 72
5.2 Suggestions ... 73
REFERENCES ... 75
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LIST OF APPENDICES
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is needs for every human being to communicate to other
peoples. Language is the basis of all communication. Without language, no
culture in the society will not develope because people will lack a means
whichthey can express their ideas to one another. Language can not be separated
from human life because it plays an important role in the process of social
interaction. Think of language, there happens cooperation and interaction between
people. Talk to our friends, families and associates by using a language as a
medium of communication. All people in the society communicate and express
their feeling by using a language. Sociolinguistics is not study about society but
also the correlation between society and the language.
Nowadays, language shift potentially happen in vernaculars in Indonesia.
Gunarwan (2004) found that Lampung language was shifted because of
Indonesian language pressure. Siregar (1998) also found that language shift
happens in the young generationbilingual society in Medan. The data show that
the language shift happens in Indonesia continually.
Weinreich (1968) defines that language shift is often used to refer to
change at a community level and the terms language loss or non acquisition of
2
original language with concurent inreace or dominant use of another more widely
use language. If the language shift cannot use of another more widely use
language. If the language shift can not be stop, the minority language will lose.
Language is one of ethnic identity symbol. It means that Indonesia will lose one
of its ethnic identities. In keeping the existence of ethnic identity needs language
maintenance.
Pauwels (2005) states that language maintenance is generallay applied to
individuals or community of speakers continuing to use their language in a
situation of language contact, where there is competition from one or more
languages to be the sole language is important. It is supported by Holmes (2001)
said that where the language is considered as an important symbol of minority
group’s identity, it is likely to be maintenained longer. Language maintenance
refers to the situation where speech community continue to use its vernacular
language. Based on theory, it’s mean that language that maintain by individuals
and communities they retain the language valuethat language will be maintainfor
regeneration.
Tondo (2009) argued that, one of the factors of language shift is
intermarriage, social interaction of interethnic in Indonesia especially marriage
between different ethnic will cause the process of extinction of vernacular
language. The couples of intermarriage family often dificult in maintaining their
own vernacular language and they have to choose one of the language which will
3
Indonesia is a multicultural country which a lots of varieties of ethnics and
varieties of vernacular language spread all over Indonesia. The varieties of ethnics
group also spread in Kota Langsa, Langsa is a developing city that locate in Aceh
province, in Kota Langsa develop two kinds of social interactions there are
interraction between the same ethnic or intra ethnic and interaction between
different ethnic or interethnic. The interaction between interethnic groups in Kota
Langsa is potentially occur marriage between different ethnic or call as
intermarriage.
In Kota Langsa is mayorities communication with Bahasa Indonesia from
dialy communication with other peoples, school, and friendmate. Bahasa
Indonesia is used as the dominant language in Hokkien Chinese families. It
means, when Hokkien Chinese is not in common use in those families, it will be
dengerous stage. The use of Bahasa Indonesia in all activities makes unbalanced
of Hokkien Chinese language and also to protect their language from language
globalization that is English beside Bahasa Indonesia and also human error. The
inter-marriage family find it difficultto apply their local language because they
have different language.
Many Hokkien Chinese can speak different languages in contact their lives
because they are immigrants in Kota Langsa such as Aceh language, Java
language, act. One of the effective ways to cover children’s indigenous language
is throught family and parent habitual action because, parent have a dominat role
4
home is a good way for nucleus and extend family to keep using the vernacular
language to help the maintenance of language.
The writer choosed Langsa City as a location of his research because of
Langsa City is a city which consists of multicultural ethnics who live in Langsa
City. There are lots of Hokkien Chinese migrants settle and intermarriage in
Langsa City. Hokkien Chinese language use as the language of bussiness. Islam is
the majority religion in Langsa City, Christian is also a part of the population,
Buddism widely adopted by the community of Chinese. Langsa City is rich of
cultural heritage and ethnic differences, however, people still live in peace and
have a strong religius tolerence. Langsa City is near to the capital city of Medan,
North Sumatera, Langsa City as a strategic city for immigrants
Asfind in Langsa City that Hokkien Chinese still maintain Hokkien
Chinese language in communication. The researcher findout the maintenance of
Hokkien Chinese in the following conversation betweenHokkien Chinese.
Table: 1 Chinese Hokkien – English Conversations
No Chinese Hokkien English Language
1 Memey, ai khi talok lu? Memey, where will you go?
2 Wa ai khi khi’a I go to talk a walk
3 Kak hamang lu khi? With whom you go?
4 Wa kaki khi thak hong chia I go alone by bychicle
5 Lu ciak taim syim boi? Did you taken breakfast?
5
7 wa khi seng a? I go fisrt.
8 Siau syim a Be careful
Based on the conversation above, show that they use Hokkien Chinese
language when they communicate with their friend. The transfer of Hokkien
Chinese language in young generation is still continue, eventhrough their children
use Bahasa Indonesia in daily conversation, but they can speak China Hokkien
language. By using Hokkien Chinese language they can show their identity
asHokkien Chinese. As Carson (2001) said that the maintenance of a heritage
language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its speakers. The otherhand
they must be protected, preserved and maintained.
The phenomena and the theories above the researcher interest to find out
the factors affecting language maintenance in Langsa City. How they maintain
their language and their reason why they use or maintain Hokkien Chinese
language.The previous research try to see environment their communication from
friendmate and family. I find out thatHokkien Chinese language community. The
factors that influence young generation in maintaining the addressing terms
namely: parents’ role, attitude, demography and environment. In this case, family
tradition very instrumental ethnic identity and politeness are the reasons of young
generation maintenance the addressing terms.
1.2 The Problems of the study
This study is focused on language maintenance ofHokkien Chinese, and
6
maintain their language. Specially, the study adresses maintenance the following
research questions.
1. What factors do effect the maintenance of Hokkien Chinese in Kota
Langsa?
2. How do the speakers of Hokkien Chinese maintain their native languages?
3. Why do the speakers of Hokkien Chinese maintain their native languages?
1.3 The Objectives of the study
The objectives of this study are to answer the research question. To be
more specific of the objectives of the study are:
1) to identify the factors which effect Hokkien Chinese maintenance in Kota
Langsa.
2) to find out how the speakers maintain their native language.
3) to find out the reason why the speaker of Hokkien Chinesemaintain their
language in Kota Langsa.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
A study on language maintenance is closely relate to language planning
program. The maintenance of a language is meant to avoid its disappearence. It is
a fact that the younger generation should be aware of their vernacular that shift in
a big city. There are many language used in Langsa City, because the mayorities
in Langsa City are immigrant from other ethnic. But this study only focuses on
Hokkien Chinese language. Hokkien Chinese is investigated Hokkien Chinese
7
Therefore, the scope of this thesis is Hokkien Chinese community, and the
second generation take as the subject. It is of prime important to prevent its
existence of the second generation (namely parent), who move from their
hometown to other country, the childrens always maintain their language.
1.5 The Significant of the Study
Findings of the study expect to have both theorietically and
practicallysignificances for develop. Theorietically, the findings of the study add
up more horizons to the theories of language maintain.
Pratically, the findings can be useful guides and references for speakers of
Hokkien Chinese or decision makers to perserve and maintain the Hokkien
Chinese language. In additions, the findings are relevant and useful for goverment
officials in designing theHokkien Chinese language learning programs and the
findings can be reference to further studies of the Hokkien Chinese language.
Futher findings of the study can be referencesfor mapping maintainability of the
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This thesis is about the Hokkien Chinese langguage maintenance among
the speakers in kampung Toko Belakang langsa, it was aimed to found the factors
support Hokkien Chinese language maintenance in Kota Langsa. Based on the
analysis, the conclusions are stated in the following:
1. Factor affecting Hokkien Chinese language maintenance in Kota Langsa
are: living together and see each other frequently, use of the language in
family domain (intramarriage and intermarriage), use of the language in
neighborhood domain, use of the language in religion domain and practice
traditional ceremony. Living together and see each other frequently and
ethno linguistic vitality have big role in Hokkien Chinese language
maintenance. It means that living togther and see each other, they able to
practice and speak the language in their environment and their daily
communication and their daily conversation. Using the language in their
daily conversation affected them to maintain their langauge and increased
their were proud of Hokkien Chinese language, showed their identities.
2. The strategies of language maintenance that conducted by Hokkien
Chinese in Kota Langsa they were as using vernacular language in social
73
that conducted by Hokkien Chinese in Kota Langsa to maintain Hokkien
Chinese.
3. Proud being Hokkien Chinese and speak Hokkien Chinese language are
reasons of the Hokkien Chinese people in maintaining Hokkien Chinese
language. Futhermore, by using Hokkien Chinese langguage shows their
identity as Hokkien Chinese people. Hokkien Chinese is element of
national culture and also a source of communication Hokkien Chinese
language are other reasons why they maintain Hokkien Chinese language.
5.2 Suggestion
In relation to the conclusions, there are several suggestions that are need to
be share to some elements:
1. It is suggest to Hokkien Chinese parent to use language in their daily
communication. The habitually in using Hokkien Chinese language effect
their children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn the language
from their parents. They acquire Hokkien Chinese language and the
children can practice it with their parents and with other Hokkien Chinese
people in their daily communication.
2. It suggest that parent should play important roles to maintain the Hokkien
Chinese, by teaching and practicing Hokkien Chinese languageto the
children at home and also for the young generation of Hokkien
Chineselanguageare suggest to be able to use Hokkien Chinese languageas
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3. Indonesia is a country of islands and consist of many ethnic groups. Some
of the ethnic groups are endanger, one of them is Hokkien Chinese. This is
cause by the entry of foreign cultures through several media, which
indirectly affect the development of culture and language. And therefore it
is recomend to all element who responsible for the preservation of
Hokkien Chinese ethnic to perserve the culture and language through
books and articles on Hokkien Chinese culture. And this is actually the
responsible of the elder man of Hokkien Chinese people, to book
information about Hokkien Chinese, to make it easier for the next
researcher to do some research about Hokkien Chinese.
4. To maintain a certain culture is through introducing the culture especially
to the teenegers who affect by some foreign culture. So that it is suggest to
the Hokkien Chinese organization, not to leave the Hokkien Chinese
tradition an dsome gatherings so that the language will be keep use.
5. The next research is suggest to elaborate more about factors affecting
language maintenance, strategies and reasons of maintaining language.
6. To the Hokkien Chinese people, to be aware of this phenomenon and keep
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