TAMIL LANGUAGE SHIFT IN KAMPUNG MADRAS MEDAN.

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TAMIL LANGUAGE SHIFT IN KAMPUNG MADRAS

MEDAN

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Registration for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

FALIZALIANI

Registration Number: 8136111020

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

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i ABSTRACT

FALIZALIANI. Registration Number: 8136111020. Tamil Language Shift in Kampung Madras Medan. A Thesis. Post Graduate School. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. The State University of Medan. 2016.

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ii ABSTRAK

FALIZALIANI. Nomor Induk Mahasiswa: 8136111020. Pergeseran Bahasa Tamil di Kampung Madras Medan. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Indonesia. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In completing this thesis, the writer thanks to Allah SWT the Almighty for his blessing in the completion of this thesis. Praise are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.

The completion of this thesis is made possible with the assistance of lots of people. It is impossible to mention the names of all those people here. But in this opportunity, the writer extends her thanks to some of those people who have given a special supervision, review, and motivation to strengthen her to complete this thesis.

First of all, her thanks to advisors, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D as her first advisor and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as her second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.

Furthermore, her thanks to her three examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. for their constructive suggestions to the improvement of this thesis.

Then, her appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Farid Ma’ruf as the staff of English Applied Linguistics Study Program for the whole administrative aid they have shared.

Last but not least, the writer also extends her thanks to her beloved family, her husband and daughter for their lovely care which give her motivation, inspiration and strength to complete her study.

May God the Almighty bless them all.

Medan, 2 September 2016 The Writer

Falizaliani

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iv CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

ABSTRAK ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Background of the Study... 1

1.2. The Problem of The Study ... 4

1.3. The Objectives of The study ... 4

1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 5

1.5. Thes Significances of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Language Shift ... 6

2.1.1. Bilingualism ... 11

2.1.2. Migration ... 11

2.1.3. Economic Factors ... 12

2.1.4. Social Factors...13

2.1.5. Demographic Factors ... 14

2.1.6. Instutional Support ... 14

2.1.7. Attitude ... 15

2.2. Kinds of Language Shift ... 18

2.3. The Reason of Language Shift ... 19

2.4. Tamil in Kampung Madras, Medan ... 21

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v CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1. Research Design ... 25

3.2. Subject and Object of The Research ... 25

3.3. Instrument of Data Collection ... 26

3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ... 27

3.5. The Trustworthiness of Study ... 30

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1. The Data and Data Analysis ... 33

4.1.1 Factors that Influence Tamil Language in Kel. Madras Hulu, Medan... 33

4.1.1.1 Bilingualism ... 34

4.1.1.2 Migration ... 35

4.1.1.3 Economic Factor ... 36

4.1.1.4 Social Factor ... 38

4.1.1.5 Institutional factor ... 39

4.1.1.6 Demographic Factor ... 40

4.1.1.7 Attitude Factor ... 41

4.1.2 The Reason of Tamil Shift Into Indonesia Language ... 42

4.2. Findings ... 43

4.3. Discussion ... 43

4.3.1 The Factors of Tamil Language Shift ... 44

4.3.2 The Reason of Tamil Language Shift ... 45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 47

5.2. Suggestions ... 48

REFFERENCES ... 49

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

People use language as a means of thinking and feeling, as well as a means

of expressing thought and feeling in a society. There are millions of languages

used in the world. It is because language is a product of culture, which means that

different cultures may have different languages or different dialects. It is also

functioned to show their existence, identity and culture in the society. In other

words, a community's way of using language is a part of the community's culture,

is a way of displaying group identity. Ways of speaking function not only to

facilitate communication, but also to identify the social position of the speaker. As

Crystal (1997) states that people keep maintaining their language in order to

create cultural diversity, keep ethnic identity, enable social adaptability,

increasing security for the children psychologically, and increase the linguistic

sensitivity.

Indonesia is a multilingual country, language shifts potentially happen.

Language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in

favor of another one.

Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact

situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. In

this case Tamil language is shifted in usage to the Tamil community in Kel.

Madras Hulu, Medan. If the disfavored language is one that has as its last speakers

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the members of the community in question, then the language faces endangerment

and eventually, language death.

Language shift and language maintenance is similar to two sides of coin

which cannot be divided each other (Fasold, 1984: 213). They form a collective

result of choice. He says language shift simply means that a community gives up a

language completely in favor of another one. Language shift is the progressive

process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speak another

language. It is in fact crucial for the language survival.

Almost all minority groups who live in such multilingual circumstance

lack political and economic power; minority groups often become bilingual in the

dominant language for both instrumental and psychological reasons. Even the

speakers who are in the process of shifting do not show the same degree of shift

all at once in all of the purposes or situations for which they use any language.

Further, from the stand of dominant group the presence of minority groups

can be an obstacle to communication and, more importantly, to national

integration, it may sound cynical but history supports the comment of Laponce

(1987: 198) that dominant groups tolerate minorities “only on condition that they

accept at least partial linguistic assimilation (learn the dominant language) and

keep their numbers small.”

Medan is one of the province in Indonesia. It is one of the big city in

Indonesia which has many kinds of different ethnics who live side by side. The

city has diverse communities, reflecting its history. For instance there is a Tamil

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India in the last century to be employed as contract workers in various plantations

in Medan.

Beside indigenous ethnics, there are several other majorities ethnics found

in Medan, such as Javanese, Bataknese, China, Malaynese and Tamil. Each of

those ethnics live and create their community in a place. One of them is Tamil

people. They live in Kampung Madras or as we have ever known before as

“Kampung Keling”. This Place is the land marked “Indian Tamil” in Medan.

Tamil people in Kampung Madras interacted each others speak by using Tamil

language. Tamil language is spoken not only as means of communication among

Tamil people, but it was used to the events such as ritual ceremony, trading,

wedding and holi. But at this moment time, Tamil language did not spoke all the

layers of aspect life. But while Tamil language include as one of language has

undergone shifted. Tamil language was used to in wedding, at home, ritual

ceremony and so forth. In the fact, at the wedding, when a Tamil woman presents

the wedding occasion. For instance :

Gayetri (woman) : hai ..Vannakam, Enna ceyti? (Salam... How are you

Simran : aduhh gimana mau pake bahasa tamil aku pun sehari hari pake nya bahasa Indonesia. Lagi pula di sekolah dan di rumah terus sama teman, tetangga, aku pun aku harus pake bahasa

Indonesia.(ough...how could I sepak Tamil Language. Everyday

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Based on data transcript data above, it is clear that Tamil language shift

occur shifting. It is caused by bilingualism. When Gayetri speaks Tamil language,

but Simran answered by speaking Indonesia. It is marked with “ngomong

Indonesia aja lha” (Simran).

Considering all of situation explained above, it is important to conduct a

study on Tamil languiage shift. It is very important to analyze the language shift

in Tamil language, to make a good language planning for reversing a language

shift. Therefore thus study will be conducted in order to observe such language

shift in Tamil language based on environment in Kampung Madras, Medan.

1.2The Problem of The Study

Based on the explanation in the background, the problems of the study are

formulated as the following.

1. What are the factors that influence Tamil language shift into Indonesia

language in Kampung Madras, Medan.

2. Why does Tamil language shift into Indonesia language

1.3The Objectives of The Study

In line with problems, the objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the factors of Tamil language shift in Kampung Madras,

Medan.

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1.4 The Scope of the Study

Language shift covers variuos. This study focused on the factors and

reason for this shift of Tamil people by its speakers into Indonesia language. The

two aspects are in focus since they are highly assumed to related in the study of

the shift. It is of interest to note that the shift is sucpected to bel related aspects in

the study.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language

planning especially about Tamil language in Tamil community in Kampung

Madras Medan, the factors influence Tamil language shift in Kampung Madras

Medan, and the reason of tamil language shift occur to the teenager.

Practically, the results of the study are considered to contribute

information about language shift in Tamil language in the Tamil community

members in some places for students, lecturers, researchers, and also the

government. Secondly, the teachers, students, and Tamil can use it to support the

reversing of the Tamil language shift in Kampung Madras Medan. Thirdly, the

result of this study can be a previous knowledge for the next researcher who has

intended to gain a deep insight especially in Tamil language in Tamil

communities in Kampung Madras Medan. and generally in language planning

theories. The last, in this case Pusat Bahasa, hopefully the result of this study

helps them to make a well planned of language planning particularly to keep

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