LANGUAGE SHIFT AMONG YOUNG GENERATIONS OF KARONESE
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
RIKA DESSY NOPA SITEPU Registration Number: 8146112033
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
i ABSTRACT
Sitepu, Rika Dessy Nopa. Registration Number : 8146112033. Language Shift Among Young Generations of Karonese. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The State University of Medan. 2016.
ii ABSTRAK
Sitepu, Rika Dessy Nopa. NIM: 8146112033. Pergeseran Bahasa dikalangan Generasi Muda Karo. Tesis. Linguistik TerapanBahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin,
The writer’s would like to express gratitude to the Almighty god Allah SWT for the mercy in giving the full patient, strength, that has enabled her to finish writing this thesis and also her appreciation and love to her father, Panjang Sitepu,S.Pd and Mother, Norma Br Sembiring who always give her courage and endless pray to keep spirit and never give up to reach her dream.
In the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to confess a debt of deep gratitude to many people who have given care, attention and bright ideas. In this opportunity, she would like to express her very gratitude to her two advisers, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. as her first adviser and Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd as her second adviser, who have inspired her with their love of language, their methodological, their helpful suggestion, and their motivation.
iv
inspiration during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
She also would like to thanks to her beloved husband, M. Syaiful Saf, SE, her brother Febry Kasnop Sitepu, ST, her younger sister, Kessy Ananda Sitepu, Her Mother in law Halimah Z who have patiently given moral support, their never ending love, motivate and pray.
Then she would like to thanks to her unforgettable relatives in LTBI B2 and B1 Thanks for their support, pray, and motivation in finishing her study. May Allah SWT bless you all. Aamiin. The last but not least, the writer would like to thanks to Camat Besitang for allowing her to conduct research and also to all Karonese young generation in Besitang who have become her respondents which is not mentioned in here one by one.
Finally this thesis is still far from being perfect in spite of fact that the writer has done her best in completing her work. For this reason, it is suggested for other researcher to make further study related to this topic and subject.
.
Medan July 2016 The writer
v
2.1.1.Dimension in Language Shift Study ... 12
2.1.2. Factors of language shift ... 14
2.1.2.1Bilingualism ... 14
2.1.2.2 Migration ... 15
2.1.2.3 Social factors ... 15
2.1.2.4 Political factors... 16
2.1.2.5 Demographic factor ... 17
2.1.2.6 Attitudes and Values ... 18
2.2 Pattern of Language shift ... 19
2.3 Reason of shift the language ... 22
2.3.1The status of Indonesia as a nationalLanguage 22
2.3.2 To achieve a social success... 23
2.4 Karonese and Karo Language... 23
2.5 Young generation ... 25
2.6 Relevant Studies ... 26
2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 29
CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHOD ... 32
3.1The Research Design... 32
vi
4.1.1.1 Bilingualism ... 41
4.1.1.2 Migration ... 44
4.1.1.3. Social factors ... 46
4.1.1.4 Political factors... 47
4.1.1.5 Demographic factor ... 48
4.1.1.6 Attitudes and Values ... 50
4.1.2 Pattern of Language shift ... 51
4.1.3 The Reason of language shift ... 54
4.2 Findings ... 56
4.3 Discussion... 57
4.3.1 Factor that Influence Language Shift among Young Generations of Karonese ... 57
4.3.2 The Pattern of Karo Language Shift among Young Generations of Karonese ... 60
4.3.3 TheReasons of Karonese Shift Karo Language into Indonesian Language ... 61
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 62
5.1 Conclusion ... 63
5.2 Suggestions ... 62
REFERENCES ... 64
vii
LIST OF TABLE
Pages
Table 2.1 Domain of Language use ... 21
Table 4.1 The Influence of Bilingualism among young generations
of Karonese in Besitang ... .. 44
Table 4.2 The Influence of Migration among Young Generation
of Karonese in Besitang ... 45
Table 4.3 The Influence of Social Factor among Young
Generations of Karonese ... 46
Table 4.4 The influence of Political Factor among Young
generations of Karonese ... 48
Table 4.5 The Influence of Demographic Factor in Language Shift among
Young Generation of Karonese in Besitang ... 49
Table 4.6 The Influenced of Value and Attitude in Language Shift among
young generations of Karonese ... 50
Table 4.7 Language Use among Young generations of Karonese in Besitang 52
Table 4.8 Karo Language Competence of among Young Generations
of Karonese ... 53
Table 4.9 Reason of Young Generation Shift Karo language
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework ... 30
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the study
When born into this world, humans began to learn the language. Little by little, the language is learned by him since childhood so be increasingly mastered the language he had learned since childhood as her first language. With language that's controlled by him, he interacts with the surrounding community.
Adolescence, he had already mastered over two or more languages. All that he obtained when interacting with the public or when in school. This caused him to become bilingual or multilingual. When it became bilingual or multilingual, he was faced with the question, namely which of the languages he mastered the most important languages? At moments like this the process of language shift, which puts a language becomes more important among the languages that he mastered.
2
The researcher is one of the Karonese in Besitang who can’t speak Karonese fluently, although she understands what the Karonese said because her father and mother speak Karonese each other at home, but they don’t speak around their children. This phenomenon not only occurs from the researcher’s experiences but also from many of her students of junior high school in Besitang do not use Karo language anymore in daily activities. The young generation of Karonese speaks Bahasa Indonesia all the time, even some of them cannot speak Karo language anymore.
The interview between the researcher and a Karonese young generation about the language use at home below shows that the subject doesn’t use Karo language when talk to their parents because she only knows the meaning but can’t
say it, it shows the indication of language shift on Karo language.
Researcher : Dek, kamu suku karo kan? (Sis, Are you karonese?)
Subject 1 : Iya kak, kenapa kak? (yes sis, why sis?)
Researcher : Kalau kamu di rumah sama orang tua pakai bahasa apa? (If you are at home, what language do you use to speak with your parents?)
Subject 1 : Pakai bahasa Indonesia kak! (Indonesian language sis?)
Researcher : Gak pakai bahasa Karo? (Not use Karo language?
3
(No sis, I’m not clever sis, Mother and father speak Karo language at home, but I am not. I do not understand, we are not habbituated using Karo language
Researcher : O gitu ya. Ngerti sikit - sikit pun kamu gak ya? (O.. I see, Don’t you understand a little?)
Subject 1 : Satu satu kata aja tau artinya kak. (Only some words know, sis)
Researcher : Kenapa gak dipelajari? (why don’t you learn? communication. Karonese people are not many near there. There are many javanese. Since child have not been knowing . difficult to leran sis.)
Furthermore, the shift is also happened in this conversation below which the subject not speaks Karo langage but they understand the meaning.
Grand mother : O me, buwat sitik nakan bas yongma. (O grand son, take little rice from yongma.)
Subject 2 : untuk apa ndong? (What for grandma?)
Grand mother : Melihe aku, kupukul te ku, gelah ku pan sitek. (I’m hungry, I want to eat little)
Subject : O.. iya ndong, bentar ya. (O... Yes grandma, please wait)
4
Karo language, meanwhile, subject 2 understand the meaning but not speak with it. It was happened because his parents do not habituate their children to use Karo Language in daily life. It means that his parents do not maintain the use of Karo language in their family. The subject 1 has negative attitude appreciation of Karo language. According to him Karo language is not important to be learnt because not all the people around him are Karonese. Their attitude can be one of the reoasons Karo language will be shifted to Bahasa Indonesia. Attitudes of language learners are some of the indicators that affect language policy and language learning (Snow, 2007; Young, 2006).
Beside the conversation, the researcher shows the negative attitude of her neighbor toward Karo language; their answers are similar with the researcher experience. Her neighbor said “ I was born and I grow up in Besitang, and not all the people here are Karonese, so I not speak Karo language anymore” and the other said “I understand Karo language but I not said it although I think it, it is
not so important for me because everybody around me speaks Indonesian language” . It means that they have negative attitude appreciations on the use of
Karo language. Those above are the indications of langugae shift.
Language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in favor of another one. For instance as Gunarwan (2004:58) found that Lampung language is shifted because of Bahasa Indonesia’s pressure. Siregar
5
bilingual speakers) gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other.
Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. According to Weinreich (1953, p.68) language shift is the gradual replacement of one language by another, is often the outcome of language contact in an immigration situation. In this case Karo language is shifted into Bahasa Indonesia in Karonese young generation. If the disfavored language is one that has as its last speakers the members of the community in question, then the language faces endangerment and eventually, language death.
Vernaculars in Indonesia as mother tongue face a challenge against the existence of Indonesian language and foreign language. Many vernaculars in Indonesia shifted even endangered. Indonesian country consists of many societies and there are multi-ethnic of ethnic across many islands in Indonesia, for instance: Javanese, Toba Bataknese, Karonese, Acehnese, Padangnese, Malaynese, Balinese, etc. Besides having many ethnics, Indonesia has moe than 746 vernacular languages (Pusat Bahasa, 2008). Every ethnic has its own original place and they usually use their own native language also, but because of the movement of one ethnic to the other ethnic’s place, it causes there are more than
one ethnic live in one place.
6
do not speak their ethnic language. If the phenomenon is happened continuously, the young generations will lose their identity in their life so, the researcher thinks that it needs to be investigated. To know why and what reasons make the young generation of Karonese shift their vernacular language. It is very important to concern the study to Karo language shift to make a good planning among the Karonese family.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems are formulated as the following.
1. What factors influence the language shift among young generation of Karonese?
2. How are the patterns of language among young generation of Karonese?
3. Why does language shift occur among the young generation of Karonese?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are formulated as the
following:
1) To describe the factors influence language shift among young generation of Karonese
2) To describe patterns of language among young generation of Karonese 3) To elaborate the reasons of young generations of Karonese shift the Karo
7
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study was focused on Karo language. Karo language shift in Besitang will be investigated through the language use of young generations or children of Karonese in Besitang District. In this study the young generation was found in junior high schoo and senior high school. Young generation as adolescence can be defined as a period of growth from childhood to adulthood Debrun (in Rice 1990), adolescence can divided into early adolescence (13-16 or 17 years) and late adolescence (up 16-17 years old). In this study the researcher use the average age of the subject young generations are about 13-16 years old.
There were three main aspects were observed in this study. Firsly, the factors of langugae shift among young generatons of Karones. Secondly, the patterns of language shift among young generations of Karonese through their langugae use. Thirdly, the reasons of young generations of Karonese shift the Karo language to Bahasa Indonesia.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
8
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings to provide new contribution to the theory of the language shift. In addition, the findings are expected to add more horizons on language planning issues.
Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to enrich the theories of language planning especially about Karo language in Besitang, the factors influence Karo language shift in Besitang, the pattern of Karo language among young generations of Karonese and the reason of Karo language shift into Bahasa Indonesia.
62 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This study deals with Language shift among young generations of Karonese was aimed to describe the factors influence Karo language shift, the pattern of language shift and the reasons of shift Karo language into Indonesian language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the following:
1. Language shift among young generations of Karonese was influenced by bilingualism, migration, social factor demographic factor, political factor and the last value and attitude.
2. The pattern of language among young generations of Karonese was shift Karo language into Indonesian language, because most of the young generations of Karonese from intra and intermarriage family are monolingual. they only use one language, it is Indonesian language. 3. The reasons of language shift among young generations of Karonese were
63
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following.
1. It is suggested particularly to the parents of Karonese young generations in Besitang to keep speaking and teaching Karo language to their children, so they can understand and use Karo language in their communication especially in family domain and also sosial interaction among young generations of Karonese to keep maintaining Karo language to the future generations in Besitang.
2. It is suggested to Local government and Language Centre to apply a program of reversing Karo language shift to keep maintaining Karo language by publishing books about Karo language and by encouraging the love of the young generations on the use of Karo language through performing Karonese ceremonies, storytelling competition, writing competition in culture exhibition.
3. It is suggested to other learners and researchers to be more concerned on the research about Karo language since it is very rare to be conducted. It is suggested to the language experts to write more books or references on Karo language.
64
REFERENCES
Bano, K.F. 2010. Characteristics of Language Shift in Two American Hungarian Bilingual Communities. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2. 6-18
Bayer, J.M. 2005. Sociolingusitic Perspectives of Cultures in Transition Indian Tribal Situation.Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,Vol. 31 No. 2
Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education; Introduction to Theory and Methods 2nd edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Burns, R.B. 1995. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Longman Chin, N.B. & Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge
Conkline, N. & Lourie, M. 1983. A Host of Tongues: Language Communities in the United States. New York: Free Press. Society.
Conklin, N.F. & Margareth, A.L. 1983. Multilingualism and Language Change. London: The Free Press Collier Macmillan
Crystal, D. 1997. English As a Global Language. Cambridge University Press
________. 2003. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Csilla, B. 2003. Language Shift in Romani – Speaking Communities in Hungary Combining Macro and Micro Interpretations. International Journal of the Sociology Of Language, Vol. III, P. 93 – 102
Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds). 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks : Sage
65
Downes, W. 2005. Language and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell
Ferguson, C.A. 1996. Sociolinguistic Perspective. New York : Oxford University Press
Fishman, J.A. 1972. The Sociology of language. Massachusetts: Newburry House.
________. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon Avon: Multilingual Matters
Garvin, P.L.Mathiot,M (1968). The Urbanization of Guarani Language: Problem in Language and Language and Culture. in Fishman, J.A. (Ed) Reading in Test Sociology of Language. Mounton: Paris-The Hauge.
Gunarwan, A. 2004. Kajian Serba linguistic: Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Pereksa Bahasa. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia
Holmes, J. 1997. Keeping Tabs on Language Shift in New Zealand : Some Methodological Consideration. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 18 Issue 1, 1997
________. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Pearson Education
________. (2008). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman
Habtoor, Hussein A. 2012. Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Second Generation Tigrinya-speaking Eritrean Immigrants in Saudi Arabia: Academy Publisher Manufactured in Finland., Theory and Practice in Language Studies Vol. 2, No. 5, pp.
66
Lincon, Y. & Guba E. G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage .
Miles, B., M, Huberman & Saldana, J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Edition 3. USA: SAGE.
Huebner, T. 1987. A Sosio – Historical Approach to Literacy Development : A Comparative Case Study From the Pacific. Norwood, New Jersey : Ablex.
Kouritzin, S.G. 1999. Faces of First Language Loss. New York: Lawrence Elbaum Associates
Kurniasih , Yacinta K . 2005. Gender, Class and Language Preference: A case study in Yogyakarta Monash University . Victoria, Australia. Selected Papers from the 2005 Conference of the Australian Linguistic
Myers, S. 2006. Multiple Voices. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nawaz, S., Umer, A., Anjum. F., & Ramzan, M. 2012. An Analysis of Factors Involved In Language Shift.Global Journal Of Human Social Science Linguistics & Education, Volume 12 Issue 10 Version 1.0 Year 2012.
Rice , F.P . (1990) .The Adolescent Development , Relationship & Culture(6th ed). Boston:Ally &Bacon.
Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press
Samadi, S.P. 2007. Pelestarian Bahasa Jawa Melalui Sekolah.Suara Karya
Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on Methodological Issues. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Sembiring,M.C.2009. Variasi Dialek. Bahasa Karo Di Kabupaten Karo, Deli Serdang dan Langkat. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara: Thesis
67
Siregar, B.U, et al. 1998. Pemerintahan Bahasa dan Sikap Bahasa: Kasus Masyarakat Bilingual di Medan. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Snow, D. (2007). Sustaining self-directed language learning in the Chinese context. In J. Liu (Ed), English language teaching in China (pp. 211-230). London: Continuum International.
Tawerlimang, T. 1996. National Language Policy in The Federated States of Micronasia : A Conceptual Framework Pohnpei. Federated States of Micronesia
Thomas, Linda, et al. 2004. Language, Society and Power; An Introduction. New York : Routledge
Tsitsipis, L.D. 1998. Language Shift and Maintenance. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 13 : 234 – 238
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton
Weltens, B. 1986. Language Attrition in Progress. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 7, 81 – 92
Internet Access
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)... Accessed on January 2016
http://batak-people.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/suku-batak-karo-bingei-di-kab
-langkat.html .... Accessed on January 2016
