LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT
AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
BUDI RIZKA
Registration Number: 8146111010
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
i ABSTRACT
BUDI RIZKA. Lexical Change with reference to Social Contact among the Speakers of Pase dialect. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2016
ii ABSTRAK
BUDI RIZKA. Perubahan Kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh Hubungan Sosial pada Penutur Dialek Pase. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tipe, pola, dan alasan perubahan kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek
Pase. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumen pribadi yang tulis dalam
dialek Pase. Observasi dan wawancara digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek Pase terdapat 505 kosakata, dimana kosakata yang hilang 154 kosakata, dengan persentase kata benda (75.32%), kata sifat (12.34%), dan kata kerja (12.34%). Dalam kosakata serapan terdapat 177 kosakata, persentase kata benda (78.53%), kata sifat (15.25%), kata kerja (5.09%), dan kata keterangan (1.13%). Dalam perubahan bunyi terdapat 155 kosakata, persentase kata benda (89.68%), kata sifat (6.45%), kata kerja (2.38%), dan kata keterangan (1.29%). Perubahan makna terdapat 19 kosakata, persentase kata bendanya (68.42%), kata sifat (10.53%), dan kata kerja (21.05%). Pola dari kosa kata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek Pase terdiri dari berpotensi hilang, kata serapan berpola words, blend, loan-translation. Pola dari perubahan bunyi terdapat lenition, fortition, vowel and
syllable structure, syncope, apocope, dan epenthesis. Pada perubahan makna,
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah, the most merciful, the researcher
would like to express his deepest praises to Allah as the creator sustainer of the universe, who has given his health and opportunity, so that the researcher can complete writing this thesis. Peace and blessing upon His most beloved messenger, Muhammad Sallallahu ‘alaihi Wasallam who saves human life from
destruction into safety.
During the process of writing this thesis, the writer realized that he had to learn for this thesis more. In this mean time, he also received a lot of helpful suggestions and comments from his consultant for whom he would like to express his sincere thanks for his academic guidance and moral support during the completion this thesis.
The highest appreciation goes to his advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D as his first adviser and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as his second adviser for all guidance in this thesis writing. The writer’s also great thanks to his examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, and Dr. Tengku Tyrhaya Zein, M.A, who had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis.
iv
his thankfulness for all lecturers teaching him through during the academic years at English Applied Linguistic Program of State University of Medan.
Indeed, there are many obstacles as long as the process of the accomplishment. The researcher realizes that without the other people’s help, it is
impossible to finish this research paper. Here, the researcher gives her immeasurable gratitude to Abdul Gani Asyik, M.A, Ph.D, Syarfuni, S.Pd, M.Pd, Syamsuddin Jalil (Ayah Panton), and Suhelmi Yusuf who have given the inputs to succeed this writing.
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Razali Syakubat, S.Pd and Faridah Abdullah who have given their pray, motivation, and support till the writer standing where he should be. The writer also appreciates special thank for his sister Khairiah, Amd.Gizi and his brother in law Dahlawi, S.Kom, M.T, to his brother Ahmad Zahri, S.Pd.I, M.A, to his young sisters and the whole families who always support him, there is no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he love them.
Hopefully this thesis can be useful to the people read it therefore, the researcher hope the critics and suggestions to perfection this thesis until can be better in the future.
Medan, 2016 The Writer,
Budi Rizka
v
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Language Change ... 7
2.2 The Nature of Language Change ... 8
2.3 Social Contact ... 10
2.4 Types of Language Change ... 16
vi
2.4.1.1 Lexical Loss ... 20
2.4.1.2 Lexical Creation ... 20
2.4.1.3 Change in Pronunciation ... 24
2.4.1.4 Change in Meaning ... 27
2.5 The Description of Acehnese Phonological System ... 28
2.5.1 Vowels ... 28
2.5.1 Consonants ... 32
2.6 The Pase Dialect Characteristics ... 34
2.7 The Relevant Studies ... 37
2.8 Conceptual Framework ... 43
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 The Design of the Study ... 46
3.2 The Source Data and Data ... 46
3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data ... 47
3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 48
3.5 The Technique of Analysing the Data ... 49
CHAPTER IV : DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ... 51
4.2 The Reason of Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 67
4.3 Research Findings ... 70
4.4 Discussion ... 72
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 78
5.2 Suggestions ... 79
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 80
APPENDIX I: Interview Questions ... 84
APPENDIX II: List of Lexical Loss of Pase dialect ... 85
vii
APPENDIX IV: List of Lexical Borrowing (loan-blend) of Pase dialect ... 94
APPENDIX V: List of Lexical Borrowing (loan-translation) of Pase dialect ... 98
APPENDIX VI: List of Phonological Change of Pase dialect ... 99
APPENDIX VII: List of Semantic Change of Pase dialect ... 103
APPENDIX VIII: Interview ... 104
viii
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1: Oral Vowel of Acehnese ... 29
Chart 2: Nasal Vowel of Acehnese ... 29
Chart 3: Oral Diphthongs with (e) of Acehnese... 31
Chart 4: Nasal Diphthongs with (e) of Acehnese... 31
Chart 5: Oral Diphthongs with (i) of Acehnese ... 31
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Phonological Change of English ... 25
Table 2: Consonants Symbols of Acehnese ... 34
Table 3: Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 52
Table 4: Example of Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 53
Table 5: Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on its Lexical Class ... 54
Table 6: Percentage of Lexical Borrowing Based on its Lexical Class ... 56
Table 7: Percentage of Lexical Borrowing Based on its Patterns ... 57
Table 8: Percentage of Loan-words Based on its Lexical Class ... 58
Table 9: Percentage of Loan-blend Based on its Lexical Class ... 59
Table 10: Percentage of Loan-translation Based on its Lexical Class ... 60
Table 11: Percentage of Phonological Change Based on its Lexical Class ... 62
Table 12: Percentage of Phonological Change Based on its Patterns ... 63
Table 13: Percentage of Semantic Change Based on its Lexical Class ... 65
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Language obviously a means of communication is inevitable in our lives.
Language, furthermore, is recognized as the most perfect means of
communication. Each language provides a system of concepts which human
beings to interpret reality. Languages are also fundamental in the generation and
transmission of values and express a differentiated ethical sensibility. The
existence of language in society cannot be separated from culture as product of
human culture. Without a language, the society cannot be formed and there will
be no community that named Acehnese.
Acehnese language as one of hundreds of Indonesian vernacular is an
Austronesian language spoken on Aceh province of the west of Sumatra island.
Acehnese is spoken in four dialects, namely Pase Dialect, Pidie Dialect, Kuta
Raja Dialect, and West Dialect. Whereas Pase Dialect is used in North Aceh,
Lhokseumawe, Bireuen, East Aceh, Langsa, and each people of Aceh Tamiang;
Pidie Dialect is used in Pidie Jaya and Pidie; Kuta Raja Dialect is used in Greater
Aceh, Banda Aceh, and Sabang; and the last one is West Dialect which used in
West Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Southwest Aceh, and South Aceh, Asyik (1987:1).
Language is a great part of human life which is characterized as a dynamic
part of human that tend to change. According to Guy (1989:2) that the various
2
different types and the different social circumstances surrounding them. The
change in language is an environment that is sure to happen in a particular
language community. Actually, it can occur due to various factors influence the
language factors both internally and external factors. The influence of internal
factors usually called individual factors that are influenced by the linguistic itself,
psychology, and intergeneration factor, the individual factors deal with the
language change that resulted from entire generation of speaker acquisition. On
the other hand, external factors are influenced by non-linguistic factors. For
example non-linguistic factors are social factors and contextual or situational
factors. Where social factors are contact between speakers of different varieties
due to conquest, migration and culture, education, economic, and religion. The
social contact of language change does not only include the type of input the
environmental but also the mechanism and rates of input processing. The
mechanism is concerned with the techniques and method of input provided to the
language speakers, whereas rates deal with the amount of input itself.
The process of change in language is a sketch about the dynamics caused
various factors that influence immediately. As traditional views of language
change, when the speakers of a language are in contact with neighbours who
speak in different language, the speakers will borrow language items from outside
sources language. However, there is not only in borrowing words but also
possibility in the form of phonology, semantic and sometimes syntactical,
3
The Acehnese has borrowed a large number of loanwords from other
languages such as sikin ‘knife’ from Arabic, canca ‘spoon’ from Chinese, tre ‘try’
from European, and misee ‘moustache’ from Hindi.
The language can be change in all domains of language and each
languages in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of lexical,
morphological, syntactical, semantic, spelling, and pragmatic changes. In reality,
one of the most obvious kinds of change in language is the appearance of lexical
change. The lexical can be in forms of lexical loss as the phenomenon in which a
particular lexicon disappears, creation of new lexical item, semantic change or
shifting meaning in lexical, and phonological change which is the process change
of sounds. Lexical change is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a
language, such as a noun, verb, adjective and adverb. A case of lexical change of
Pase dialect is the word “Ie Beuen” (Tsunami disaster) and other examples
“Sabah” (thanks), “gari” (cycle), etc. it is regarded one lexical loss of Pase
dialect because it is not practiced anymore, or lilin (candle) in Indonesian
becomes lilen in Pase dialect of Acehnese which has change in phonological and
lexical creation.
Based on preliminary data above, it is feasible to assert that lexical change
contains: 1) Types of lexical change as a change realized in lexicons, which might
be loss, creation, change of meaning, and phonology, 2) Patterns of lexical change
which refers the ways on how the change it takes place, and 3) Reason of lexical
4
In the process of language change in a community of speakers is highly
influenced by elements of language contact. Contact-induced language change
contributes to the unity of linguistic variation and process variation that contribute
to the change in language. In other word, the change of language in the speech
community is influenced by social contact such as migration, bilingualism,
religion, education, and cultural environment in community of speakers.
In reality, it is tendency that to change of Pase dialect when speakers are
more educated, this has been proved by fact is that role of Pase dialect used in
educational is not same at home. Constantly, this is one of root from the empirical
evidence that the medium of teaching and learning in Pase is Indonesian.
Consequently, the students’ attitudes towards Pase dialect of Acehnese eventually
decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly is used in their day
life. Besides that, religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the
speakers’ beliefs serves as another influence of Pase dialect of Acehnese
existence and maintenance as in Pase dialect of Acehnese loanwords from Arabic
such as qanun, hareum, haleue, hukom etc. through this phenomenon the
existence and maintenance of Pase dialect are obvious.
The cultural environment situation in social condition is where the
language speakers’ activities take place, the increasingly modern influence
nowadays is regarded as factor to existence and maintenance of Pase dialect. The
fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the Pase dialect of Acehnese
user’s attention to lexical modernization. Furthermore, according to Durie
5
Sulaiman (1977, 1978, 1979) and Abdul Gani Asyik (1972, 1982). In other word,
the standard Acehnese comes from Pase dialect. In other hand, Pase dialect is the
common dialect and the completely structure of language items of Acehnese
language than other dialect as Kuta Raja dialect, Aceh Barat dialect, and Pidie
dialect (Durie1985:7).
In accordance with the reason above, the writer interests to investigate the
change of lexical influenced by social contact which occurs in Pase dialect of
Aceh.
1.2The Problems of the Study
In accordance with the context given above, the statements of the research
problems which are investigated in this study are as the following:
1) What lexical change has occurred in the Pase dialect with reference to
social contact?
2) How does the lexical change occur in the Pase dialect?
3) Why does the lexical change tend to occur in the ways they are?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problem above, the objectives of this study are:
1) to investigate lexical change in the Pase dialect,
2) to describe the patterns of lexical change with reference to social
contact of Pase dialect, and
6
1.4The Scope of the Study
The researcher’s scope of this study is attempts to investigate the language
change of Pase dialect, particularly to the lexical change which is influenced by
social contact. More specific, it is an attempt to provide an objective and
explanative description of kinds of lexical change with reference to social contact
among the speakers of Pase dialect.
1.5The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to have both theoretical and practical
contributions. Theoretically, this research is beneficial to help the researcher to
produce relevant and valid knowledge for them who will conduct further research
in the field of language changes.
Practically, the findings of this research would be beneficial for language
planning and policy of the government which is urgently useful for Pase dialect
78 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
1) The lexical change of Pase dialect appeared on every single sorts of
lexical change. It is divided into lexical loss, lexical borrowing,
phonological change, and semantic change.
2) The lexical change patterns of Pase dialect were totally realized in various
ways based on its types. Firstly, lexical loss was proportionally pattern
into potential loss. Secondly, lexical borrowing flows under the three crisp
and concise patterns, they are loan-words, loan-blend, and loan-translation.
Thirdly, phonological change was proportionally pattern into lenition,
fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis.
Fourthly, semantic change patterns are categorized of narrowing,
extension, figurative use, and pejoration.
3) The division of lexical change of Pase dialect varies and considerably
linkable which every sorts single of lexical change type. First, culture,
linguistic features, and prestige play the important role as the influential
causes of lexical loss. Second, cultural development, foreign influence,
religion, and social factor are treated as the numerously sustained of
lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Third, foreign influence draws the role
79
metaphorical, and social euphoria are viewed as the core of source of
semantic change.
5.2 Suggestions
1) It is advisable to the language users of Pase dialect in their daily life at
home, office, and school. Consequently, their language attitude towards
Pase dialect will eventually increase by itself.
2) The researcher strongly suggested to the local government of Pase dialect
regency to take into account about the maintenance and standardization of
Pase dialect through the establishment of dictionary
3) The researcher also expected to the teacher, students and other to make
writing of Pase dialect. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the
access of another expert’s interest and attention about the entity of Pase
dialect.
4) To the linguists, other researchers and those who are extremely interested
to conduct a scientific study of Pase dialect, it is suggested to investigate
the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and
increasing the number of lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Through this
80
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