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THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN ALLEY

BLAKE’S

MILLIONAIRE TO THE RESCUE

A THESIS BY:

RINI SWADESHI DAULAY REG. NO. 050705036

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS

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Approved by the English Literature Department of Faculty Letters

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana

Examination

Head, Secretary,

Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum

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THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN ALLEY BLAKE’S MILLIONAIRE TO THE RESCUE

A Thesis

By:

Rini Swadeshi Daulay

Reg. No. 050705036

Supervisor, Co. Supervisor,

Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Drs. Bahagia Tarigan M.A

NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP.

Submitted to the Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in Literature

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements

for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of

Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The Examination is held at the Faculty of Letters University of North

Sumatera on …………, ……… 2010.

The Dean of Faculty of Letters

University of Sumatera Utara,

Prof. Syaifuddin M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 19650909 199403 1 004

Board of Examiners:

1. ... ...

NIP. ………

2. ... ...

NIP. ………

3. ………... ...

NIP. ……….

4. ………. ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given her all of the blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that she can finish her thesis entitled “The Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue”.

This thesis is written and submitted to the Department of English Literature, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, as the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “Sarjana Sastra” in English linguistics/literature.

She would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as the head and secretary of English Department, for all of opportunities and facilities that given to her and for all their attentions in all academic affairs.

She would like to express her best and sincere thanks to her supervisor, Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and her co-supervisor Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience.

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Finally, she realizes this thesis is still far from the perfectness. Any comments, suggestions, and criticism are warmly welcomed with highly appreciation.

Medan, 2010 Writer,

Rini Swadeshi Daulay

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Rini Swadeshi Daulay, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work had been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Rini Swadeshi Daulay

Thesis title : The Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue.

Qualification : S1/Sarjana Sastra Department : English

The writer is willing that the writer’s thesis should be available for reproduction at the desertation of the librarian of University of Sumatra Utara, Faculty of Letters, English Literature Department on the understanding that the users are made aware of their obligations under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “The Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue”, membahas ungkapan figurative yang mencakup metafora, simile, hiperbola, personifikasi, ironi, dan oksimoron. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan figurative dalam karya Alley Blake berjudul Millionaire to the Rescue berdasarkan teori semantic dari beberapa ahli seperti Geoffrey Leech (1981), F.R. Palmer (1976), dan John Lyons (1971). Studi kepustakaan diterapkan dalam penulisan skripsi ini, dimana sejumlah data ungkapan figuratif dalam novel Millionaire to the Rescue dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dan setelah itu ditentukan jenis ungkapan figuratif yang paling dominan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……… i

ABSTRACT………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Problem……… 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis………... 3

1.3 The Objectives of the Analysis………. 4

1.4 The Scope of the Analysis……….... 4

1.5 The Significances of the Analysis………... 4

1.6 Review of Related Literature……… 5

CHAPTER II A BRIEF VIEW OF TRANSLATION 2.1 Theory of Semantics……… 7

2.2 Scope of Semantics……….. 8

2.2.1 Meaning ……… 9

2.2.2 Sense and Reference ………. 10

2.2.2.1 Sense ……… 10

2.2.2.2 Reference ………. 11

2.3 Goals of Semantics Theory………... 12

2.4 Figurative Expressions……….... 13

2.4.1 Definition of Figurative Expressions ………. 13

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2.4.2.1 Metaphor ……… 15

2.4.2.2 Simile ………. 17

2.4.2.3 Hyperbole ………... 19

2.4.2.4 Personification ……… 20

2.4.2.5 Irony ……… 21

2.4.2.6 Oxymoron ……… 22

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method………... 23

3.2 Data Collecting Method………. 23

3.3 Data Analysis Method………... 24

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS 4.1 Data Findings………... 26

4.2 The Analysis……… 34

4.2.1 Metaphor……… 34

4.2.2 Simile……… 38

4.2.3 Hyperbole……….. 41

4.2.4 Personification……... 45

4.2.5 Irony……….. 47

4.2.6 Oxymoron……….. 48

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions………... 49 5.2 Suggestions………... 49

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “The Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue”, membahas ungkapan figurative yang mencakup metafora, simile, hiperbola, personifikasi, ironi, dan oksimoron. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan figurative dalam karya Alley Blake berjudul Millionaire to the Rescue berdasarkan teori semantic dari beberapa ahli seperti Geoffrey Leech (1981), F.R. Palmer (1976), dan John Lyons (1971). Studi kepustakaan diterapkan dalam penulisan skripsi ini, dimana sejumlah data ungkapan figuratif dalam novel Millionaire to the Rescue dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dan setelah itu ditentukan jenis ungkapan figuratif yang paling dominan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Problem

Language can be defined as a means of communication of human life. People need language to communicate, to interact and to get information from other people. As human beings, we cannot separate ourselves from involvement of social communication and interaction, which certainly makes ourselves impossible to stay without language. As Dwilight Bolinger (1968: 9) says “Human language is a system vocal auditory communication signs composed of arbitrary patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules”. Sapir (1949: 8) states, “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntary produced symbols.” In addition, Anttila (1972: 12) says, “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which the members of a speech community (social group) cooperate and interact (communicate).” Thus, by using language, human beings are able to build an interaction in the society.

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Siregar (1992: 2) says, “Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of meaning in language, or simply, semantics is the study of linguistic meaning”.

Literal and non-literal meaning is a part of semantics studies. Literal meaning is opposite of non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is when the speaker says something has natural meaning or does not have other meaning. While, non-literal meaning is when the speaker says something has different meaning of what his/her words or has hidden meaning. As Siregar (1992: 10) says, “If we are speaking non literally, then we will mean something different from what our words mean. If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”.

Traditionally, non-literal meaning is called figurative language or figurative meaning. Figurative language is a language that needs interpreting of the meaning of the speaker’s words. The speakers make their words figuratively sometimes are to beautify or emphasize of what they want to say. As Kennedy (1983: 677) says, “A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotation of words”. Then, Pie (1972: 364) says, “Figure of speech is aa mode of expression, as simile, metaphor, or hyperbole, where words are employed in a non literal or unusual sense for special effects, such as lending vividness or heightening beauty of style”.

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expression is an expression of language, such metaphor, by which the literal meaning of word is not employed”.

In the way to make an interaction with the society, people write books. The writers, of course, are using some beautiful words and sentences to make their books more interesting. Figurative speech is one of the most ways that using by the writers.

Novel is the kind of the books which using many figurative language to make the story more interesting and avoid from the lack of words. The sentence ‘I feel just like in heaven’ in Millionaire to the Rescue cannot translate that the character ‘I’ really is in heaven. ‘I feel just like in heaven’ is a simile. ‘Like’ means as if the character is in the heaven and ‘heaven’ used to describe ‘good place or beautiful feeling’ not ‘the truly heaven

Since figurative meaning may brings difficulties in understanding the idea of the books, it might be useful to give an explanation about it. This is the reason for choosing the topic “The Analysis of Figurative Expression in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue” of this thesis.

1.2The Problem of Analysis

Based on the background above, the writer discusses the problems of the analysis as follows:

1. Are figurative expressions found in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue? 2. What types of the figurative expressions are found in the novel Millionaire

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3. Which type of the figurative expressions in dominantly occurs in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue as the data for investigating? (analyzed in percentage)

1.3The Objectives of the Analysis

The objectives of this analysis are:

1. To find out figurative expressions found in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue.

2. To find out how many types at figurative expressions in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue.

3. To find out which type of figurative expressions occurs dominantly in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue.

1.4The Scope of Analysis

A scope needs to be set to avoid misdirection in this thesis. The writer wants to focus about figurative expressions in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue by Alley Blake. Related to the figurative expressions, she wants to analyze seven figurative expressions, they are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, irony, and oxymoron.

1.5The Significance of the Analysis

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1.6Review of Related Literature

In doing this thesis, the writer uses some books related to this study. The followings are among other books related to figurative language which are used to revive related literature.

Daniel (1967) in his book A Contemporary Rhetoric says “A choice of words even a choice between two close synonyms, can be understood without much difficulty as a choice between more and less relevant meaning”.

Keraf (1981) in his book Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa discussed about the word choice and the style of language, especially about figurative language or non literal meaning such as metaphor, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, and so on.

Palmer (1976:1) in his book Semantics: A New Outline says “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning”. The book dealt with many issues about semantics, like the term, the scope, kind of meaning, sense and reference, linguistic and non linguistics context, and so on.

Saleh (2008) in his thesis A Semantics Analysis of Figurative Expression in Ernest Hemingway the Old Man and the Sea found that from 67 data, they are 20 cases for personification as the dominant kind of figurative expression. This thesis uses descriptive method, which has similarities with this thesis and helps the writer how to analyze the problem.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL OF FRAMEWORK

2.1 Theory of Semantics

Semantics is the area of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning. It can be said that semantics is one of linguistics branches study about meaning. Etymology, the word semantics actually comes from Greek word ‘sematikos’ means ‘significant’; ‘semaine’ means ‘to show, signify’ or ‘indicated by a sign’; from ‘sema’ means ‘sign’. However the word ‘meaning’ has awide range of perceptions and there is no general agreement among experts about in which it should be described.

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According to Leech (1974: ix) says, “Semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes a more and more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of the human mind-thought process, cognition, and conceptualization. All these are intricately bound up with the way in which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language”.

Lyons (1971: 400) says, “Semantics may be defined, initially and provisionally, as the study of meaning”.

Akmajian (1979: 228) says, “Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning (and related notions) in language, while in logig semantics in generally considered to be the study of reference (and related notions) in language”.

2.2 Scope of Semantics

Although the study of meaning became more significant at the early twentieth century, many linguists study language without reference to the meaning. A linguistic description tends to reduced into three levels of analysis such as phonological, morphological, and syntactic analysis.

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been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meaning of words and the semantic structure of sentence. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meanings in the language.

The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expression, such as the words of language, and persons, things, and events in the world to which these words refer. Although there are may be different approach to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in of each these approach, there are meaning, sense and reference.

2.2.1 Meaning

The term meaning is simply derived from the word mean. Meaning is regarded as the message that is intended or expressed or signified. In other word, it can be said that meaning is the idea that is intended. In everyday English, we use this word in a number of different ways as in the following:

a) That was no mean (insignificant) accomplishment. b) They are so mean (cruel).

c) This will mean (result in) the end of second class citizenship.

d) Without ice cream, life wouldn’t mean anything (have any purpose). e) I mean (intend) to help if I can.

f) Keep off the grass, this means (refers to) you.

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i) Those clouds mean (are sign of) rain. j) She doesn’t mean (believe) what she said. k) Procrastinate means (?) “to put things off”. l) In saying that, she meant (?)that we should leave.

In those sentences above, it can be seen that the word ‘mean’ in (a) yo (j) has their ‘equivalence’ in other word, while the same word in (k) to (l) does not. The last two sentences, in fact, exemplify two importantly different sorts of meaning, i.e. linguistic meaning and speaker meaning. In (k) procrastinate has a linguistic meaning of to put things off while in (l) meant refers to speaker’s intention or what message the speaker intends to say in his words (Siregar, 1992: 6-7).

We might say that whole point of setting up a theory of semantics it to provide a ‘definition’ of meaning that is a systemic account of the nature of meaning.

2.2.2 Sense and Reference

2.2.2.1 Sense

Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly the words); is concerned only with intralinguistic relations.

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vocabulary-items, it carries with it no presuppos itions about the existence of objects and properties outside the vocabulary of the language in question.

In some cases, the same word can have more than on sense. For examples: the word ‘bank’ has different meaning in the following sentences:

(1) My salary is paid directly into my Bank. (2) My house is on the south bank of the river.

Based on the examples (1) and (2) above, we can see that the word bank has a number of different senses. In the example (1), the word bank is an organization or a place that provides a financial service. Simply, bank is a place for keeping money safely. Then, in the example (2), the word bank has sense the land sloping up along each river or canal or the ground near the river.

2.2.2.2 Reference

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According to Palmer (1976: 30), “Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, word, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience”. For example, the word ‘hand’ has a certain meaning, a part of body, includes right hand and left hand, a hand has five of fingers and each finger has a fingernail. In addition, the word ‘hand’ also possesses a characteristic which is known as ‘reference’ that is the ability of the hand is to do anything such to take, throw, wash, etc.

2.3 Goals of Semantics Theory

There are two questions of the goals of a semantics theory. What should a semantic theory do, and how should it do it?

The short answer to the first question is that a semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language the semantic properties and relations it has and it should define those properties and relations. Means that, in an expression e is meaningful, the semantic theory should say so. If the expression e has a specific set meaning, the semantic theory should specify them. If the expression e is ambiguous, the semantic theory should record that fact, and so on. Moreover, if two expressions are synonymous, or one entails the other, the semantics theory should mark these semantic relations.

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First, it is generally conceded that even though a natural language contains an infinite number of phrases and sentences, a semantic theory of natural language should be finite. People are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of natural language.

The second constraint on a semantic theory of a natural language is that it should reflect the fact that, expect for idioms, expressions are compositional. This means that the meaning of a syntactically complex expression is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations. Compositionality rests on the fact that a finite number of familiar words and expressions can be combined and recombined to form an infinite number of novel phrases and sentences; hence, a finite semantics theory that reflects compositionality can describe meanings for an infinite number of complex expressions.

2.4 Figurative Expressions

2.4.1 Definition of Figurative Expressions

In semantic terms, there are two kinds of meaning; they are literal meaning and non literal meaning. Literal meaning is the meaning of speaker or writer word does not have another meaning. When, non literal or figurative meaning is the meaning of a writer or speaker word has another meaning. In other word, it can be said that need interpretation of what his or her word.

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utterance into meaning, the human mind requires knowledge, made up the memories of all the possible meanings that might be available to apply to the particular words in their context. This set of memories will give prominence to the most common or literal meanings, but also suggest reasons for attributing different meanings, e.g., the reader understands that the author intended it to mean something different.

Figurative expression is the expressive which uses a language that needs interpreting of the meaning of the speaker or writer’s words. Usually, the writer or speaker describes something using unusual comparisons, for effect, interest, and to make things clearer. The result of using this technique is the creation of interesting images. Besides that, the use of figurative expression is to emphasize of meaning of what his/her word. As Kennedy (1983: 677) says, “A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotation of words”. Then Wren and Martin (1981: 488) say. “Figure of speech is departure from ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect”. Means that, figure of speech is using a connote word to get special or wider effect.

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reader understand that the author intended it to mean something different. For example:

(3) “The ground is thirsty”.

The ground is thirsty is partly figurative. “Ground” has a literal meaning, but the ground is not alive. It is an inanimate thing but regarded as human which needs to drink because feels thirst. Actually, we may interpret that sentence wants to say that the ground is dry or has been long dry because the rain has not fall for long time.

2.4.2 Kinds of Figurative Expressions

There are some kinds of figurative expressions will be discussed in this thesis, they are:

2.4.2.1 Metaphor

Metaphor is a figure of speech which compares two unlike things implicitly. Etymologically, the word ‘metaphor’ derived from Greek word ‘metaphor’ meaning ‘transfer or carry over’. It is a derivation from ‘meta’ meaning ‘over or across’ and ‘pherein’ meaning ‘to carry’.

According to Tarigan (1983: 141), “Metafora adalah sejenis majas perbandingan yang paling singkat, padat, tersusun rapi. Di dalamnya terlibat du

aide: yang satu adalah suatu kenyataan, sesuatu yang dipikirkan, yang menjadi

objek; dan yang satu lagi merupakan perbandingan terhadap kenyataan tadi; dan

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of comparative figurative expression. Two ideas are involved inside; and the one is the reality or object, something thought; and the other is the comparison to the reality; and we substitute the latter with the former).

Kennedy (1983: 680) says, “Metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in a literal sense, it is not.”

Crowther (1995: 734) cites, “Metaphor is the imaginative use of a word or phrase to describe something as another object in order to show that they have the same qualities and to make the description more forceful.”

Metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things usually unlike. Does not use connective words such as like or as.

A metaphor is generally more concise and immediate than corresponding literal version, because of super imposition, in the same piece of language, of tenor and vehicle.

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The differences between them can be seen in the following example:

(4) Your fingers like sausages (5) Your fingers are sausages (6) He fought like a lion (7) He was a lion in the fight

In sentence (4), it can be seen that the word fingers are compared with sausage by using the connective ‘like’. But in sentence (5), the word fingers are compared with sausages implicitly without using any connectivity. Then, in sentence (6) it uses simile because ‘he’ compares like ‘a lion’, and in sentence (7) it uses metaphor.

In general, a simile refers to only one characteristic that two things have in common, while a metaphor is not plainly limited in the number of resembles it may indicated. To use the simile “He eats like a pig” is to compare man and animal in one respect: eating habits. But, to say “He is a pig” is to use a metaphor that might involve comparisons of appearance and morality as well.

2.4.2.2 Simile

In simile, the two things to be compared and (sometimes) the ground of the comparison are spelt out in succession: the comparison itself, too, is made explicit by means of such constructional elements as like, as…as, more…than.

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compared have to be dissimilar in kind. It is no simile to say, “Your fingers are like mine” it is a literal observation. But to say, “Your fingers are like sausages” is to use a simile.

According to Siregar (1992: 13) says, “Simile is a comparison between two objects using like or as. For example:

(8) “Your eyes are like stars”.

In that example, it can be seen that the word ‘your eyes’ is compare like ‘stars’. As we know that stars are very bright and beautiful. So, it wants to say that the beauty of ‘your eyes are like the beauty of stars’.

According to Wren and Martin (1981: 480) say, “Simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one point in common”. Means that, simile is the comparison between two things which have a point of similarity.

A simile is generally more explicit than metaphor, In this example:

(9) “That bathen in the gladnesse”,

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2.4.2.3 Hyperbole

The word hyperbole is derived from Greek language, that are ‘hyper’ means ‘over’ and ‘ballien’ means ‘to throw’. So, from that meaning, it can be said that hyperbole or over statement is a statement containing exaggeration to emphasize a point (Kennedy, 1983: 687). On the other hand, hyperbole is an expression to make something looks bigger or greater than it really is.

Exaggeration in colloquial talk is often incredible because at variance with known fact. For example:

(10) “He’s got acres and acres of garden”.

In a hyperbole, if we happen to know that the plot indicated is no more one acre in extent. We are that able to judge that the speaker means no more, “He has a very large garden”.

In other cases, an exaggerated statement is not just incredible in the given situation but a situation, because outside the bounds of possibility.

(11) “She is as old as the hills

It is an assertion which cannot be swallowed whole under any circumstances. Actually, that sentence wants to say that the girl ‘she’ has been old or has old age. To emphasize the point, the writer makes it by saying ‘She is as old as the hill’.

According to Siswantoro (2005: 34) cites, “Hiperbola dimanfaatkan oleh penyair dalam upaya menggambarkan objek, ide, dan lain-lain dengan member

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is used by the writer to describe an object, idea, etc. with giving exaggeration emphasize to get effect intently). Then, Wren and Martin (1981: 491) say, “In hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by over statement”. Means that, hyperbole uses an exaggerate word to emphasize a point.

2.4.2.4 Personification

The word personification comes from Latin that is ‘persona’ means ‘actor, person, doer or a mask which used in a play’ and the word ‘fic’ means ‘to make’. Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing or abstract term (truth, nature) is made human.

Personification is the arbitrary of human qualities to inanimate object (for example the sea as an abstract concept for freedom). The endowent of abstraction with human quantities. A figure that endows animal, ideals, abstraction, and inanimate object with human form, the representing of imaginary creatures or things as having human personalities, intelligence, and emotions. It is the representation of a thing or abstraction in the format of person. As Kennedy (1983: 686) says, “Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term (truth, nature) is made human”.

According to Siswantoro (2002: 29) says, “Personifikasi adalah pelukisan benda atau objek tak bernyawa atau bukan manusia (inanimate) baik yang kasat

mata atau abstrak yang diperlakukan seolah-olah sebagai manusia

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The following examples will make us more understand:

(12) “The wind, please tell me where is my lover now”. (13) “The shoes of the children have been laughed”.

In (12), the wind is regarded as human that as if can tell something to human. As we know that ‘the wind’ is inanimate thing that cannot speak something.

In (13), it can be seen that the word ‘the shoes’ is considered as human that can laugh as human do. As we know that, the shoes are inanimate thing that cannot do something. So, the expression above means that the shoes of the children have been torn.

2.4.2.5 Irony

Irony is a situation, literary technique or rhetorical device, in which there is an in congruity or discordance that goes strikingly beyond the most simple and endent meaning of words or actions.

From the Wikipedia.com, irony is figure of speech when an expression used is the opposite of the thought in the speakers mind. This is conveying a meaning that contradicts of literal definition. For the example:

(14) “I’m not upset!

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2.4.2.6 Oxymoron

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Method

In this analysis the library research method is used. As quoted from Nawawi (1993:30) “Penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan cara menghimpun data dari berbagai literature baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain”

(Library research is done by collecting the data from any kinds of source in the library or any other places).

All the information about figurative expression from linguistic books, internet, dictionary and any other source is used.

3.2. Data Collecting Method

The source of the data is the novel Millionaire to the Rescue. The original novel consists of 113 pages. In collecting the data written method is used. The data are sentences that contain figurative expression in the novel and its translation. All the data that can be collected are … data of figurative expression. Purposive sampling method is used in taking the sample for the data analysis of figurative expression.

Arikunto in his book Prosedur Penelitian (2006 : 139) states that “sample bertujuan atau purposive sample dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan

didasarkan atas strata, random atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan

tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa pertimbangan, misalnya

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sample yang besar dan jauh” (Purposive sampling is done by taking subject not based on strata, random or regional but based on several purposes and reasons as the limited of time, effort and budget for taking the bigger, wider and more sample).

3.3. Data Analyzing Method

In the analysis, a descriptive method is used. As quoted from Nawawi (1993:63): “Metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan / melukiskan keadaan subyek /

obyek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, dll) pada saat sekarang

berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya”. (Descriptive

method is a way in solving a problem by describing the facts of subject/object of the research as the way they are).

Followings are the procedure used in analyzing. They are:

1. Reading the original novel Millionaire to the Rescue by Alley Blake. 2. The next step is identifying the figurative expression data in the novel,

and then underlines.

3. After all the data have been collected, then classifying and analyzing the data.

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N = n x 100% (analyzed in percentage)

∑ n

N = percentage of one kind of figurative expression

n = number of one kind of figurative expression

∑ n = total number of figurative expression

(39)

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS

4.1 Data Findings

No Data Page

1 Her heart felt as if it were stampeding through her chest.

7

2 “You fainted,” he said softly, as though she might disappear in a puff of smoke if he was his usual intractable self.

9

3 “Well, either you fainted or you decided to take an ill-advised catnap on the floor of my

office,” Danny said, his dry, mocking voice

rumbling close to her ear.

10

4 It was a gaze that terrified football club presidents, bamboozled journalists and

bewitched women the country over.

10

5 His wide flat thumb pads ran back and forth across the backs of her knuckles.

12

6 Offering solace? Understanding? A port in a storm?

13

7 The hot liquid inside of her cooled and

solidified into a rod of fortified steel.

(40)

8 “Don’t shoot the messenger, Brooke.” 16

9 Looking as relaxed as if he’d spent the past hour winding down with a glass of his beloved

Scotch, not that the two of them were

discussing the collapse of her life as she knew it.

17

10 Cal had seen her hesitation to leave him as the chance to systematically cut her legs out from under her.

19

11 But now the country is mourning one of their most beloved sporting stars.

20

12 Brooke shoot him a wry glare. “Thanks,” she

said, “that’s comforting.”

25

13 The Good Sports Agency was Danny’s life. His

wife, his mistress and his favorite child all

rolled into one.

26

14 She shook her head. “Thanks, but I’m nobody’s charity case.”

26

15 “She’s borderline off her nut,” Danny said. “But she can type like a demon.”

29

16 “You need somewhere safe to stay until you get on your feet.”

31

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safe haven while you need one.”

18 The woman who was able to go there would

have to be one in a million. With the patience

of a saint and the hide of a rhino.

35

19 But he had still lowered her to the ground as delicate and vulnerable as a rag doll.

37

20 “Everything’s ticked on my list,” she said. 43

21 The tall poppy cut down in full flower. 48

22 That one’s impossible. Unexpected. And uncontrollable by man or beast.

60

23 “I worked bloody hard to get where I am today and this is my compensation.”

63

24 “He’s pulling your leg, Danny. He isn’t

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29 Her eyes widened. “Wow, I was only kidding. But yes, I promise and cross my heart and all that jazz.”

79

30 “They’re okay. Quiet as church mice.” 81

31 “Funny,” he said suddenly. “You’re a regular

comedian.” Though there was no humor in his

voice.

84

32 It could have been the click of the camera accidentally catching him one moment before his eyes skittered past her to Cal, who likely had them in stitches with some ribald joke.

88

33 “Lily could sleep atop an active volcano and

she wouldn’t care.”

89

34 “And where did you two lovebirds meet?” Even she heard the sarcasm in her voice.

100

35 She shook her head. “Oh, no. Not me. I’m done with all that jazz.”

101

36 She had to discreetly clear a frog from her

throat before adding, “That people can be

heart, body and soul, until the end of time, faithful?

103

37 She tilted her chin and glared up into his eyes. Golden. Intense. Lion’s eyes which made her want to just give in and lean on him for evermore.

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38 Drawn to the scene outside like a nine iron to a new golf ball, Danny pulled his tie undone and draped it over the back of a kitchen chair.

117

39 “They will need more guidance to field the offers they will get. Therefore, I will hold all the cards.”

121

40 “Brooke, honey,” he said, “you are so far off the mark it would blow your mind.”

125

41 And the chance to watch Brooke laugh, and live, and smile a smile brimming with confidence and happiness and burgeoning self-belief felt like a whole new kind of victory.

133

42 But they did as they were told, running across the gravel like the wind was at their heels.

144

43 He was too busy trying to figure out why Simone smiled at him like the cat who’d got the cream.

146

44 “Mr.Hotstuff is breathing nowhere near my

neck.”

151

45 “He’s not happy. He’s just-“ “Your knight in shining armour.”

151

46 “Our eyes met across a crowded room.” 152

47 “And, boy, oh, boy, was he the most gorgeous thing I had ever laid eyes on.”

153

48 For he was sensitive, smart and easily the sexiest man to ever walk the planet.

(44)

49 “We thought the two of you might have been kidnapped by aliens,” he said.

157

50 “Come on in, Jerry, you have to feel this bed,” Simone said. “This is truly the mattress of the gods.”

157

51 “You have to find out where he bought his sheets,” Simone said as she leaned in for a last goodbye kiss. “They are pure heaven.”

160

52 “See you in the morning when the sun comes up.”

161

53 He looked so small, his huge backpack almost as big as him.

167

54 Like Cal. She didn’t say the words, yet they hung in the air between them. Hell, they more than hung, they dropped like an iron curtain.

171

55 Especially when she was acting as nervous as cat on a hot tin roof and Lucille was nowhere to be seen.

176

56 For he knew it would take more than Brooke’s squared shoulders for him to forget she was sitting two small rooms away. It would take more than a hurricane. An earthquake.

186

57 “You know, when you’re young and the world’s your oyster and you have this magic and hope and innate cool that seems to set you apart?”

189

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come back out of hiding, she was pretty certain that was it.

59 She had resisted it, had put up walls and created blocking mechanisms, and for the most part ignored it.

194

60 For she knew that this was a guy who worshipped her.

197

61 She was holding on to control of her life with her fingernails.

203

62 “It is,” she said, her fine neck hairs now standing so stiff they were all but saluting.

209

63 She looked back to the drawer, pulled out the package with as much care as if it had been a

ticking bomb.

210

64 And then Emily was gone, leaving Brooke with the locket clasped tight within her sweating palm; and three phone lines on her console lit up as if her spaceship was going

down.

216

65 “Well, the guy is obviously no good,” Simone

said. “Looking after you for all these years,

saving up his home to you in your hour of

need, buying you gifts and opening up to you

like that.”

219

66 “The ability to look after myself is so important to me, asking for help, from anybody, for me is asking to chewing off my

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own foot.”

67 And his hope faded like an extinguished match. 225 68 “You were and still are the most gorgeous

creature I have ever seen.”

227

69 “Brooke, stop acting like I just kicked your cat and talk to me.”

230

70 “I can’t be tied to you like some kind of

pathetic Rapunzel, clinging to you from my

tower through the need for survival.”

230

71 “I’ll give you time off tomorrow to start looking for a new place,” he said, and even he heard the ice in his voice.

233

72 Somehow the past weeks had filled the well. 235

73 The slow seeping ache that made her bones feel cold.

237

74 But once again it became too much, she was too unaccustomed to deciphering these feelings bombarding her.

238

75 “Nah,” she said, “I hate that you always think you’re right. It drives me up the wall.”

245

76 His eyes smoldering so hot she could barely

hear his words over the blood rushing in her

head.

247

77 She’d been on cloud nine all day and the

hairdresser could have put her hair in pigtails and she wouldn’t have cared.

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4.2 The Analysis

4.2.1 Metaphor

1. Offering solace? Understanding? A port in a storm? (Page 13)

The literal meaning of this sentence is a shelter that can be used when there is a storm. But it is not what is offered actually the non-literal meaning of it is a place to stay or calm yourself when you are in trouble.

2. “Don’t shoot the messenger, Brooke.” (Page 16)

In this kind of sentence, the literal meaning means that don’t hurt or harm the messenger. The non-literal meaning of this sentence is not to put blame on the wrong person.

3. Cal had seen her hesitation to leave him as the chance to systematically cut her legs out from under her. (page 19)

This metaphor can have the non-literal meaning as to make the woman weak and can not support her self. This not mean the actual literal meaning where the Cal person really cut the woman’s legs.

4. The Good Sports Agency was Danny’s life. His wife, his mistress and his

favorite child all rolled into one. (Page 26)

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5. She shook her head. “Thanks, but I’m nobody’s charity case.” (Page 26) Nobody’s charity case non-literal meaning in here is the woman is not a beggar. It emphasizes that she doesn’t want people to give pity for her and help her because of that pity.

6. “You need somewhere safe to stay until you get on your feet.” (Page 31) This sentence contains metaphor. The phrase until you get on your feet doesn’t mean that the person is limb, cannot walk or has no feet. But this metaphor means that until the person can support herself and be independent. 7. “Everything’s ticked on my list,” she said. (Page 43)

This metaphor can has the non-literal meaning as the woman has already put a tick in a list of what she should do. But this metaphor can also has the literal meaning as she is finished or ready for everything.

8. “He’s pulling your leg, Danny. He isn’t allowed to watch movies with cops or shooting or especially stuff.” (Page 64)

The phrase he’s pulling your leg, Danny has the literal meaning that a person is pulling Danny’s leg and actually the non-literal meaning is that Danny is being tricked by the person because there’s no reason why the person really pulling Danny’s leg. It has nothing to do with he isn’t allowed to watch movies with cops or shooting or especially stuff.

9. “Fine,” Simone said. “I shall zip my big mouth shut.” (Page 75)

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her mouth up really tight and won’t say any words for that time being and start listen to the person she talked to.

10.She tilted her chin and glared up into his eyes. Golden. Intense. Lion’s eyes which made her want to just give in and lean on him for evermore. (Page 108) Lion’s eyes is a metaphor. In this sentence the woman think that the man’s eyes is intense and has gold color like a lion’s eyes not that the man really has a lion’s eyes. She just want to emphasize the beauty of that man’s eyes to her.

11.“They will need more guidance to field the offers they will get. Therefore, I will hold all the cards.” (Page 121)

This expression is metaphor because they are not actually in a card game. The non-literal meaning of this expression is that the man is the one that control the people.

12.“Mr.Hotstuff is breathing nowhere near my neck.” (Page 151)

This expression is a metaphor. The speaker of this expression tries to tell that the man they are talking about has no close relationship with her. While what can be seen from the literal meaning of this expression is that the man is not standing too close to her.

13.“He’s not happy. He’s just- Your knight in shining armour.” (Page 151)

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14.“You know, when you’re young and the world’s your oyster and you have this magic and hope and innate cool that seems to set you apart?” (Page 189)

The world’s your oyster is a metaphor expression. The literal meaning of this expression is that the world is an oyster and the speaker owns it. But actually the real meaning of this expression is to show how the speaker says when we’re young, we think we can deal with any problem in the world and can face anything that the world offers.

15.She had resisted it, had put up walls and created blocking mechanisms, and for the most part ignored it. (Page 194)

This expression literal meaning that the woman has built walls and created blocking mechanism. While the non-literal meaning of this expression is the woman has prepared her self to face what will happen and protect her self for not being hurt again. That is why this expression is a metaphor.

16.She was holding on to control of her life with her fingernails. (Page 203) This non-literal meaning of this expression is that the woman’s life is so hard and she does the best she can do to control her life although she is not so strong.

17.“The ability to look after myself is so important to me, asking for help, from anybody, for me is asking to chewing off my own foot.” (Page 220)

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18.“I’ll give you time off tomorrow to start looking for a new place,” he said, and even he heard the ice in his voice. (Page 233)

This expression doesn’t mean that there is an actual ice in the man’s voice. The real meaning of this expression is that the man speaks so ignorant, straight forward and has no sense of care anymore.

19.“Nah,” she said, “I hate that you always think you’re right. It drives me up the wall.” (Page 245)

This expression is a metaphor. This expression doesn’t mean that the woman really climb up the wall. The real meaning is the woman can’t stand the man’s behavior of thinking that he is always right.

20.She’d been on cloud nine all day and the hairdresser could have put her hair in pigtails and she wouldn’t have cared. (Page 248)

This metaphor expression doesn’t mean that the woman is on the cloud number nine. The real meaning is the woman feels so happy that she feels like she is floating on the cloud.

4.2.2 Simile

1. “She’s borderline off her nut,” Danny said. “But she can type like a demon.” (Page 29)

In this sentence, the Danny character tells about a woman who can type like a demon. This describes that the woman can type really fast not that actually Danny knows how a demon types or that she is a demon.

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This sentence describes that the man put the woman down so soft and slowly. The simile as delicate and vulnerable as a rag doll means that the man afraid that the woman will get hurt so he put her down to the ground really slowly and softly. Not that the woman really delicate and vulnerable like a rag doll or she is a rag doll.

3. “They’re okay. Quiet as church mice.” (Page 81)

In this sentence, the speaker describes how quiet the children by using the simile quiet as church mice. Doesn’t mean that the children really are mice but they are so quiet that the speaker use simile as comparison.

4. Drawn to the scene outside like a nine iron to a new golf ball, Danny pulled his tie undone and draped it over the back of a kitchen chair. (Page 117)

This sentence contains simile that describes how interested Danny to go outside. The simile like a nine iron to a new golf ball means that Danny really attracted to go out and join the scene outside. The simile using the comparison of a nine iron to a new golf ball to describe the intention that Danny has to go to the scene outside.

5. He was too busy trying to figure out why Simone smiled at him like the cat who’d got the cream. (Page 146)

In this sentence, the writer tries to describe the how Simone smiled to the man as if the man caught doing a bad thing. The comparison that is used

like the cat who’d got the cream. This comparison is to show how Simone

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6. He looked so small, his huge backpack almost as big as him. (Page 167) This simile his huge backpack almost as big as him is to describe that the boy’s backpack looked so big. Not that means the boy’s backpack really as big as him. It’s just the comparison to describe how the boy looked small. 7. Like Cal. She didn’t say the words, yet they hung in the air between them.

Hell, they more than hung, they dropped like an iron curtain. (Page 171) The simile dropped like an iron curtain is used as the comparison on how uncomfortable the situation between the man and the woman because of the silence between them. The words are not really that heavy so they

dropped like an iron curtain but it is to show that the situation is so

uncomfortable that even the words yet not spoken but they still has the effect to the man and the woman.

8. Especially when she was acting as nervous as cat on a hot tin roof and Lucille was nowhere to be seen. (Page 176)

This sentence describes how the woman looked so nervous and anxious that she just like a cat on hot tin roof. In this sentence, the cat on a hot tin roof means the woman behaviors which are so nervous and anxious. Not that the woman is an actual cat but it is just she is so nervous and anxious that she act like a cat on a hot tin roof.

9. And his hope faded like an extinguished match. (Page 2250

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10. “I can’t be tied to you like some kind of pathetic Rapunzel, clinging to you from my tower through the need for survival.” (Page 230)

The woman in this sentence describes how she doesn’t want to be dependent and waiting for the man to help her by using the simile like some kind of pathetic Rapunzel. She wants to be independent and support herself not waiting for someone to help her like Rapunzel, a fairytale character that got locked in a big tower.

4.2.3 Hyperbole

1. It was a gaze that terrified football club presidents, bamboozled journalists and bewitched women the country over. (Page 10)

This expression is hyperbole because there is no man that have a gaze that can terrified, bamboozled and bewitched all the people in one country, even a president doesn’t have it. The real meaning of this expression is that the man looked people intensely.

2. The hot liquid inside of her cooled and solidified into a rod of fortified steel. (Page 14)

This expression is hyperbole because there is no human that have a hot liquid inside the body that can solidify into a rod of fortified steel. It is an exaggeration expression that shows how angry the woman at first but finally manage to control her anger and be calm.

3. That one’s impossible. Unexpected. And uncontrollable by man or beast. (Page 60)

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any man. It is a hyperbole expression while the real meaning is that the girl is a little big naughty.

4. “Danny it would take a nuclear bomb to shift your self-belief.” (Page 69) This figurative expression is hyperbole. It wouldn’t take a nuclear bomb to shift someone self-belief. This exaggeration expression just wants to emphasize that this Danny character has a really strong confidence.

5. It could have been the click of the camera accidentally catching him one moment before his eyes skittered past her to Cal, who likely had them in stitches with some ribald joke. (Page 88)

The expression who likely had them in stitches with some ribald jokes is a hyperbole because this Cal character can not give them stitches or hurt them just with jokes. No one can do that. This expression just emphasizes that they are laughing so hard because of Cal’s jokes.

6. “Lily could sleep atop an active volcano and she wouldn’t care.” (Page 89) No one can sleep atop an active volcano and not care about it because it would be terrifying if the volcano erupts. So this is a hyperbole that emphasizes the fact that Lily can sleep anywhere and has a good sleep.

7. She had to discreetly clear a frog from her throat before adding, “That people can be heart, body and soul, until the end of time, faithful?” (Page 103)

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8. For he was sensitive, smart and easily the sexiest man to ever walk the planet. (Page 155)

This expression is hyperbole because how can they know that the man they are talking about is the sexiest man to ever walk the planet. There is million of man in the planet and he can not be the sexiest because people have different opinions. So it is an exaggeration expression. The real meaning of this expression is that the man they are talking about is so handsome, sexy and they really like him.

9. “Come on in, Jerry, you have to feel this bed,” Simone said. “This is truly the mattress of the gods.” (Page 157)

This is truly the mattress of gods is a hyperbole because gods do not sleep and they do not have mattress because of that reason. This figurative expression is exaggeration. The real meaning of this expression is the mattress is so comfortable and soft.

10. “You have to find out where he bought his sheets,” Simone said as she leaned in for a last goodbye kiss. “They are pure heaven.” (Page 160)

This sentence is truly a hyperbole expression because in this sentence Simone said that the sheets are pure heaven. As we know, heaven is not sheets. So this is a hyperbole expression that is used to emphasize how soft and beautiful the sheets are.

11. For he knew it would take more than Brooke’s squared shoulders for him to forget she was sitting two small rooms away. It would take more than a

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This is a hyperbole expression because this sentence states that it takes an earthquake and more than hurricane to make the man forget the woman. It exaggerates the fact that the man needs more than natural disaster just to forget a woman.

12. For she knew that this was a guy who worshipped her. (Page 197)

This expression is hyperbole. A man can love a woman so deeply but there is no man that worships a woman like that. This expression just want to emphasize the fact that the man so in love with the woman.

13. And then Emily was gone, leaving Brooke with the locket clasped tight within her sweating palm; and three phone lines on her console lit up as if her spaceship was going down. (Page 216)

In this hyperbole expression, the writer uses three phone lines on her console lit up as if her spaceship was going down as a way to emphasize that there are three phone lines that are waiting to be answered by Brooke. It is an exaggeration expression. It is impossible that Brooke has a spaceship.

14. His eyes smoldering so hot she could barely hear his words over the blood rushing in her head. (Page 227)

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4.2.4 Personification.

1. Her heart felt as if it were stampeding through her chest. (Page 7)

This is a personification expression because in this expression we can see how human characteristic of stampeding is imposed to an inanimate thing which is heart. The non-literal meaning of this expression means that her heart is beating so fast.

2. His wide flat thumb pads ran back and forth across the backs of her knuckles. (Page 12)

The figurative expression of personification can be found in this sentence. The human characteristic of ran back and forth is imposed to an inanimate thing which is thumb. This expression actually means that the man moved his thumb across the back of the woman knuckles.

3. “Our eyes met across a crowded room.” (Page 151)

This personification expression shows the human characteristic of meeting with each other is imposed to an inanimate thing as eyes. The real meaning of this expression is the two people in this sentence is staring at each other

4. “See you in the morning when the sun comes up.” (Page 161)

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5. If her mojo needed any kind of kick-start to come back out of hiding, she was pretty certain that was it. (Page 191)

This expression is a personification expression. It shows how a human or animate characteristic of hiding is imposed to an inanimate thing which is a mojo or we can say feeling of confidence. The meaning of this expression actually that the woman lost her feeling of confidence or mojo, not that mojo can actually hide because it is an inanimate thing.

6. “It is,” she said, her fine neck hairs now standing so stiff they were all but saluting. (Page 209)

In this expression it can be seen that the human characteristics of standing and saluting are imposed to an inanimate thing which is the woman’ neck hairs. The real meaning actually that the woman feel so cold, terrified or nervous that she has goose bumps.

7. The slow seeping ache that made her bones feel cold. (Page 237)

This expression is a personification because the human characteristic of feel is imposed to an inanimate thing which is bones. The actual meaning is that the woman feel cold.

8. But once again it became too much, she was too unaccustomed to deciphering these feelings bombarding her. (Page 238)

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4.2.5 Irony

1. “Well, either you fainted or you decided to take an ill-advised catnap on the floor of my office,” Danny said, his dry, mocking voice rumbling close to her

ear. (Page 10)

In this expression, we can see the figurative expression of irony in it. The Danny character actually knows that the woman fainted but he pretend not know by mocking her.

2. Looking as relaxed as if he’d spent the past hour winding down with a glass of his beloved Scotch, not that the two of them were discussing the collapse of

her life as she knew it. (Page 17)

The figurative expression of irony can be seen from this sentence. In this sentence, the man looked so relax like he is having a drink of wine while actually the man and the woman is talking about the woman’s life that is in ruin.

3. Brooke shoot him a wry glare. “Thanks,” she said, “that’s comforting.”

(Page 25)

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4. “Funny,” he said suddenly. “You’re a regular comedian.” Though there was no humor in his voice. (Page 84)

In this sentence there is an irony. The man said that the man he’s talking to is funny and a regular comedian. But the way he said it, there is no humor in his voice which means that there is nothing funny with the man he is talking to.

5. “Well, the guy is obviously no good,” Simone said. “Looking after you for all these years, saving up his home to you in your hour of need, buying you gifts

and opening up to you like that.” (Page 219)

In this sentence, Simone uses irony expression. It can be seen from the way she says that the man is no good or useless but after that she mentions all the things that the man has done to help the woman that is talking to Simone. 4.2.6 Oxymoron

There is no oxymoron found in the data to be analyzed. 4.3 Findings and Frequency

No Types of Figurative Expression Number of cases Percentage

1 Metaphor 28 36, 36%

2 Simile 15 19, 48%

3 Hyperbole 21 27, 27%

4 Personification 8 10, 38%

5 Irony 5 6, 49%

6 Oxymoron -

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After determining, identifying, classifying, and analyzing all the data, it is concluded that:

1. These are 77 cases of figurative expressions in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue. There are 28 cases of metaphor, 15 cases of simile, 21 cases of hyperbole, 8 cases of personification, 5 cases of irony, and no cases of oxymoron.

2. The most dominant type of figurative expressions in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue is metaphor which represents (36,36%) of whole cases, followed by hyperbole (27,27%), simile (19,48%), personification (10,38%), irony (6,49%), and oxymoron (0%).

Based on the result above, metaphor is the most dominant type of figurative expressions in the novel Millionaire to the Rescue.

5.2 Suggestion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akmajian, Adrian. 1979. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and

Communication. Massachusetts: Massachusetts MLT Press

Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc.

Arikunto. 1991. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta

Blake, Alley. 2006. Millionaire to the Rescue. London: Mills and Boon

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspect of Language. New York: Harcout Brace Jovinich Inc.

Butler, Christopher. 1985. Statistics in Linguistics. New York: C. S. Butler

Crowther, Jonathan. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Kennedy, X. J. 1983. Literature. United States of America: Harper Collins College Publisher

Leech, Geoffrey. 1971. A Linguistics Guide to English Poetry. London: Longman Leech, Geoffrey. 1974. Semantics. Auckland: Penguin Books

Lyons, John. 1971. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press

Nawawi, H. 1993. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University

Palmer, F.R. 1976. Semantics I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

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Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. China: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.

Saleh, Syaiful. K.S. 2008. A Semantic of Figurative Expressions in Ernest

Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea (Unpublished Thesis). Medan

Sapir, Edward. 1949. Language: An Introduction to the Study Speech. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Sinulingga, Mery S. 2008. An Analysis of Non Literal Meaning in the Selected Song Lyrics of Evanescence (Unpublished Thesis). Medan

Siregar, Bahren Umar. 1992. Introductory Course in Semantics (dictat). Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU

Siswantoro. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-Puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press

Tarigan, Guntur Henry. G. 1983. Nure-Nure di Karo. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Wren, P.C. and H. Martin. 1981. High School English Grammar and Composisition (Revised Edition). New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd.

Irony definition,

Paradox definition,

th

2010, 20.38 WIB.

14th 2010, 20.48 WIB.

Oxymoron definition, http://wikipedia.com/semantics/oxymoron, accessed on

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Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, maka kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari rumusan masalah bagaimana strategi komunikasi yang dilakukan melalui

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Pada hari ini Kamis tanggal Dua Puluh Dua bulan Oktober Tahun Dua Ribu Lima Belas, kami. Kelompok Kerja Pengadaan Barang Unit Layanan Pengadaan Kabupaten Nagekeo