Moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed (Jatropha curcas) as a source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production

,

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BIOMASS

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BIOENERCY

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BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY

EDITORS

c.

P. MitcbeU,

University of Aberdeen, College of Physical Sciences, Fraser Noble Building, Kings College, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE.

U.K. E-mail: c.p.mitchell@abdn.ac.uk

R.

P. Overend, E-mail: overend@attglobal.net

ASSOCIATE EDITORS:

w.

Haslinger, Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH, Gewwebepark Haag

3,

A 3250 Wieselburg-land, Austria. E-mail: walter.haslinger@

bioenergy2020.eu

W.

Prins,

Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium. E-mail: Wolter.Prins@UGent.be

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

L. P.

Abrahamson,

Syracuse

NY,

U.S.A.

D. I. Bransby,

Alabama, U.S.A.

A. V.

Bridgwater,

Birmingham, U.K.

R. Brown,

Ames, U.S.A.

A.

Faaij,

The Netherlands

J.

Fernandez,

Madrid, Spain

G.

Gosse,

Thiveral-Grignon, France

S.

Karekezi, Nairobi, Kenya

M.

R. Ladisch,

West lAfayette, U.S.A.

S.

Ledin, Uppsala, Sweden

J. Obernberger,

Graz. Austria

C. L. Peterson,

Moscow ID, U.S.A.

N. H.

Ravindranath,

Bangalore. India

K.

Sipila.

Espoo, Finland

M.

Tanticharoen,

Bangkok, Thailand

D. A. Tillman,

Clinton, U.S.A.

R. L.

Vetter,

Elgin, U.S.A.

A. Vonshak.

Sede Boker, Israel

A. C. Wilkie,

Gainesville, U.S.A.

L.

Wright,

Oak Ridge, U.S.A.

C. E. Wyman,

Riverside, U.S.A.

AIMS AND SCOPE

Biomass and Bioenergy

is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles

and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of

energy, food and materials.

Key areas covered by the journal:

Biomass:

Biological Residues:

Bioenergy Processes:

Bioenergy Utilization:

Biomass and the Environment:

sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition.

wastes from agricultural production and forestry, processing industries, and municipal

sources (MSW).

fermentations. thermochemical conversions. liquid and gaseous fuels. and petrochemical

substitutes.

direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and

by-product remediation.

carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability,

and biodiversity issues.

The scope of the journal

extends

to the

environmental, management

and

economic

aspects of biomass and bioenergy.

The journal also features book reviews, reports on conferences, details of forthcoming meetings, letters to the editor and special

interest topics.

Biomass and Bioc!>::rgy 'l

\01

36, Pgs

J

-446, (January,

2012)

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3

from Ihe ;lnaNoble dlgeSllon 01 .. WI! .h(uas .. Qi9'nal Research Article

Pages 1·11

Jean·Claude Frigon, Pumta Mehta, Serge R Gurot

ｾ Ｚ［ｩｲＮ＠

1"1-HighUghts

... SW!tchgrass is a model enefgy ClOPS lor blOluels production ... ThIs study evaluated efferent Ple·tIeatrrents 10 enhance rrethane procludion . ... Prc-lrea trrenls increase s1gnilicanlly Ihe methane produced fromsWltchgrass . ... Enzyrm1lc: pr e-treatments ｾｲ･＠

SUpeflOf to physical and cherncal pre-Ilealments

It, ,.

Pages 12-19

! ngtao Zhu, Juncal Jia, Fung Luen Ky,ong, Oickon Hang Leung Ng, Sie Chin Tlong l,... I _ I """ iU "I'

Highlights

... The evolution of mnerals In banixlo ch,uooal undef heat tIeatmenlrs found . ... The roles 01

mnerals In banixlo enarcoalln the growth of CNTs are proposed ... The upload ofCNTs mreases th e specific surface area and the adsorption capacIty

EnVlrnnmf'nril l (11'111 eCtll'lomlr:, "ct(!-""menl ollnUHnatlol'lal I'!lhanOI trndC' optJon .. fnr the G('rm;Jn trJn"p!lM Ｎｾ＠ ｾＡ･ｲ＠ O"lgfrol Rese,lIch ArtiCle

P8fJes 20·30

Ricardo Sales Cardoso, Enver Dotuk Ozdemr, Ludger Eltrop

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Highlights

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ｂｩｯｾ ｳｳ＠ aoo ｂ ｩ ｯｾｲ･ ｲ ｧｹ Ｇ ｬ＠ \b13? Pgs 1-446, (Janna!)'. 20 12)

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.. We Investigate the energy balance, GHG en1ss!ons and costs 01 productlon and transport of ethanol fuel to Gerrrnny .. Ethanol transport has a minor Impact COlT"9<'lred to production In

terms 01 fossil energy consumption and costs .. Ethanol energy ratio In Germany is 7 3 for Brazilian, 1 24 for Arrerican and 1.99 lor French et hanol. .. Brazilian ethanol has a more CO"llCtrtrve price In Germany including tr ansport and taxe s, due to luwer productIOn costs.

5 ｾ＠ El ｐＺＢｾｃＺＧＺＡＲＺｚ＠ t!1:::::l'-. Ｇ］ＺＢＧＺｬｾｾ＠ :::'!!i ｾＺＬｾｾＺＡＺ＠ ＡＩ ｾ ｉＢＢＢ ｾ ｮｳ＠ ｦｾｾ ｔ＠ ｾｾ［［ＺＡｉ＠ ＡＺＡＺＺＡＡｾ＠ ｾＡＺｉＺＺＡＡｬＺＧＺＧＺＧＺＡ Ｇ＠.. ＺＺＡｃｾ＠

curnbU!>\'Of olooll,VII;:.::", In Snltl!:!I"r Qiglnal Research Article

Pages 3142

N K. Meyer

rw.

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Highlights

... Small-Scale residential wood combustion errissions in Switzerland arc domnate<! by A

appliance classes . ... PM emissIons are dependant upon ｾ｡ ｲ ､ｷｯｯ､ Ｌ ｳｯ ｦ ｴｷｯｯ､＠ fuel nix. .. TOG, POM and Be erriSSIons are rela tively indeJ)endent of hardv.cod sottv.ood fuel nix.. .. Current 10l al par1iculille ernssions from SWIss residential wood corroustlon eS\I!T(Ited to be 4.35 kt '1-1

.. Black carbon and particle bound orga",c manor (POM) are estunated (0 contribute 39% and 42% respectrvely_

6

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81(H)!1 N(.rCUc!Jor IrOIT! p 01 :)' cor(lCOl:\ r,o;>.! m" s L I Q"lginal Research Article

7

Pages 4349

Irknur Oerriral, Alper Eryazlcr , 5eYgl $ensoz

ｾ＠

Highlights

.. PylOlySis of cornoob was perforrred in a fiICed·bed reactor under d[fferent conditions .. The )'leld Of 26 <l4'!E> was obtained al a ｴ･ｾｲ｡ｬｵｬ･＠ or 500 · C , a heallng rate 01 40 ' Clrnn and gas flow rate 01 100 cm3/rrin .. The olliS a mxture 01 alipha tic and aromatic hydrocarbons haying an e""""lIIcal forrnJla 01 CHI.J.lOo.28Nool .. The higher caJorificvalueollhe ｯｾ＠ IS 26 22 MJlkg ,

"""'eh IS very close to those of J)etroJeum fractions .. FTIR analySis shO"loCd that the oil COITfX)SlllOn was dorrinated by OICygenated Species

Th" Irl'" r,/rt" "<;",,,<:<:ml"nl 01 "rrnhn,,"I IMm n;11ln nil (-(f"nrf'; ' \ III I h ...

mazon Original Resean:hArtlc1e .

ｐ｡ｧ･ｳｾＹ＠

AG OuellOl., L. Fran(f3, M X Ponte

Highlights

.. Palm Ollis a prorrising pnmary source 01 bo:hesel to the Arrazon .. We ha ... e del/eloped a hIe cycle assessmen t 01 ｾ＠ factories \0 palm oil In this region . .. The data shows the energetic and ma teria ls costs at each stage of production .. That is irrpontlnt to devolop decISIon cril eria fo r choosing the most efficient sou rce.

8 ｾ［ＺＮ＠ ＬＢＧｾ＠ Ｂｾ＠ .. :.,,, u ... ,y C;ia'" ,10 ;,i,,,, i'"",,,,. ,,,,,, ... I, " ... "".", ... ;" .. " , •• ＢＬＬｾ＠

In;JlYs Original Research Article

Pages (j{).tJ8

Solome A Gebrezgabher. Miranda PM MeuWlssen, Alfons G J M Cude lansink

b.. _{0" _ '\ I} I'!

HIghlights

.. We Investigated econorric leaslbltity o f producing green g a s I rom d airy manure . .. Da ta Irom 23 operating bi ogas plants was used .. We developed a sirrulation rrodol of producing green gas from 2 business rrodels . .. The probability o f prolitabHity is high for both models .. Blogas YIeld and In ... estment cost ha ... e slgnrfican t effect In deterninlng profitability

9

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BIOf IJ'ISCfTeQ sourceS-'lndrutu/1!0 blotl! ｾｮＢｉ｜ｬＧＬ＠ ｮＬｵｦｬ｜･ｾ＠ OrIgInaIResearchArtX:1e

Pages 69·76

Mustafa Acarogtu, Hasan Aydogan

ｾ＠ WI r -"

HIghlights

.. In this study, we in ... estiga ted the potenlltll of blolue!s in Turkey . .. Ou r country has 9real poten tial for biodlesel and bloethanot. .. B ioel hanol production capacny Is ... ery good . .. Turkey has considerable potential for agrICultural waste

10 .... - U ",,1.1'''' In ... ,,;;, lu. " ... " ... .,,.I'u ... ) ... ,, ", '"'' ","l!"'",;"",,,,,,; " ... /I"'IJ''''

;urc;)s: O'iglnal Research ArtX:le

Pages 17·85

M F ｐｯｾｭ Ｌ＠w,e Antunes, 0 T R G Fel/elm, P G S Cavalcant&. H e L W<andOl tey·Filho, L Endres

Biomass aOO

ｂｩｯｾｮ･ｲｧＮＮ｜Ｇ ﾷＱ＠ \b136,

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1-446, (Janlk1!)', 2012)

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Highlights

... A rapid and 51l1'1'le rrodel was developed 10 predict th e leaf area fOI the purging nut ... The

rrodels are SlTTIple ami able 10 pfOduce accurate results W1thoLIl expenslYc equlprMnl ...

Researchers can accurately es!lInatc large quantrbes leaf areas 01 purg ing nul plants. ... The current rrodel to estima te leal area of the jalfopha underestimate LA

11 1 lie potenll:l' 01 w illo ... 10tl poplal p .. 1n!,:lIIon .. "1'0 c.albon ｳｭｫｾ＠

S /(>(l Qiginal Research Article

Pages 86-9.5

Rose·Marie Rytter

l.: , I

Highlights

... Poplars and Willows as producers 01 bIOmass for fuel and as C sinks ... caloJlalion 01 C

sequestration rates m blOrress and SOil In W1l1ow and poplar plantatIOns . ... increasing forested areas has poSItIVe ｉｾ｣ｴ＠ on high CO2 levels ... Willow and poplar plantallons on arable land

rribgale anthropogenic CO2 elTlSSlons

12 Ellect", 01 blodt'!sel bl .. n" 1Ut;'1 r;1n volalll,. organ!'" t:or.'lpound IvOr.I"mlsslons Ir"M dll:!sol enqlne ch:JII'A Olglnal Rcse,lICh Article

Pages 96-106

Chlung-Yu Peng, Cheng, Hang Lan, Chun -Yuh Yang

r.

I '" I

Highlights

ｾ＠ voe erBSSlOns from diesel engines lueled 'Mth biodiesel blend and dleselluels are t;hOlr.lC1eri<:ed and IXll1l)aled ｾ＠ B/odlesel blend fuel has much Iovver tot:'ll vac emS$lons. and 10Iai ozone potentials ｾ＠ RedoolOfl III health risks also l ound III hiodiesel blend fuel, especially lor Ihe deveJoprrenlal, nervous and respiratory systems. ｾ＠ Use of biodlesel in diesel engines has benefiCia! eHeets In lerms 01 vac ernssions

13

El

Wood blom,lS5 ｾｵｰｰｬｹ＠ costs Jod nOl en!I;]1 for blom3c;« onarg" plant' III J::!p" O1gjnal Rl.>search Artfcl&

Pages 107· 115

Kana Kam ll"l.lra, Hiroluni Kuboy3ma, Koichi Yam,Hooto ... I ., , ... ., I ;W

Highlights

ｾ＠ 10-32% of the v.ood b,orross supply enst was reduced due to lilli/eve<! supply system ｾ＠

Regions having IcIrge sawmlls could prOVide certal1'l armunt of biomass WIth low cost. ｾ＠ At 14,000 yen (t of Me .. nd N:, Regions 7 and 9 could supply by 0.1 Mt using CC ｾ＠ IC incre .. sed the wood biomass supply potenlJal. in partICular Regions 2, 7, and 9

111 Enh.meet! ｢ｬｯｹＬＬｾ＠ PII)t!u(,:hon Itom ｲｬｾＧＡ＠ .. Ir.lw. triticale '5l r.Jw ,HIt! ｾｯＧｴ｜＠ ... ood "p'tJce lJy

ｾｍｍｏ＠ pre:reillnlent Oigln:al ReSClarc;h ArUCIc

Pages 11 6- 120

Anna Tegharrmar. Keikhosro Karim, Ilona Sarvari Horvath, Moharrmad J Taherzadch

R I :" If'< I - fo

Highlights

ｾ＠ Spruce, nee and trrtJcale ｳｴｲ｡ｷｾｲ･＠ Ireated 'M th NMMO pllor 10 anaefob,c digestion ｾ＠ The pretfeatrrents ｾｲ･＠ perlorrred al130 "C lor 1-15 h ｾ＠ The pretreatments hayo i"1)roved the rrethane yIelds by 400--1200'II. ｾ＠ ThiS IS due to the breakdown o f the ctystaU,no str ucture of the lignocenuloses.

15

a

Effecu ... eness at wl!ed man.toomenl metnods In ･ｾ［［｢ｬｬ ＼［ ｨｭ･ｮｬ＠ of s.wltcnqr<l!<. ... !rHl ";!\lve <;P"'C'''S lT1 ttl lor ｢ｬｯｬｕｾｬ＠ .. In ＧｬｾＢＧｮｲｲ＠ ,n Olginal Re1le3rchAmcle

P8f}es 121-131

Jessica R. Miesel, Mark J Renz. Julie E. Doll, Randall D, Jackson

p, _"

Highlights

ｾ＠ Regonal assessrren t of peronnlal blOenergy crop estabUshment In $Outllwestom \IV!

ｾ＠ Corrpara\Tlle effects 01 v.eed fl"Onagemenl lJeatn"ents on biomass Yield ｾ＠ Blormss Vleld from swnchgrass monocultures and a diverse specieS mxtule. ｾ＠ Economc assessrrent of alterna\Tlle establishment rrethods

16

El ·"

ｾＺＮＮＺＺＺＺｾ Ｚ＠!;:-:::,., ＺＺ ｾ＠ ｾＺＬ］ＭＺＺＮＺｾ［［Ｇ＠ ｃＮＢＡ｣ｾＡＡＺＺＺＺＺｾ＠ ｾｾＺ＠ :!':: ＺＺＺｾＡＺｾＡＧＺ＠ :!:::-. :=: ::;:: ::!":: ＧｾｾＺＺＱ＠

JI"'j'! Oigim l RtIsIearch Article

Pages 132-140

Chien·Va Kao, Sheng·Vi Chlu. Tzu-Tlng Huang, Le Oai, Guan·Hua 'Nang, Chlng·Ping Tseng. Chiun-Hsun Chen, Chili·Sheng lin

Bion,,!ss and Bioe,rergy'l \bl 36, Pgs 1-+46, (Jamal)', 20 12)

I

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5 of 10

23

2'

ｾ＠ We evaluate the ｾ｣ｴｳ＠ of btofuel productIOn on water quanbty and quality . ... BIomass production can be sustained under higher flll rrovalrate5 With fertilization . II- Sediment yield increased and N load decreased when more corn stover was removed ... ConverSion from grass to bloonerQY ClOpS could decrease water and false N load . ... Miscanthus is more productive but It t;onsurnes more water and N than ｳｷｾ｣ｨｧｬ｡ｳｳ＠

ＵＺＺＧｾｾｾｾＧＧＧＱｑ＠ ｰｾｾＺＺＬＺＺｾ＠ . .'!!,: ｾＢＱｾ＠ ＺＡＡｾｾｾｾＡｾＡｾ＠ ｲｾＡＺＡＡＡＺＺＬＺＺＡＺＡＢ［ＺＺＺ＠ 01 !,::!:! e:'l!o: !::1::!:::!!£ ｾＺｭＮＮｬＧｬｴｈＡｾＺＺＭ

traclllu:mal Il.)rco.li ｭＬｴｾ｟ｭｯ＠ In centla1 Me>, ｏｬｾｮ｡ｬ＠ Research Ar1icle

Pages 192-207

Rafaeillguilar, Adno!m Ghllardi, Emesto Vega , Margare t Skutsch, Ken OY<lm3

r; _.,-. I ::; @ I I:" .' I " .. it'

Highlights

... Allometry of coppice-shoots in managed oaks ditler Irom non-managed trees. ... Curron! harvest cycles ore non-optimallof rrexirrizing charcoal productivity. ,. Oaks could be potentially used as a rnd·!erm rotation coppice species lor energy

ｅＡＮＺ［ＺＭＺＬＮｾｾＧＬ＠ ｾＮ＠ ttl'! ［ＭＺｾ］ＡＡＭＮＺＺＺＭＮｾｾＺＬＺ＠ ｟ＧＺｾＺＺＺＺＺＺ［＠

Pages 208·217

J G Rogers, J G Brarm-er

r.; 1 '" ｾ ｉ＠

Highlight s

II> COrfllrehensive cost model produces usmS data from a number of sources, II> Costs Include

pre-p/Ocess/ng plant lor v,oodchlp <lnd baled rriscanlhus II> Cost Include ･ｬ･｣Ｈｴｩ｣ｾｹ＠ consumed and sales 01 surplus bio-char II> Ploduct yieJds predicted for energy crops from published

･ｾｰ･ｲ ｊｭ･ｮ ｬ｡ｬ､｡ｴ｡ Ｎ＠ II> Thermal rrodel produced to estimate surplus bio·char production 25

E3

ExplOitatIon Of detlnpd tlactenat culUlrc' lor production 01 hydro;en 3nd

pOI" nVorox'l lty t 11- Ｇｾｬ･ｬ＠ .. Qigmal Research Article

Pages 218·225

SanJay K S Patel, Mantesh Singh. Prasun Kumar, Hemant J, Purohit, Vipin C Kaka

r-

"00 1 CTl;-, n

Highlight s

II> Fermontatoon 01 biOW'Jste into hydrogen (H2l and polyhydro.ybutyra te (PHS) usIng defined

bacterial ｣ｵｾｵｲ･ｳ＠ lor each stage, II> Corminatlon 01 bacterial ｣ｵｾｵ ｲ ･ｳ＠ fo r hyd rolysis of biOWilste along With H2 plOducers increased H2 production by 1 89 lotd. II> A 2.87101d enhancement In

PHS production by B8Ql/us strains from peashells as sole Iced . ... Pea·shells as feed produced

65l H2 kg" and 62 5 9 PHS kg-' TS fed

26 1

a

MorMun! IiOrptroll oenClVlour oi j;nro phd $Ceo lJjllroptJa .. urea$J <Co if tl-OIIl/::O 01

vsgetilble oU for blOdlesel production Olginal Re!ieall;h AI1ic.le

PltQe.s 22,6·233

1.. AmilIJa Kartllta, S . Vllliani, S .l Kal1aku, L.. Rigal

Q $l"rIw

P''"'''-

I POF l?<;J:;l Kl 1 Ret;ltOO ｩｦｾｾ＠ I RooP'ootI nolnr"""" \M'Ilit ar1lr. es

Highlights

.. We study the moisture sorption behaviour 01 j3tlopha seed allowing th e development of a rrodel correlating the equllibflum moisture content (EMC) and the free fatty atlds (FFA) content as a func1Jon of water actrmy and EMC, respeclNely . ... We exarrine the influences of tefT1)8latule and walel actIVity on the EMC 01 Jatropha seed II> Increasing water actIVity Will rncrease the EMC 01 jatropha seed. II> We recol'l"JTend the BET, GAB, Harkins-Jura, Halsey and Henderson models as adequClte rrodels In predICting the amount of moisture adSOlbed 01

desorbed at known humdlty II> The potynOlJ¥Cl1 equatIOn IS the best fimng for the relatIOnship between EMC and FFA content 01 jatropha seed

27 Two e)ltromOly d,ttofl!nI crop'i S:tllil ,rnd S,t/.1 :'Is sourt::Q'i of ｾｮｬＡｷＮｬ｢ｬｬＧ＠

28

ｾ＠ r y OlginalResearchArtlcle

Pages 234· 2'fO

Halina Bolkowska , Roman Molas

r.

..

Highlights

... We ｣ｯｾｲ･､＠ the cofT1lletely unkno .... fl perenmals' SIda hermephrodl/a ....,Ih Willow Virgini a lanpetals (SldB) yielded better than two WlUOW dones (Sa/r)( ssp,). Seed dressrng increased biolTUSS dry Manel y;elds of Virginia fanpetals,

ｏｉＧｕｭｬｾＮｬｕｮｮ＠ 01 two· :!.I(Jf'rt h,f).hloldroQc>n

.. ｴＧＢＡＭＧＷＧＧＧｾ＠ ｾ＠ Q Iglnal Researct1

Arllcle-Pages 241 -249

Nairn Rashid, WookjlO ChOl, Kisay Lee

, I oc· I n

Biomass a nd Bioc.nergy·1 \01 36. Pgs 1-446, (January. 2012)

I

Scierce ... tutp:/lwww.scie rcedircclconVSC1eoccijourrnI/0% l Y) j 4/5 6

Highlights

... We cptlrrized twcrstage hytlrogol'l production by Investigating the effects of light and carbon sources ... An'()ng vanous pauclns 01 hght, lully l ight condition proved 10 be rrosl el fectllle . ... The use o f optica l fiber slowed down Ihe rate 01 hydrogen production . ... Malt extract resulted in fTUlcirrum hydrogen production.

29 -. Stat,..!ot:at OnUfIHIa\IOn 01 OIIU I Q $UUUrlC aClo p r elru<ltmcnt 01 COlneOD IOf xy,e

r... N -u'd It .lnor nIT, O'lgnal Research ArtIcle

Pages 2!X)-2S7

Bar.Yan Cal, Jing-Ping Go, Hong-Zhl Ling, Ke.Ke Cheng, Wen-Xiang Ping

l.'

Highlights

... OptiTTUO H2SO4 p retrea tment 01 corncob for xylose yield using response su rface method . ... Condition lor the highest xylose yield didn't give 11'10 best glucose YIeld '" Preueal rrent

｣ｯｮ､ｾｩｯｮｳ＠ 101 best sugar yields depended on products wanted

30

e

E p< nm. llal ｭｖＨＧｾｴｬｧｩｊｴｬＰｮ＠ on nyorogt'n pI001,1I:1JOn from Glor it,,!> gaMrlcduon If1

ｾＺＮｵｲ｣Ｚｯｮｮ＠ ':tcd flUidized beds O1glflal Research Article

Pages 258-267

Tao Song, JlShua WU, 18i hong Sht!n, Jun Xi<lo

r.

tuw ｲｲｾ＠ ,-, :?roS:: ｲｾＷＢＧｉ＠ Ｑｾ＠

Highlights

.. Biomass gasification in interconnected lIuidized beds .. Hydrogen production perlorrrance

v.ilh steam'blorrass ratio and temperature . .. Tar ｲｲ･｡ｳｵｵｾｭ･ｮ ｬ ｬｮ＠ syngas .. Hydrogen yield and carbon g>lsdicabon of biomass re.:leh Its fT'OXlfTljm values of 0.553 Nm3 kg-I blorrass a.nd

500""

EJ t If .. no ,-II> ... :c: """'""'01 'f h.-,. 1'1 10''''

［ＺＬｾＺＡＺＺｾＮＺ［ＺＧＺ＠ O'iglnal Research Article

Pages 268-279

Sara Gondlez·Gareia, lin luo, M' Teresa Moreira, Gumersmdo FeiJOO, Gja1t Huppc:s

r;. " .. I ,. I .... ｾ＠ I ri, I """,..., ,,,,:,,,,,, ｾＮ＠

Highlights

ｾ＠ Hen'1> hl-nds are a by· product Iromdedrcated fibre crops .. The environroonlal pellolmance

01 tv.<! ethanol fuel blends, E10 and E85, was analyzed and convared WIth the conventional gasoline ｾ＠ The Influence on the lesullS 01 the allocation procedure a!.&lrred in the study was

also evaluated .. The results show that ethanol-based fuels can offe/lmproved envtlonrrental perforn-ance in some Impact categolles ｾ＠ The chOice 01 allocation approach SlQnrhcantly affects the environmental performance

32

B

Effect Of steam prctreaon!:'nt on 011 palm empt) frUit bunch for 1M produclion of ,U/l3r..: 01111131 ｒ･ｳ･｡ｲ｣ｨａ ｲ ｾ｣ｬ･＠

33

Pages 280.288

Saleha Shamsudln, Umi Kalsom Md Shah, Huzairi Zainud!n, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Sttl Mazllna Mustapa Karml, Yoshihilo Shirai, MoM Ali Hassan

r.

I '" 1 "'- t

Highlights

.. We Investigate the feasibility 01 steam prctreal100nt to enhance digestibility of EF8 ｾ＠ Ste<lm pretreatment increased SlJgars to 3.4 fold and caused majcII altera tion in EF8 rrorphology under SEM, ｾ＠ Autohydrotysis wtllch does not requ 1re the <lddllion 01 chemicals issn attractive pretr eatment approach to EFB

61 EIfI<inol lr(tductron from Fer" Cl)rWmllll O'iginal Research AAcle

Pages 289 -292

Polycarpos Polyc.arpou

r.

r,l!..."(l 'etCH

HIghlights

ｾ＠ The use 01 FfNule commums as an energy planiior ethanol production is exarrined .. Its

ｦｬｯｾｲ＠ stalks oontain 0.5 - 0.55 kg kg - ' sugsrs and starch .. Ethanol is produced by fermentation 01 the jUice extracted from the !lower stalks. ｾ＠ The alcohol yie ld per kilogram dry stalks was 55 8 crr? kg-1 ｾ＠ The plant seems to be a potential energy plant fOI e thanol produdion

34

EI

Ou'!ntl! It.y{' ill1rtlyst .. 01 mad. \ OII11t'0I1 , I!(' eflecto;. on ｍｎｨＮｾｮｯｲｭＮ＾ｲｭｯ｢Ｓ｣ＢｦｬＢ＠

" . . . ｾＬ＠ ",,:,, .. , .. j, . . . . ;: ,.:;.;..; ＬＺＢＧｾＮ［ＮＮ＠ .. _ ':,J:: .. r ｾ＠ .;;. Ｚ Ｚ ｾ＠ .. ;,.; .::-::; . Origln:lt Research A.rnele

Pages 293.,J() 1

S Rrttmann , A Seifert, C. He1Wl9

) ard B 10C,ncrgy'\ WI '>V . • 503

. .. ...

,

....

-3S

36

37

Highlights

.. We precISely c:otrelated results 01 volu!1'etric hydrogen and carbon dlo_lde uptake rates 10 rrelhane and water production Tales .. SpeCIfic n-elhane and waler pl'oductNlty IS presented lor Malhanothe"nob8Clermarburven.s/$ grown on H1IC02 .... \Nalar production Irom biologIcal

rrethanogeneSl

s was gr3VlrTlI)tncally dete flnned by using a comprehensIVe blOreactol set-up, .. A dynamic rreOlum dllubOn rate expenment substantiated c;helT05tat culture steady 1ilale resul!5

ｃｾＺＭＭ＿ＺＩＮｾ＠ ＬｾＬｾＧ＠ ｾ＠__ ｾ｟ｾｾＬＬＺＺ ＬＺＬ Ｌｾ＠ ｾＧＬ＠ ＺｾＬ＿ｾｾＢ［･ｾ＠ :::-,:! -,-:.:-,"; ::-,!"c:-.c, ::. . ＮＺｾＡＺ＠ ... :.,::;,;, r:r:":".:;:;.

101

'''')' \,.'''1' ,II"" ." Qlglml Rese9rch Artltle Pages 302..313

SusurTIJ Uchida. Klyotada Hayashi

l::";' iI.-' • :" I _ IUI!:I • .,I' 'I (a...n @.j 1 ｾｾＧ＠

IeS 1 Reo'

Highlights

.. IfTlIrC'lemenlS m energy ClOp cuttivallOn reduce el'lVllonmentallf1l)3cts . .. Bleeding 01

hlgh.yield yalleue5 15 efleewe for ledUCIng environmental irtllacts .. IntloductlOn of

ｳｾｨｦｴ･､＠

operatIOns and disease resi5UlIlce are also eltective .... Reducing nitlogen use through adequate fertilising and ClOp /esidue Input is needed .. The results are dltlerent by categones, and a complehensNe assessmenl is ｾｲｴ｡ｮｬ＠

C ;lI11an ,setOpl' \/.}n.\l!al'lln ,,1:rub (Ilio tS.,1i)';pp rt:llwocd ;1<:':'11'1 ＬＱ､ＢｾＮＱＺ･ＺＧＢ＠ I." .t(, It I .\"1 Cli 'II O'iglnalResearchMcle Pages 316-326

laura A. Sch'man. John eStella. TIffX)thy A VOIlt, Mark A Teece

r.:

Highlights

.. AO.26'foo IlC deplebon In wood tiSSue occurred per'OO 1'ITTIincrease in preoprt:ahon .... There was an average 13C emichment WIth plant age and SIZe lor all yarielies .. Gleatel 13C enrichment olten lead to lower 5UNNai rates m plants .. Shorter glowth rotallons I'T\aXlmze blOrrnss Yield and phytoremediatlon applications

t3 Conti IUOUi production ,)1 bil -01' Dy CoIl.-.I' Imut! lctlon Irom wet dlSI, Ie ... Ira 1'1 '. I,th

.aluole'> I-IIOGS] rom Olo"',n;mol prc>ductlon 0'1911131 Research ArtICle

ｾＳＳＲＷＮＮｊＳＲ＠

Saqlb Sohail TOOl, Lasse Rosendahl , Mads Pagh Nielsen, Malianne Gl;tSluS, Andreas Rudoll , Steen BrurT'll'MrsledtivelSen

l . I "

Highlights

.. Hydralherrrnlilquefactian of wet blOfl'Gss. II> Product phase analysIS 011, acqeous, gas and mneral phase .. Energy and mass balance evaluatIOn

38 GJ C'

* ..

1"" ,dupendent gl,. , "lor It", pll11010 1'1 :IiC J"-.tl .I!ld

tllo·nyarngen prn(hJC\IOn uy ｾＢｯｦＱＰｏ＼ｊｲ［［ｦ･ｲ＠ SDflifNOlde:s Ironl mmer .. ;

'>prll'lg .. Oiglnal Research Arne'"

PdlJe.$ 33J..J38

LJht Gabrielyan, Alman Tlchounian

r.

to... DCI ｉＮｾ＠ I': I Rt ｊｾＨｦ｡ＧＧＧＺＱ･Ｆ＠ I R9'_ .:1d ＧｩＢ･ｲＮＡＧｉ･Ｚ･ｾＺＮＮＮＢＧｕＱｴＺｓ＠

Highlights

.. The results polflt oul concentrd!1IOn dependenlgtycine effect:son Rhodooaclor 3ph&efOldtn

.... 5!T101 m -3 glycine can serve as nitJOgen source fOI glo'Mh and H2 ploductlon .... 10 IT1lI m-3

glycine suppressed grO'Mh and H2 productIOn by R, sphaeroides

39 [J A. supply ch"ln e'lalUilli n 01 <,;!')sh ｢ｕｬ｜､ｨｲＮｾ＠ ｵｮｾ･ｲｬｨＨＧ＠Ｚｯｾ､ｬ｢ｯｮＧ＠ of ",OUIl! .. O1gll'lll Researcn Arlicle

Pagos 339...345

Raffaele SpmeHi. Natascla Magagnotti, Gianni Picchi

••

HlghUghts

.. Bundling represents an sddltlOna! step In tho l orest biamass supply challl II> Bundling cost

yanes around 30 € per O\Ien-dry tonne .. Bundling aCGrues sa'lll1g5 on transportation, storage and corrrnmsbon .. These saYingS ollset bundling cost only undel special condrtlOns . .. Technology ｾｲｯｙ･ｲｲ･ｮｬ＠ may reduce bundting cost and make bundijng rrore attractIVe 40 El ""cld nydr ,Iy<; ; 01 fh ;'( SU01W A. tI,n!;!I' udy Oigrll3! Rescarch ａｲｾ｣ＧＢ＠

Pages 346.J.5.5

Esther GuefTa·Roc;Irlgu&. Oscar M PortiUa·RN'ua, Lorenzo J;lIquln·Enrlquez, Jose A Raniret, Manuel VaZquez

r..

ｂｩｯ ｮ ｾ ｳＮｳ Ｎ ｡ｮ､＠ Bioe.nerg,Y ·1 \b1 36. Pgs 1-446, (January. 20 12)

I

Scieocc ... http://,vww.scieoccdirect.coIIYscience/joumal/096 19534/36

"

42

Highlights

... The aCid hydrolysIS of wheat straw ehrrtnates a waste ... The aCid hydrolysIS also generates a value-added products ... The objective was to study the sugiU production from wheal straw

as a pretreatment fOI ethanol or qlose ferrrentaoon . ... Kinetic rrodels wele developed 10 explain the variation with tJme of sugars and growth inhibitors ... Optimal conditIOns found ｾｲ･＠ 2% H250 .. OIl 130 · C for 29 rnn

c:. 0" Ｂ｟Ｇ｟ｾ［＠ ＿ＺＺｾＡｾＮＺＧＮＧ＠ ｾｃＧ＠ ［ｾｾＺ［＠ ＢＢＢＡｾＺ｣ＺＺＺ｣ｾ＠ ｾ＠

ＬＮＢｵＬＬｾ＠ Qlginal Research Arlicle

Pages 356..J65

MariusHauglrn, Telje Gobakken, Vegard Uen, Ole Marlin ｂｯｬｬ｡ｮ､ｾｳＮ＠ Erik Nrossel

Highlights

... Area-based esllrmtes of potential logging residues \M!le obtained using airborne laser scanning . ... The accuracy of the estimates was ｃｑｾｲＳ｢ｬ･＠ 10 those obtained for e 9 timber yolume ... StratificatIOn according to site quality dId not Significantly 'l1'9,ove the accuracy 01 the estim'lles

fJ Ff'f'f" 1"1 ''In nil pun ICilI''''" 01 cellula

Ｇｾｦｬｾｸｵｳ＠ TP- ... O lglnal Resean::h Arock!:

Pages 366-372

rom nt'ff!! rn ReI ＧＮＺｯｰｾ＠ 5tQrom , Of '

Bin Tang, H'llbo Pan, ｗ･ｮｾｮｧ＠ Tang. Oingqlng Zhang. LD(ia Ding, Fcngqin Zhang

r.

'Ij:" I ［［Ｍｾ＠ ,- I J:' t. f

Highlights

II> A nove! slraln Rhlzopus stoJonifer var. renexus was well identified and characterized . II> The

slam Is very actIVe to ploduce the cellulase during leurentalion characteristics II> T he enzyme ch.:uaclorisIICS 01 the cellulose were also call1ed oul

43 Ei hUlllvt..,It. ,; ' ... vi, "t.tll""';"

"',j;'." ...

ｬｴｬｴＬＬＧｶＢｰｬＧｾＧＧＧＧＧＧ＠ iv , 1o .. ""· •• ,\.,,,j ... ,,1 .1 vI

.. oyo Jf ｾ＠.. O !glnal Research AfbCte

Pages 373..J80

Wenlei Xie, Jlanlong Ifolang

l.,.;. '> FUf I ｒ･ｴ［Ｉｾ､＠ II e:I I ',)ut!.'<! ｾｴｉ＠ \OQ() art IeS

Highlights

II> The lipase bound on rT9gnetic chitosan rriCl'osphere can give 87% biodlesel convelsioo II>

The Irnnobl1izahon had no signifICant change U1 the Ploperty of JTOgnelx: miCl'osphere II> The IJTJTObihrod lipase had a better reusablhty

4<1 """ Iia ｎｕｬｮｾｮｴ＠ _IlrIcj'1ment retwcc eomplem/lnl<!fil, ;lnG ,nCfl>aSI prlotlly ('ito!::\' In pr-ame

"lJ.t!,!LU 1"1 U'''CIOCIYY OIgJrotRese(lrchArticle

PagesJ81..J89

Meghann E. Jalchow. Matt Llebf'l'9n

Highlights

II> Prairies provide blof'l'9ss lor bioenergy and ecosystem selVices II> Both diversity and

nrtrogen fertJlrzalion increase prairie productivity. II> FertihzatlOn stiO'1Jlated C3 grasses always and C 4 grasses !aIel tn grOWlng season. II> Unferolized, dIVerse pralOes had phenologICal COfTlllemenlarrty of resource use. II> Ferti!ized, diverse pr.uries had pIlonty effects due to Cl grass dornnance

", .\ ... ,..!'., ... , 0::"""" ,... r:: ｉＮＮＭＮＺＮＢｾ＠ .. Ｂｾ＠ .... ｾ＠ C":'''':''''''' ? .. ＧＢＬｾ＠ ;; ';', h.I/.:;";, .,' f' ,;j! .... : ;, c .... ;,::;". O lglnal Resealch Article

Page:; 390-403

Bellma Tonn, Ulrich ThulTm, Ins Lewandowski, Wilhelm Claupe:IO

,. 'f:''' t1

Graphica l abstract

-

....

- '

_

..

-Highlights

II> Corrbustlon 01 brof'l'9SS from biodiversity. rich nature conselValJOfl grassland II> Leaching by

Biomass and Bioe ne rgY'1 \01

.

.

36. Pg; 1·446, (January. 20 12)

I

Scieoce ... http://www.scieocedirec\.coI1Vscience/journal/096 J 9534/36 '

9

of 10

decreaSing (K + COl ... Mg)/ash ratios increase ash me!ling ... Leachrng reduces ash melting and elemental release dunng combustion

46 ...J Biomass. gr.un ana ＨＡｮｾｲｧｹ＠ Yield In Cyn.:Jfi:I CiJfClUflCU/US l.. ;)S <lllllctcU uy ｲｾｉＱｉｊＧｬｩｊｴｲｯｮＮ＠

IOtvDe i,'Ino n.lfvest WTle O1ginal ResealchArticle Pages 404410

Anrta lerna, Rosano P Mauro, Giovanni Mauromcale

rT ,'<

Highlights

•

... Some ca rdoons maxJrrized biomass and energy yield al rredrum level of fertihzallOn ... Cardoons irfl)fOYed their performances along the three-year ･ｾｰ･ｮＢＢＢｮｴ＠ ... HaNest ｡ ｬ ｬｬｾｲｭｧ＠

or al achcmes ripening did no! affect energy yield .

47 f3 LIQ'nIW clean up 01 ma!ll'TC'<;lum nl<;ulprllle pulp milt effluent <Is, R proxy for .1qU<'OU"

t: for ｾＭ｣＠ lUI'" ,CDlorel. r cngrnalResearc h ArtieIe

Peges 4 11-418

Galuh Vulianl, ¥ing 01, Andrew F,A Hoadley, Alan L. Chaffee, Gil Garnier

r.

Highlights

ｾ＠ The process water of a bisulfite pulp nill was selected to rrodelthe eH1UCflt 01 an industrial biorcfincry . .. We report the use of Hgnite as a IOWC05t adsorbent and quanllfy its selectivity lor colour. organics and phosphorus remel'lla!. .. The lignite has a higher capacity lor phospho ru s than activated ca rbon.

48 ｾ＠ P roc(!s"mg 01 S,,1JI111J ｧｲｯＡＧｩＺｾＭ･ｦｬｏｦｬＧ＠ j(!:\\le<; r)'lf.lctran of .l n l lo)'II1;l nI

＼［ｉｬｾＧ［ｾ［ＩＧｾ］ＺＧＮ＠ ClrIgIf'\31 ResearchArticle

Pages 419-426

Yingrring Pan, Liuxin Wei, Zhiren Zhu, Ying Liang, Chusheng Huang, Hcngshan 'Nang, Kai Wang

ｬｾ＠ rY H;'-ＬＴｾｩ＠ KJ t 4 '1!eIJ art... t 1'/" 1\'.0 , .. lcrencev.t)IJ "0.:

Highlights

.. The leaves of SiraibfJ grosvenori' arc rich In total flavonords . .. The anlJoxidant actIVity 01 alcoholic eKl1aa o f Siraitia grosvenori' leaves was found 10 be comparable to BHT .. Three flavonoKl COf'1l>Ounds were first successfully separated from Simi/ra grosvenorl' leaves, .. These flavonoid ｣ｯｾｵｮ､ｳ＠ expressed high 'ree radical scavenging acfioJilles Short Communication s

49

6

ｉＡＮＮＬＬＺｾｴＡＡｾＬｾ［ＺＡ｣＠ ｾｾＺＺＧＡＡｃ｜ｾ［＠ｾｾｾｾｾＺＺＺＡＺｾ＠ ｦＧ［Ｉｾ＠ ｾｾｾＧＧ［Ｉ｣ＡＺＺＱ＠ ｲｾＧ［ＩＺ｢ｾｴＡＺＺｯｾ＠ Ｚｾ＠ ｾＮＱ｣､ＺｴＡｬＡＡＺｬｾＡｬＺＡｮ＠ ':!!'J"!"!!lt' 1\

!Colu.!y ,n II,,£: any .. crd esterolicillion 01 Clio e POOl,lC" all

Pages 427.431

Franklin Cha, loannls SarantopouJos, Theochans TSOlJtsos, VasUelosGekas [;l. ｾＮｊＢ＠ ＧｾＮｊＢｾ＠ t R- ｾ＠ II:!/(

Highlights

.. We earn ed out expenrrents to opl lrrize the pretreatment process to conyert FFAs to methyl esters .. The ohve keme! oil can be efficiently prtX:essed to decrease the FFAs' concentration .. The ollYe pomace oil could be sustainably used as a complementary feedstock to blOdlese) 50 fa S:l1eJ/tte rt'tflI'V;]1 ｯｦｷｯｯＨｦｾ＠ ｢ｬｯＢＬＬｾＥ＠ forenl!ryet lc rellse or np Iiln v['l}elilllorr

Pages 432-438

Giovanrr! Forzietr

•

r'1tlK\ I ｒｉＮＧｾ＠ ftM I R ＢｲＮｾ＠

Highlights

.. Strong correlations between sa tellite spectra l signa tures and tree high/stem diameter. ｾ＠

Td· pararretric pO'NOr laws l or satellite retrieval of biomass-related yegeta tion pararreters . .. Sate llita,derived products as suitable inputs into decision making tools for a sustainable management of riparian corridors

51

6

ｾＧＺＧＧＧＧＡＧＧＧＢＡｲｲｾ＠ OJ' !"i;!" ｾＺＡＧＱｕｾ＠ ＺＺＬｨｾｴｯＺＭ o:- f ';)no:-ＧＺｏｊｮＢＧｬｴＺＧＺｾｾ＠ ｾＢｊｏｊｦＧＡＺＧｾＡＧＺ＠ Ｇｬｾ＾ＺＺＢｾＡｯＺＡｾＺＡｾ＠ ＺＮｾＡｾｴ＠ ＮｾＺＡｉｾ＠ 'i;!"I'o;o'

Pages 439 -446

MassiIT'D 9rambilla, Fabio Atakfl Mario Marchesi. Barbala Bertazzonr, Matteo Zagn l, Piertlligl Navarotto

I ""

.,

Highlights

.. in thiS study we ITOnrtored the startup phase 01 one plio! scale anaCfoblC dIgester .. All process parameters ...ere recorded as well as biogas produCllons .. PCA and LOA analysIS

showed that three groups 01 cases were enhghtable .. FOSITAC value is the parameter beuer accounting for AD establishment

articles 1 - 51

BiOlmss and Bioc ncrgy'l \01 36, Pgs 1-446. (January. 201 2)

I

SciclU ...

..

,. "

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.

CopyrigttQ2012

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•

B I O M ASS AND B 10(NtRGY 36 (20 1 2) 226-233

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

SciVerse ScienceDirect

http ://www.e lsevier.com/l Dca te/bi 0 m b i oe

BIOMI\SS &

810ENERGV

Moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed (Jatropha

curcas)

as a source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production

1.

Amalia Kartika

a,. ,

S. Yuliani

b,

S.l. Kailaku

b,

L.

Rigal

C

iI Department oj Agroindusma l Technology, FATETA·IPB, Darmaga Campus, P.O. Box 220, Bogor, West]aua 16002, Indonesia

b Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development (ICAPRD). JI. TentarQ PelajaT 12. Bogor 16114, Indonesia

c Laboratoire de Chimi. Agro·lndustri.II., UMR 1010 INRAIINPT-ENSlACET, 4 all •• Emil. Monso, BP 44362,

Toulous.

31432, France

ARTICLE INFO

Article history:

Received 23 May 2011

Received in revised form

30 September 2011 Accepted 21 October 2011 Available online 3 December 2011

Keywords:

Sorption isotherm Jatropha seed Water activity

Equilibrium moisture content Biodiesel

1_

Introduction

ABSTRACT

This research studied the moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed allowing the development of a model correlating the equilibrium moisture content (EMq and the free

fatty acids (FFA) content as a function of water activity and EMC, respectively. Two sets of

sorption-isotherm experiment were performed to describe the relationship between EMC

and FFA content with water activity, for both fresh and dried seeds. The seeds were conditioned in series of saturated salts having certain water activity and stored at different temperatures (20. 30, 40 "C) . The nested experimental design and ANOVA (F-test at p = 0.05)

were applied to study the effects of temperature and water activity on the EMC of jatropha seed.

EMC increased generally with the increase in water activity and with the decrease in temperature at either desorption or adsorption. The £MC was significantly affected by water activity, but the temperature ctid not significantly affect the EMe , The hysteresis effect was more pronounced at lower temperatures. The fFA content of seed was relatively constant at low water activity (aw < 0 ,8), but it was high at higher water activity.

The moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed revealed that like most product, it exhlbited the sigmoid pattern , The BET. GAB, Harkins-Jura, Halsey and Henderson models were recommended as adequate models in predicting the amount of moisture adsorbed or

desorbed at known humidity. The relationship between EMC and ITA content of jatropha

seed showed that the polynomial equation was the best fitting for either fresh or dried seed.

ｾ＠ 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant shrub or tree belongin g to the family Euphorbiaceae. which is cultivated in Central

and South America, South-East Asia, India and Africa [11.

The plant can be used to prevent and/or control erosion, to reclaim land. grown as a hedge to protect fields, and be planted as a commercial crop [2-41 .

The seeds. a part of jatropha plant with the highest

potential for utilization, contain 40--60% oils and 20-30%

proteins. The jatropha seed is generally toxic to hwnans and

animals due to phorbol ester and curcin contents [l,5i.

The oil of Jatropha curcas is regarded as a potential diesel s ubstitute [1-5J . The fact that the jatropha oil cannot be used for nutritional purposes without detoxification makes its use as an energy source for fuel production very attractive .

• Corresponding author. Tel:

+

62 251 862 19 74; fax:

+

62 251 862 SO 88.

E-mail address:ikatkQyahoo.com (l.A. Kartika).

0961·9534/$ - see front matter <C> 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

"

BIOMASS AND B I OENERGY 36 (2017) 226 - 233 227

Most of biodiesel is produced u sing methanol and an alkaline catalyst through a transesterification reaction [6,7].

The problem with an alkaline-transesterification of the

vege-table oils is that they often contain large amount of free fatty acids (FF A) which quickly react with the catalyst to produce soaps that are difficult to separate [8.9J. This may reduce the quantity of catalyst available for nansesterification, lowering the ester production yield. Low free fatty acids content in the

oil (less than 3%) is therefore required fOT alkali-catalyzed

transesterification [8J .

Attractive approach to control the FFA in the seed level is

by controlling water activity (aw ) of the seed to a level that disables any undesirable reactions or enzyme activities. A fundamental approach for controlling the water activity of the seed is by understanding of seed characteristics and its behaviour in responding the changes in environmental conditions, particularly the relative humidity (RH, where

aw = %RHll00 at saturation condition). This approach has

been successfully applied to several oilseeds such as canola, macadamia nuts 1101 , wheat 1111, soybean, hazelnut 1121 , peanut 1131, amaranth 1141, sunflower 1151 and com [161 . Controlling the FF A in the seed level can thus be achieved by proper handling and storage of the seed before oil extraction.

The main purpose of this research is to achieve a

funda-mental understanding of the hygroscopic properties of jatro-pha seed allowing the development of models correlating the

equilibrium moisture content (£Me) and the FFA content as

a function of water activity and EMC, respectively.

2.

Materials and methods

Jatropha fruit used in this research was originated fro m two different locations in Indonesia, i.e. Lampung and Santen, and supplied by Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development. All chemicals and solvent were of analytical grades (Sigma-Aldrich, AppliChem and J.T. Baker, Indonesia). The seed was first characterized for their chemical composition. The sorption isotherm properties of the seed from each location were determined for both fresh and dried seeds at 20, 30 and 40 "C. The moisture and FFA contents of the seed were quantified at eqUilibrium condition of given relative humidity using ZnCl" NaOH, CH,COOK, MgCI" K,CO" NaBr, NaCI, (Nl4)'SO" KNO, and K,SO, to detennine sorption

behaviour of the seed and its correlation with FFA content

A model is fitted to the data to provide an estimate of change of moisture content under different conditions of equilibrium relative humidity. Data of sorption isotherm was applied to eigh t different isotherm equations, Le. Halsey, Henderson, Harkins-Jura, Iglesias-Chirife, Oswin, Smith, BET (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) and GAB (Guggertheim, Ander-son and de Boer) (Table 1) in order to determine the best model to predict the sorption behaviour of the jatropha seed. The constants for isotherm equations were calculated using linear regression and differently non -linear regression for GAB model. The goodness of fit of the different models was

evalu ated with the mean relative deviation modulus (P = (100/

n)L;(M,- MPi)/M,)J between the experimental (M,) and

[image:13.591.297.538.78.229.2]

pre-dicted moisture contents (MPi).

Table 1 Models considered in equilibrium is otherm

mod e lin g

Model

BET

GAB

Halsey Harkin-Jura Henderson Iglesias-Chinfe Oswin

Smith

Equation

a,.l(l-aw).M = lIMo.C + aw.(C-1Y

Mo.C

M = A.8.Mo.a..l

(1-8.3 .... ).(1-8.a"'" + AS.a .... ) M _ (- Nr.ln(aw)llJll

VM' = (B/A)-(VA).Iog aw

M = - On(l-awYA.T)""

In(M + (Ml + MO.;o.s) = A + B.a..,

M = A.(a,/1-aw)8

M = A-B.ln(l-aw)

A, S, C are parameters pertinent to each equation; Mo is monolayer

moisture content; T is temperature absolute {K}.

2.1. Jatropha fruit collection and preparation

The ripe fruits were peeled, and the seeds were removed and collected. The seed from each location was separated into two groups; one was directly transferred into series of des iccators containing saturated sa1ts for determination of sorption isotherm, and the other one went into oven drying (50 "C, 48 h) to reduce its moisture content (around 3-5%) then transferred into desiccators fo r the same saturation treatments.

2.2. Characterization of jatropha seed

The chemical compositions of the seed were determined to provide the initial conditions of the seed before conditioning for sorption isotherm determination. Moisture content of both fresh and dried seeds was determined using the constant-temperature-oven method. The seeds were dried at lOS "C for 15 h. after which they were cooled in a desiccator con-taining silica gels and reweighed to quantify moisture loss in weight upon drying.

Oil content of the seed was detennined using solvent extraction method. Ground seed was placed into an extraction thimble, and the oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction apparatus with hexane for 6 h. The solvent was then evapo-rated using rotary vacuum evaporator, and the remaining oil was weighed. Seed oil content was expressed as percent by

mass of the dry matter. The oil was then sent to the Gas

Chromatography (perkin Elmer Autosystem XL) to determine the fatty acid compositions. The GC was equipped with a Harne ionization detector and using helium as carrier gas.

The sample injected was separated in a VF-5 ms (VARIAN)

column (15 m x 0.32 mm). The oven temperature of the GC was programmed from 55

"c

to 360

"c

at an increasing rate of

45 "c min -1 _{to the temperature of 80 "C, and then}

l00 "C min- I. The oven temperature was then held at 360 "C

for 15 min. The injector temperature was programmed from 55 "C to 34O "C at an increasing rate of 200 "C min- I and was held at 340 "c for 35 min. On the other hand, the detector temperature was fixed at 365 "C.

'.

228 It I O M .... SS A N D B I OENERGY 36 {20Il}226 - l 33

2.3. Determination of sorption isotherm

An isopiestic method was employed for the determination of

sorption isotherms by exposing the seed to aonospheres of known relative humidity at different temperatures . 200 g seeds were taken randomly from 5 kg of fresh seeds then

divided into ten of 20 g for sorption isotherm determination.

Each 20 g seeds were placed into a desiccator containing

saturated salts with certain relative humidity. Saturated salt

solutions comprised ZnCI" NaOH, CH,COOK, MgCI" K, CO"

NaBr, NaCl, (Nl-l.hS04. KNOl and K2SO ... The seeds we re

removed every day, reweighed and returned to the desicea·

tors. When seeds reached constant weight, i.e. in equilibrium

with the saturated salt solution (2-4 weeks), their moisture

content was determined using oven method. The same

procedure was repeated for the dried seed. These sorption

isothenn experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (20, 30 and 40 "C) in two replications.

The experimental design applied to this study was nested design, and its analysis was carried out usmgANOVA (F-test at p

=

0.05). The level of water activity factor (Il) was nested

within temperature factor (t ). The model can be written as

1171: Yijk

=

II

+ TI

+ ilJel,

+

"m,'

with 1 :s k :S K; 1 :s i :s I; 1 :S j :S ),

where K is the number of replicates perfonned for each level

of 1: and p factors (K

=

2), I is the number of temperature levels

(I

=

3), and) is the number of water activity levels

U

=

10). Yijk is the observed equiltbrium moisture content of jatropha seed and !!'(IJ)k is the measurement error of the kth experimental unit of the ith temperature at the jth water activity leve1. The

true common mean is denoted by ｾＬ＠ tl is the ith temperature

effect, and JJj(i) is the jth water activity effect nested within the ith level of temperature factor. The water activity of salt at different temperatures was measured using aw-meter

(NOVASINA MS 1).

2.4. ITA determination

Two gram seeds were ground, and placed into an erlenmeyer

containing 50 mL ethanol 96%. The acid value (FFA content)

was determined by titration using KOH (0.1 N) with

phenol-phthalein as an indicator. The end point of titration was the

appearance of permanent pink in the solvent mixture.

3_

Results and discussion

The average physicochemical characteristics of the two jatropha varieties used in these experiments are shown in

Table 2. The moisture content of jatropha seed was relatively

high for fresh seed (Lampung: 44 .11-45.77%; Santen:

42.34-44.18%), and 3.65-4.63% (Lampung) and 3.29-4.03% (San ten) for dried seed. The oil content of jatropha seed

ranged from 34.77 to 40.25% for Lampung variety and from

34.04 to 37.06% for Santen variety with FFA content of

1.49- 2.56% (Lampung, fresh seed), 1.39-2.08% (Lampung, dried seed), 1.80-3.00% (Banten, fresh seed) and 1.40-2.46%

(Santen, dried seed). Both varieties are rich in oleic, linoleic

a nd palmitic fatty acids. Protein and ash contents of jatropha seed were respectively 20.14--21.96% (Lampung) and 21.26- 22.70% (Banten), and 3.62-3.72% (Lampung) and 4.13-4.21% (Ban ten). !n addition, thejatropha seed contained the crude fiber of 49.13% (Lampung) and 53.31% (Banten) (expressed as percent by mass of the dry and deoiled matter). Fig. lA showed typical adsorption and desorption isotherm for Lampung and Santen varieties of jatropha seed at the

temperature of 20 °C. The EMC increased with the increase in

water activity. The adsorption and desorption curves for jatropha seed followed the characteristics of sigmoidal s hape commonly found in many hygroscopic products, as observed for macadamia nuts 1101 , hazelnut 1121 and com 1161 . A significant hysteresis phenomenon between adsorption and

desorption was also observed (Table 3). The FFA content of

fresh seed increased with the increase in water activity, while the FFA content of dried seed was relatively constant {Fig. 2A}.

The EMe of Santen variety was not significantly different

with Lampung variety at the same water activity for both desorption and adsorption (Table 4). However, the FFA content of seed from Santen was higher than those from Lampung for

Table 2 Physicochemical characteristics of jatropha seed and fa tty acid composition of jatropha oil.

Parameter

Moisture (%)

FFA(%)

Oil (%1

Protein (%)

Ash (lI)

Fatty acid composition (%):

1. Palmitic (C16:0) 2. Palmi toleic (C16:1) 3. Stearic (C18:0) 4. Oleic (C18:1) 5. Linoleic (C18:2) 6. Linolenic (C18:3) 7. Arachidic (C20:0)

B. Gadoleic (C20:1)

Fresh seed

44.94 ± 0.830

2.03 ± 0.533

37.51 ± 2.735

21.05 ± 0.909

3.67 ± 0.047

14.70 ± 0.244

0.86 ± 0.035

7.37 ± 0 .291

39.44 ± 0.795

36.52 ± 0 .925

0.70 ± 0.034

0.25 ± 0.011

0.16 ± 0.018

Lampung

Dried seed

4.14 ± 0.486

1.74 ± 0.342

Variety

Fresh seed

43.26 :t: 0.915 2.4O :t: 0.598

35.55 ± 1.505

21.98 ± 0.719

4 .17

*

0.039

14.76 ± 0.128

0.91 ± 0.032

7.01 ± 0.205

39.29 ± 0.657

36.84 ± 0,487

0.75 ± 0.078

0.25 ± 0.018

0.18 ± 0.040

Santen

Dried seed

3.66 ± 0.365

[image:14.589.29.531.550.761.2]

"

SIO PA ASS A NI) .810£N£RGY 36 IlOll) "116 - 2 3 3

229

35

30 • Oesorption. L'lmpung

o

_{Adsoq>tion.l.ampung}

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Water Activity. a ...

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'Vater Activity, a ...

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30 • Deso rptio n. Lampung

DAdsorplion. Lampung

25 .& Desorption, S anten

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[image:15.588.41.274.70.576.2]

Water Activity, 3 .,.

Fig. 1 - Adsorption-desorption iaothenn for Lampung and

Banten varieties of Jatropha s _ _ at (A) 20 · C, (8) 30 · C and

(C) 40 · C.

both fresh and dried seeds. for sorption isotherm of jattopha seed at temperature of 20 "C, the variety of jatropha seed affected thus FFA content of seed, but it did not influence the

equilibrium isotherm of seed.

Fig. 18 and C showed the £Me for seed from both locations at the temperature of 30 and 40 °C. Both for adsorption and

desorption, the EMC increased with the increase in water

activity, and the equilibrium isotherm for both seeds was relatively similar. These indicated that the variety of jatropha seed did not affect the equilibrium isothenn at the temperature of 30 and 40 °C. The same phenomenon was also

observed for sorption isotherm of wheat and hazelnut, respectively [11 ,12[ .

The EMC decreased with the increase in temperature at constant water activity in either desorption or adsorption . nus indicates that the jatropha seed becomes less

hygro-scopic when temperature increases. The decrease in moisture

content with the increase in temperature may be due to a reduction in the total number of active sites for water binding as a result of physical andlor chemical changes in the

product induced by tfmperature [10J. This may also be due to

the increased state of excitation of molecules at higher temperature, leading to an increase in distance and corre· sponding decrease in attractive forces between them [16J.

However, the increase in temperature may also lead to acti·

vation of water molecules due to an increase in their energy

level, causing them to become less stable and to break away from the water·binding sites.

The ANOVA applied to data (fable 5) showed that the temperature did not significantly affect the EMC of jatropha

seed for both desorption and adsorption in either Lampung or

Banten variety. On the other ha nd, the water activity affected the EMC of jatropha seed significantly.

More water is held at the same water activity for the desorption curve than the adsorption cwve. The hysteresis effect was more pronounced at lower temperatures (20 0C) (Fig. l A). In the original wet condition the polar sites in the molecular structure of the material are almost entirely satis· fled by absorbed water. Upon drying, the molecules and their water holding sites are drawn closely enough together to

satisfy each other. This reduces the water holding capacity of

the material upon subsequent adsorption [10,161 .

Bell and Labuza [181 described that one aspect of moisture sorption leading to hysteresis was how water interacts within pores or capillaries. During moisture adsorption, water moves into the capillaries. However, these capillaries may empty differently upon desorption. Narrow ends of surface pores can trap and hold water internally below the water activity where the water should have been released . In addition, during

adsorption the pure water will dissolve solutes present in the

dry product. The dissolution of solutes may increase the

s urface tension such that upon desorption, a lower water activity results at given moisture content. Similarly, the wetting angle is lower for desorption as compared to adsorp· tion, also resulting in a lower water activity at given moisture content for desorption .

The temperature dependences of the EMC have an important practical bearing on chemical and microbiological

reactions associated with spoilage. At the same moisture

content, higher temperatures entail a higher water activity and consequently faster rates of deterioration [161 .

'.

[image:16.594.300.533.60.595.2]

230

Table 3 Tukey's test for desorption and adsorptlon of

Lampung and Santen varieties of Jatropha seed at different water activities and temperature of 20 C

Variety Water

activity

Lampung 1

Banten 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N5: Non-Significant.

Difference in averages

of EMe of desorption

and adsorption 0.33 0.43 0.38 (NS) 0.80 0.75 0.97 0.64 1.19 1.38 (NS) 6.71 0.42 0.15 (NS) 0.61 1.20 1.37 1.22 1.37 0.94 1.30 9.04

T value at p = 0.05

0.08 0.28 0.73 0.26 0.24 0.77 0.55 0.31 1.51 2.73 0.25 0.42 0.06 0.32 1.08 0.53 0.78 0.59 1.39 3.48

Fig. 2B and C showed FFA contents of fresh and dried seeds after sorption isotherm at 30 and 40 "C. Both seeds from Lampung and Santen had a relatively constant FF A content at water activity less than 0.8, but very high at higher water activity. In addition, ITA content of seeds after sorption

isotherm at 40 "C was higher than those of 20 and 30 "C for

both Lampung and Banten varieties. The sorption isothenn is suspected to affect seed properties because water acting as a solvent seems to impart mobility to chemical constituents of seeds by dissolution . This will account for the increased rate

of chemical reaction [27J, and it is accelerated by temperature,

relative humidity and initial seed moisture content.

Free fatty acids are carboxylic acids released from triglycerides through the effect of lipase or oxidation. The risk of oxidation is high in jatropha seeds due to their high unsaturated fatty acids content, especially oleic and linoleic

fatty acids Ｈｔ｡ ｌ ｉｾ＠ 2). Fatty acids con taining one or more

conjugated pentadiene systems, -CH=CH-CH,-GH=CH-,

are especially sensitive 128J. Bell and Labuza 1181 described that lipid oxidation began to increase above a water activity of

0.3. At this water activity, the amount of water adsorbed on

surface and in capillaries is enough to affect the overall dielectric properties such that the water can behave as a solvent. Thus. chemical species can dissolve. become increasingly mobile. and react. The higher water activity is the faster the reaction rate because of the greater solubility and increased mobility.

(£-4323-1) The suitability of eight sorption models (rable 6) in describing the sorption data of jatropha seeds was exam· ined. The mean relative deviation modulus (P) of all tested sorption models for adsorption were smal1 er than those for desorption. Thus. the adsorption data gave more suitable fit for sorption models than desorption data.

10

9 • Fresh Seed. Lampung o Dried Seed • Lampuog

8 • Fresh Seed. S anten A Dried Seed, Banten

ｾ＠

7

." ₆ '0

«

....

₅

•

.'"

::

c ₄

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t

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2

II

ｾ＠

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,,6

0 0 00

I

A

0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

\Vater Activity,a.

10

9 • Fresh Sct."Cl, Lalllpung o Dricd Seed, Lampu og

8 ... Fres h Seed. Bant en l::!. Dried Seed , Bantcn

ｾ＠

7 '0 ₆

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..:

ｾ＠ 5

•

ｾ＠

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Water Activity,

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9 • Fresh Seed, Lamp ung o Dried Seed . Lampung

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Ii

7

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II

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

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Water Activity, a.

Fig. 2 - FF A content of fresh and dried jatropha seed. for

Lampung and Ranten varieties after sorption isotherm at

(A) 2 0 · C, (8) 30 · C and (e) 40 · C.

On the basis ofP, the Halsey, BET and GAB models were the most efficient and versatile models for adsorption for both Lampung and Santen varieties at the temperature of 20 and 30 °C. For desorption, the SET, GAB and Harkin·)ura models were the most appropriate for Lampung variety at the temperature of 20 °C, while for Banten variety the GAB and Henderson were the most suitable fitting. At the temperature

of 30 OCt the GAB model was the most appropriate for both

[image:16.594.34.279.80.375.2]

[image:17.590.335.502.53.762.2]

BIOMASS AND BJOENERGY 36 (201') ' 2 6 -2 33

Table 4 Tukey's test for Lampullg <lnd Banten vane ties

of jalropha seed both for desorption and adsorption at different water activities and temperature of 20 C.

Variety Water

activity

Desorption 1

2 3

•

₅

6 7 8 9 10

Adsorption 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NS: Non-Significant.

Difference in

averages of EMC of Lampung and Santen

0.48 0 .53 0.11 (NS) 0.26 (NS) 0.02 (NS) 0.02 (NS) 0.16 (NS) 0.31 (NS) 0.91 (NS) 0.43 (NS) 0.27 0.26 0.35 (NS) 0.18 (NS) 0.60 0.28 (NS) 0.57 (NS) 0.06 (NS) 0.83 (NS) 2.77 (NS)

Tvalue at

p= 0.05

0.14 0.44 0.26 0.35 1.01 0.72 0.73 0 .62 1.13 2.18 0.22 0.25 0.68 0.22 0.2' 0.60 0.62 0.26 1.68 3.86

and GAB models were the most fitting models for adsorption for both Lampung and Banten varieties at the temperature of 40 °C. For desorption, the Henderson and GAB models were the most appropriate.

The R2 of desorption and adsorption curves showed similar

features. At temperature of 20 oC, the BET and GAB models

gave significantly lower R2 than other models for both

desorption and adsorption curves. At temperatures of 30 and 40 "C, the GAB model had the lowest R'.

The BET, GAB, Harkins-Jura and Halsey models correspond to multilayer adsorption models. These indicated that water

adsorption was likely to be a multilayer adsorption in

jatropha-water system. Thus, the surface force distribution may be considered to act by causing the adsorbed film to behave as liquid in a two-dimensional state. Moreover, the sorption data obtained fit the Harkins-Jura model well, which indicated that the isothenn had the characteristics of a type 11 isothenn (sigmoidal-shaped curve).

An important parameter usually obtained from sorption

data is the monolayer moisture content (Mo) (Table 7). In the

BET and GAB isothenn equations, the monolayer moisture content is regarded as the sorption capacity of the adsorbent and as the indicator of usefulness of polar sites for water

vapor. It also defines the safest moisture content for storage.

Below its monolayer value. for most dry product, the rate of

quality loss due to chemical reaction is negligible. In this

research, in a temperature range of 20-40 DC, the monolayer

moisture content for Lampung and Santen varieties was 2.05-4.48% (db) and 1.83-4.74% (db), respectively. The monolayer moisture content for desorption isotbenn was higher than that for adsorption isothenn for both BET and GAB

models. as also observed by some other researchers

(10,15,16,29-31J . In addition, the apparent decrease in the

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