An analysis of blend words and componential analysis of “foodimals” in the movie cloudy with a chance of Meatballs 2

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ABSTRACT

Desi Hasni Asis.

An Analysis of Blend words and Componential Analysis of

“

Foodimals

”

in the Movie Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2.

Thesis: English

Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta 2014.

This research is aimed to analyze the word formation process of blend

words, component meaning and the meaning of foodimals based on context in

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2

film. The method used in this research is

descriptive qualitative. The method of descriptive qualitative used by the writer

is content analysis. To analyze the word formation process of blend the writer

uses Ingo Plag’s theory and componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with

naming technique.

After analyzing the data, the writer concludes that the blend words of

foodimals use first class of blend. Two of the blend words of foodimals are

right-headed while eight of the blend words of foodimals are left-headed.

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knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, December 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the writer like to thank Allah SWT, the lord of the

world for giving her the best guidance, brightest lights and deepest mercy. The

pour of blessing lead her to finish this thesis.

Shalawat

and

Salam

always devoted

to our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, who has guided us from the

darkness to enlightenment in the world.

The writer would like to express my gratitude for my advisors Sholikatus

Sa’diyah, M.Pd. and Rima Muryantina, S.Hum.,M.Ling.

who always give

inspirations, encouragements, critiques, and sincere guidance for me to finish the

thesis. The writer also would like to take this opportunity for expressing my deep

and sincere gratitude and thankfulness to:

1. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and

Humanities.

2. Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English LettersDepartment.

4. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for their valuable

knowledge.

5. All the librarians of Adab and Humanities Faculty and State

IslamicUniversity.

6. My beloved parents: Hajidin and Dodoh for their limitless support, pray and

endless love.

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writing my thesis.

Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect, that is why the

writer welcomes to receive the critic and suggestion for this thesis to be better.

The writer hopes this thesis will be useful, particularly for the writer and for those

who interested in this field.

Jakarta, December 2014

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THE LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Combination of Syllabic Constituents in Polysyllabic Blends….

17

Table 2: The Size of Blends, Measured in Number of Syllables…………

18

Table 3: Semantic Features……….

22

Table 4: Blend Words of Foodimals on the

Film………...

27

Table 5: Process of Blend Word of Flamango………....

29

Table 6: Meaning Components of Base Words of Flamingo and Mango..

29

Table 7: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Flamango…………....

29

Table 8: Checking List of Meaning Component of Flamingo, Mango and

Flamango………

30

Table 9: Process of Blend Word of Shrimpanzee………...

32

Table 10: Meaning Components of Base Words of Shrimp and

Chimpanzee………....

32

Table 11: Meaning Components of

Blend Word of Shirmpanzee……….

33

Table 12: Checking List of Meaning Component of Shrimp, Chimpanzee

and Shrimpanzee………. 33

Table 13: Process of Blend Word of Watermelophant………...

35

Table 14: Meaning Components of Base Words of Watermelon and

Elephant………..

35

Table 15: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Watermelophant……

36

Table 16: Checking List of Meaning Component of Watermelon,

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Table 20: Checking List of Meaning Component of Sushi, Sheep and

Susheep………...

39

Table 21: Process of Blend Word of Cantelope……….

41

Table 22: Meaning Components of Base Words of Cantaloupe and

Antelope………..

41

Table 23: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Cantelope…………..

42

Table 24: Checking List of Meaning Component of Cantaloupe,

Antelope and Cantelope……….. 42

Table 25: Process of Blend Word of Cheespider………

44

Table 26: Meaning Components of Base Words of Cheeseburger and

Spider………..

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Table 27: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Cheespider……...

45

Table 28: Checking List of Meaning Component of Cheeseburger,

Spider and Cheespider………

45

Table 29: Process of Blend Word of

Bananostrich………

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Table 30: Meaning Components of Base Words of Banana and Ostrich...

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Table 31: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Bananostrich……….

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Table 32: Checking List of Meaning Component of Banana, Ostrich and

Bananostrich………...

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Table 34: Meaning Components of Base Words of Taco and Crocodile...

50

Table 35: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Tacodile…………....

51

Table 36: Checking List of Meaning Component of Taco, Crocodile and

Tacodile………..

51

Table 37: Process of Blend Word of Mosquitoast……….

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Table 38: Meaning Components of Base Words of Mosquito and Toast..

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Table 39: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Mosquitoast………..

53

Table 40: Checking List of Meaning Component of Mosquito, Toast and

Mosquitoast………

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Table 41: Process of Blend Word of Meatballrus………..

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Table 42: Meaning Components of Base Words of Meatball and Walrus.

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Table 43: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Meatballrus………...

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Table 44: Checking List of Meaning Component of Meatball, Walrus

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[image:11.595.90.513.177.554.2]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………...

i

APPROVAL SHEET………

ii

LEGALIZATION……….

iii

DECLARATION………...

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………

v

THE LIST OF TABLES………...

vii

THE LIST OF FIGURE………...

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS………... ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study………...

1

B. Focus of the Study………...

3

C. Research Question………...

4

D. Significance of the Study………....

4

E. Research Methodology………

4

1. Objective of Research………...

4

2. Method of Research………..

5

3. Collecting Data………..

5

4. Technique of Data Analysis………..

6

5. Instrument of the Research………...

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1. Morphology………...

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2. Morpheme……….

10

3. Word Formation Process………...

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a. Affixation………

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b. Conversion………..

12

c. Clipping………... 12

d. Blend………...

13

e. Acronym and Abbreviation……….

19

f.

Compound………...

20

4. Meaning……….

20

5. Componential Analysis………. 21

6. Procedural Steps in the Analysis of Diagnostic Component…

23

7. Context………...

24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description………...

27

B. Data Analysis………..

28

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion………...

58

B. Suggestion………...

59

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APPENDIX

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A. Background of the Study

A word is not a minimal unit of language; it is composed by most

elemental units of grammatical forms called morpheme. A word may be

composed of one or more morphemes such as boy, boyish and boyishness.

1

Boyishness is a word composed of three morphemes such as boy, -ish and

–

ness. Morpheme boy is added by two morphemes

–ish and -ness.

Decomposition of those morphemes builds a new word in English.

Forming a new word in the field of linguistics is investigated in

morphology and known as word-formation. Morphology examines the rule of

forming the words and explains how the words are formed. New words enter

a language in a variety of ways. Some are created outright to fit some

purposes such as in advertisement. Kodak, nylon, Orlon and Dacron are

words entered to English via advertisement industry.

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Another industry, which creates new words is the film industry.

Directors or scriptwriters of films use their fantasy to create new words

according to the film they made. They frequently make new words for the

setting of places, the titles, the names of the characters, and the terms related

to the story of the film.

Wonderland

is a new word used in the setting of place

in the film

Alice in Wonderland

,

Snow White

is also a word used for the

1

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language.(7th Edition United States: Heinle. 2003), p.76.

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character and the title in the film

Snow White

and

Jarvis

is a word used for

the term in the film

Iron Man

.This makes the study of word-formation in the

film is important.

Word formation is often used by the script writers or the directors like

in the film titled

directed by Phil Lord

and Christopher Miller. In this study, the writer focuses on the blend

word-formation.

The examples of blend word-formation found in the film are

cheespider

,

flamanggo

, and

shrimpanzee

. The word

cheespider

is formed by

two words, they are cheeseburger and spider. Then, the new word also gets a

new meaning that is different from the word before, which reflects a message

related to the storyline of the film.Those words used in the film did not exist

in the dictionary before and they are the new words in English.Furthermore,

the film focuses on the food terms called foodimals that reflected by the title.

The uniqueness of the blend word-formation used in the film makes the writer

interested to analyze.

The film is a second sequel of

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs

film.

It is dubbed by BillHader (Flint Lockwood) and Anna Faris (Sam

Sparks). This film produced by Columbia Picture in 2013 is directed by Phil

Lord and Christopher Miller. This film is adapted from a children book with

the same title in 1978 written by Judi Barrett and Ron Barret.

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The story is about a man named Flint Lockwood who is an inventor of

food machine, FLDSMDFR, who works for his idol in the food company,

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Live Corp. Flint’s idol asks him to expropriate cleaning up the city from

the

living foods. The adventure of Flint and his friends begin when his idol asks

him to find and destroy the machine so that the foods do not interface the

world citizens.

is a film that uses unique food

terms called foodimals and how the word-formation of the film encourages

the writer to do further study about word-formation and its meaning. The

writer analyzes the formation of words especially the blend of foodimals

using morphology approach with word formation theory. She explains how

the words are formed. Then, the writer analyzes the component meaning of

the words using semantic approach with componential analysis and relates it

to the context of the film.

B. Focus of the Study

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C. Research Question

1. How do the processes of blends word-formation occur in the film entitled

based on Ingo Plag’s theory?

2. How are the component meanings of blends word-formation described in

componential analysis?

3. How are the new meanings of the words built related to the context of the

film?

D. Significance of the Study

The writer hopes through this research, the readers’ knowledge in the

field of morphology especially on word-formation and semantics about

componential analysis will be broadened. Moreover, the research is expected

to give contribution for people to understand the processes of word formation

and componential analysis. Besides, this research enriches the vocabularies of

English for the readers. The research is expected to give a deeper

understanding to get the real meaning of the terms occurring in

Cloudy with a

Chance of Meatballs 2

film. Hence, the viewers, especially the children as the

primary target audience, understand the plot of whole story and the messages

delivered in the film.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

The research aims to find out about:

1.

The processes of blends word-formation occur in the film entitled

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2.

The component meanings of blends word-formation described in

componential analysis.

3.

The new meaning of the words after combined together based on the

context of the film.

2. Method of Research

Based on research question and objective of the research above, the

method used is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative is the

method of research used to describe nature phenomenon happened and

relevancies between one phenomena and others.

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The method of

descriptive qualitative used by the writer is content analysis. Content

analysis is any technique for making inferences by systematically and

objectively identifying specified characteristics of messages.

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This method

is used to look for the processes of the word formed and the component

meaning of the blend words of foodimals in the film.

3. Collecting Data

To collect the data, the writer watches the film. Based on theory of

word formation by Ingo Plag, Plag states seven process (affixation,

conversion, clipping, blend, acronym and abbreviation, and compound) but

the writer focuses on blend process. The writer gets sixteen data of blend

words. From the sixteen data, the writer analyzes ten data of blend words

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Muhammad Farkhan. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. (Edisi Revisi, Jakarta: Adabia Press. 2011), p.4.

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that concern on food terms (foodimals) on the film. The writer focuses the

data on blend words of foodimals because the film analyzed focuses on the

food that is reflected from the title and those words are unique.

4. Technique of Data Analysis

Data acquired for this research are ten blend words of

foodimalsfound on the film. The writer watches the film and selects the

blend words of foodimals. The data will be analyzed using the theory of

formation by Ingo Plag to analyze the processes of blend

word-formation, and analyzed the component meaning of each word using

theory of componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with naming process

and described using context in the film to find the meaning corresponding

to the research questions.

5. Instrument of the Research

Instrument of research is the writer herself by watching the film,

making the notes of blend words of foodimals found, analyzing the

processes of blend word-formation based on the theory of Ingo Plag and

analyzing the meaning component using componential analysis theory by

Eugene A. Nida and context in the film. Besides the writer, the other

supporting instruments of the research is the film to obtain the data of

blend words of foodimals.

6. Unit of Analysis

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Research

As consideration, the writer lists two theses with similar topics about

Word-Formation and Componential Analysis. The first thesis was done by

Laila Afifa with her thesis entitled “

An Analysis of Word Formation and

Meaning Component in the Mini Dictionary on Owl City Blog

(http://owlcityblog.com/)

.”

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The focus of her research is the word formation

process and the meaning components of the new words in the mini dictionary

on Owl City Blog (http://owlcityblog.com/).

She uses the Word-Formation theory by George Yule for analyzing

word formation and componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with

paraphrasing technique in analyzing the meaning component. The result of the

analysis is the most word formation processes used in the Mini Dictionary on

Owl City Blog are multiple processes, blending and derivation. The word

formation and meaning component are related to each other.

The second thesis was done by Alif Ramdhani entitled

“Word

-Formation and Componential Analysis on the Names of Music Festival in

Indonesia 2011.”

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The focus of his research is the word-formation and

component meaning of new words in the names of music festival 2011. He

uses word formation theory by Ingo Plag and componential analysis with

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Laila Afifa. An Analysis of Word Formation and Meaning Component in the Mini Dictionary Owl City Blog (http://owlcityblog.com/).(Jakarta: Uin Syarif Hidayatullah, 2012), p.iv.

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naming process by Eugene A. Nida. The result of the analysis is blend and

compound are commonly used in the name Music Festival and the appropriate

theory for analyzing the component meaning is naming type.

Meanwhile, the writer herself chooses word formation and

componential analysis as two issues to be discussed in this thesis. The focus of

the research is on analyzing the process of blend words of foodimals in

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatball 2

film, component meaning of the blend

words and those meaning based on context of the film. The theories that the

writer used are the concept of word formation proposed by Ingo Plag and

Componential Analysis with naming process by Eugene A. Nida.

The differences among the writer’s thesis and the two previous theses

are the corpus of the research used to obtain the data for the analysis. Laila

Afifa uses dictionary and Alif Ramadhani uses music festival names, while the

writer uses film. The focus of their thesis are all of types of the word

formation and component meaning, while the writer focuses on blend words,

component meanings and the meaning of the words in relation to the context

of the film.

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B. Concept

1. Morphology

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and the

rules by which words are formed.

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Kentjono defines morphology is

“A

study concerned about internal structure of grammatical word, hence

morphology commonly called the order of word or grammar form.”

It

means that morphology is concerned withthe internal structure of the

word.

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McCarthy defines morphology as the scope of grammar concerned

with the structure of words and relationship between words involving the

morphemes that compose them.

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In this term, morphology does not only

exposethe structure of words but also the structure of morphemes as the

basic unit of analysis.

2. Morpheme

The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical

form is

morpheme

.

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The definition of morpheme based on Stageberg is a

short segment of language that has three criteria such as: (1) It is a word or

a part of a word that has meaning. (2) It cannot be divided into smaller

meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless

remainders. (3) It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively

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Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language. (7th Edition,New York: Heinle, 2003), p.76.

9

Djoko Kentjono.Morfologi in Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistikby Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia RMT Lauder. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.144.

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Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy.An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure.(Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), p.16.

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stable meaning.

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It means that a morpheme can be a meaningful single

word or a piece of word. Second, a morpheme is meaningless if it is

divided into smaller parts. Last, morpheme has a stable meaning even in

the different verbal occasion.

Morpheme is classified into two types, they are, free and bound

morpheme. Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as

a single word, for example, open and tour. Bound morpheme is a

morpheme that cannot normally stand alone and is typically attached to

another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, and

–s.

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Free morpheme can come

alone as a single word and it has own meaning without adding other

morphemes. Moreover, bound morpheme cannot come alone as a single

word and need to add by other morphemes to be a meaningful word.

3. Word Formation Process

a. Affixation

Plag defines affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases.

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An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base. Affix that

appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as

un-

and

mis-

, while

affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as

–

less

and

12

Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. (3rd Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), p.95.

13

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.68.

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12

ish.

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Another example of suffixes are

–

ing

in word sleeping and

-er

in

word beautifier.

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While another example of prefixes are

de-

in word

decomposition, and

anti-

in word antivirus.

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b. Conversion

Yule states conversion is a process of forming a word where the

word does not have a reduction while it has a change in the function of

word.

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Bauer has the similar argue that conversion is the change in form

class of a form without any corresponding change of form.

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Hence,

conversion is process of forming a word without any reducing the base

form of words but changing the function words.

A conversion process can occur in noun becoming verb (the bottle

becoming to bottle), verb becoming noun (to call becoming a call),

adjective becoming verb (better becoming to better), and adjective

becoming noun (poor becoming the poor.)

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c. Clipping

Clipping, based on Adams, is the process by which a word of two

or more syllables (usually a noun) is shortened without a change in its

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16

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language(7th edition,New York: Heinle, 2003), p.78.

17

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.99-100.

18

Yule,op. cit.,p.57.

19

Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.32.

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function taking place.

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While other literature defines clipping is cutting of

the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the

whole.

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Hence, clipping can be defined as a process of cutting a word of

two or more syllables either in the beginning or in the end of a word while

without any changing of the meaning and function of the base. The

examples of clipped words which are commonly used such as pop from

popular music, bike from bicycle, and mike from microphone.

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d. Blend

Blend is the process of combining of two separate forms to

produce a single new term. Blending is taken by cutting the beginning of

the word and joining it to the end of other word. The combined effects of

smoke and fog, results a new word smog.

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Moreover, Plag states the best treatment in describing blends is in

terms of prosodic categories (phonological phenomenon as the domain of

syllabification). Blends mostly are built of two or more base words, but the

base words cut with a massive loss of phonetic (or orthographic) material.

According to Dressler quoted by Plag, blending has often been described

as a rather irregular phenomenon where the rule is not transparent, yet Plag

finds degree of regularity.

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21

Valarie Adams. An Introduction to Modern English Word Formation. (English Language Series Title No 7, United State: Longman, 1973), p.135.

22

23

Adams,op. cit.,p.135-136.

24

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.55-56.

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Plag is categorized blends into two different types below:

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(1) Type 1:

Breath + analyzer

→ breathalyzer

Motor + camp

→ mocamp

Motor + hotel

→ motel

Science + fiction

→ sci-fi

(2) Type 2:

Boat + hotel

→ boatel

Boom + hoist

→ boost

Breakfast + lunch

→ brunch

Channel + tunnel

→ chunnel

Compressor + expander

→ compander

Goat + sheep

→ geep

Guess + estimate

→ gueestimate

Modulator + demodulator

→ modem

Sheep + goat

→ shoat

Smog + fog

→ smog

Spanish + English

→ Spanglish

Stagnation + inflation

→ stagflation

The meaning of words in the first type is one where the first

element modifies the second element. Thus, a breath analyzer is a kind of

analyzer (not a kind of breath). Whereas, the meaning of words in the

second type denotes entities that both elements contribute to share their

properties. For instance, the meaning of a brunch is both breakfast and

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lunch.

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Another literature also classifies blends into two types, the

right-headed where the first source word modifies the second, for the example

motel

which the meaning is a kind of hotel, and coordinating where both

have equal status, for the example

spork

which the meaning is equally

spoon and fork. However, there is one type of blends, the left-headed, as

the example

acceleread

built by the word accelerate and read, which the

word accelerate is the head where the meaning is a kind of accelerate.

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In spite of the semantic properties of blends, the next is about the

prosodic properties of blends. The basic rule of words in the second type is

the first part of the first element combined with the second part of second

element (as quoted from Bauer). This can be formulated as a rule, with A,

B, C and D, referring to the respective parts of the elements involved:

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Blending rule

A B + C D

→ AD

As evidenced by guesstimate, B or C can be null, one of the two

forms may appear in its full form. Taking the orthographic representation,

guesstimate does not truncate the first element (B is null) while taking the

orthographic representation, the word estimate is not truncated, hence C is

null. Similar examples can be found. There is only one veritable exception

27

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.122.

28

Katherine Shaw, Andrew White, Elliott Moreto, and Fabian Monrose. Emergent Faithfulness to Morphological and Semantic Heads in Lexical Blends.(United States: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2014), p.2, accessed from http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/view/45/51

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to this pattern in the dataabove, namely modem, where the blend structure

AC instead of AD (modulator-demodulator).

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The rule of speaker cutting the base word to make a blend word is

not arbitrary but constrained by prosodic categories. From the data above,

there are two types of restrictions. The first has to do with syllable

structure the second with the size. Firstly, the syllable structure are

introduced. The structure of a syllable was described as having four

constituents- onset, nucleus, coda, with nucleus and coda forming the

so-called rime. Applying this structural model to the data above, it can be

seen that in the truncation process the constituents of syllables are left

intact. Only syllabic constituent as a whole can be deleted. In

monosyllabic blends, for example, they take either the onset of the first

element and the rime of the second element, or onset and nucleus of the

first element and the coda of the second. As the following example:

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Combinations of syllabic constituents in monosyllabic blends,

applying the blending rule AB + CD

→ AD

30

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.123.

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A

D

A+D, examples

Onset

penultimate rime and

ultimate syllable

b + oatel

ch + unnel

Onset and nucleus

ultimate syllable

boa + tel

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Onset and nucleus

coda

and

ultimate

syllable

spa + nglish

Onset

Syllable

g + estimate

Syllable

ultimate rime

boat + el

Syllable

com + pander

guess+ timate

stag + flation

[image:32.595.88.519.110.537.2]

It can be seen that in prosodic constituent, syllabic constituent is

the important role in limiting the type material to be deleted or combined.

The next type of restriction is the size of blends word by counting the

number of base words’ syllables, as the following examples:

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Table 2. The size of blends, measured in number of syllables.

Base words

Blend

AB

CD

AD

boat + hotel

Boatel

1

2

boot + hoist

Boost

1

breakfast + lunch

Brunch

2

1

channel + tunnel

Chunnel

2

compressor + expander

compander

3

goat + sheep

Geep

1

guess + estimate

guesstimate

1

3

sheep + goat

Shoat

1

smoke + fog

Smog

1

Spanish + English

Spanglish

2

stagnation + inflation

stagflation

3

According to explanation above, the two words combined to be

blends words have the same size with the components of blends.

Nevertheless, there are some words that have the different size with the

others such as brunch, boatel, and guesstimate, follow the size of second

element.

34

The structure of blends is restricted into three, semantic, syntactic,

33

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.125

34

(33)

and prosodic. Blends act semantically and syntactically as copulative

compound while they are described phonologically into three restrictions.

First, combining the first and the last part of word become one. Second,

blends are made up by syllable constituents such as onset, nuclei, coda,

rime or complete syllables. Last, the size of blends words is determined by

the second element.

35

Hence, blends are not only made up by blending two words but

also determined the size of blends and the syllables of the component.

Moreover, the meaning of blend word can be one where the first element

modifies the second, and share the properties of both elements.

e. Acronym and Abbreviation

According to Yule, acronyms are new words formed by the initial

letters of a set of other words. The word such as CD (Compact Disk) is

formed by the initial letters of the words where the pronunciation is

pronounced each separate letter.

36

Bauer argues that to call a word as an

acronym, the word must be pronounced as a word yet as a separated letter.

An acronym that pronounced as a separated letter is called an abbreviation.

Hence, the word Value Added Tax pronounced /vi e

ɪ

ti/ is an abbreviation,

while if it is pronounced /væt/that is an acronym.

37

35

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.125

36

37

(34)

20

In conclusion, the difference between acronym and abbreviation is

how they are pronounced. An acronym is formed by taking the initial letter

of words and pronounced as a single word. An abbreviation is formed by

taking the initial letter of words and pronounced as a separated letter.

f.

Compound

Stenberg defines compound is process of combining two or more

words becoming one.

38

While Plag states that compound is a word that

consists of two elements which the first is either a root, word or phrase,

and the second is either a root or word.

39

The examples of compounds such

as bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook and wallpaper are

compound noun. While the examples of compound adjective are

good-looking and low-paid.

40

4. Meaning

Definition of meaning based on Darmojuwono is

“….. human’s knowledge and experience as an information source

saved in the human brain as a mental unity called concept.

Meaning is indirectly influenced by concept and its object. Hence

meaning is a unity knowledge and experience mental related to

symbol language that represented it.”

41

38

39

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English. (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.135.

40

Ibid.p.55.

41

(35)

It means that meaning is a concept of an object which is related to

its symbol, moreover concept and object influence the meaning. Moreover

a concept here is human’s knowledge

and experience as the information

source saved in the mind. Based on Huford, the theory of what meaning is,

recognizing the distinction between speaker meaning and sentence

meaning or word meaning. Sentence or word meaning is what a sentence

or word means, what it counts as the equivalent of in the language

concerned.

42

5. Componential Analysis

Componential analysis is the process of determining semantic

features or components that differentiate the members of the set from one

another.

43

The important point for defining feature is the recognition of

two kinds of features, distinctive and non-distinctive. All features that can

be recognized in an entity are part of its description, but the definition of a

lexeme within a set of field requires to note what feature or features

distinguish it from other members of the set or field and what features are

just ‘there,’ not distinctive.

44

To describing part of the meaning of words in semantic feature, it

uses a plus (+) sign to describe having a particular feature or negative (-)

sign for not having.

45

42

James Huford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith.Semantics: A Coursebook. (2nd edition,Singapore: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.3

43

Charles W. Kleidler.Introducing English Semantics.(Great Britain: Routledge, 1998), p.87-88.

44

Ibid.p.88-89.

45

(36)

[image:36.595.86.517.117.580.2]

22

Table 3. Semantic Features

Table

Horse

Boy

Man

Girl

Woman

Animate

+

Human

-

+

Female

-

+

Adult

-

+

-

+

There are four types procedures to analyze in componential

analysis are naming, paraphrasing, defining and classifying. The first

process, naming is similar to reference but there is different perspective.

Naming is the specific act of designating such a referent. In naming

process the procedural steps number 2 and 5 are relevant to do the

analysis.

46

Second, paraphrasing is process of explaining a distinctive feature

of a word. For example, uncle can be defined as my father’s brother or my

mother’s brother.

47

It means that paraphrase is a process of describing or

explaining a word for getting a meaning.

Third, defining is simply another form of paraphrase. Defining

combines the appropriate referents of paraphrase to be a single statement

that related to the referent in question.

48

Last, classifying is process of

relating some words in similar feature to get a meaning for such group.

49

46

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.64-65.

47

Ibid.p.65

48

Ibid.p.65.

49

(37)

6. Procedural Steps in the Analysis of Diagnostic Components

There are six procedural steps in analyzing diagnostic components

based on Nida.

50

The first step is procedure for analyzing, meanings which

appear to be closely related are selected tentatively. The meaning of father,

mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, and

cousin, for instance, all share the components of being applicable to

human beings and related to either blood or marriage.

51

The second step is listing all the specific kinds of referents for each

of the meaning belonging to the domain in question. For example, father

and mother, as related to any one ego, there would presumably be only one

referent. This second step in procedure should, however, be regarded as

ending at that point when one has listed the various objects, events,

abstracts, etc. which may be designated by a particular semantic unit.

52

Third, determining those components which may be true of meaning

of one or more terms, but not of all the terms in question. For example, the

component of female sex is only true for mother, aunt, daughter, sister,

and niece, while the component of male sex is true for father, uncle, son,

brother and nephew.

53

The fourth step is determining the diagnostic component applicable

to each meaning. The meaning of father, for example, may be indicated as

possessing the component: male sex, one ascending generation, and direct

50

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.54.

51

Ibid.p.54-55.

52

Ibid. p.55.

53

(38)

24

descent while mother possesses the component: female sex, one ascending

descent, and direct descent.

54

The fifth step is cross-checking with the data obtained by the first

procedure. If the naming process is completely predictive, one may

assume that the diagnostic components are correct, for it is the nature of

meaning to be able to predict certain aspects of language behavior, in this

instance, naming.

55

Last, a systematic description of the diagnostic features. It may do

simply by listing the diagnostic features for each meaning (or term) or the

arrangement of such data in the form of a tree (or space) diagram or

matrix.

56

7. Context

Context according to Oxford Dictionary is situation in which an

event happens.

57

Context, quoted by Mey according to Bilmes, is the total

social setting in which the speech takes place: “the meaning of an

utterance is determined in large part by how it responds and how it is

responded to, by its place in an interactional sequence.

58

Mey, then defines

context is a dynamic concept that can be understood as the continually

54

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.56.

55

Ibid.p.56.

56

Ibid. p.56.

57

Oxford University. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p.93.

58

(39)

changing surroundings.

59

Hence context is the meaning of utterance where

the situation which is changing gradually based on the speech takes place.

Hyems argued that situation in which the utterance takes place

influences the interpretation of objective and effect of the utterance. He

abbreviates the word

SPEAKING

to distinguish sixteen component of

“speech event.”

60

First,

S

stands for

Setting, it involves time, place and other

physical condition the utterance take place. For example, the conversation

takes place in the classroom. Then,

Scene

involves the psychological

counterpart to setting or a changing of setting of the utterance. A changing

of formal to informal conversation held by the participant, for example.

P

stands for

Participants, it involves people who participate in the

conversation, it can be the speaker or sender. For instance, the participant

can be a student and a teacher.

61

Next,

E

stands for

Ends, it involves the purpose and outcome of

one utterance. For example, the conversation purpose is giving advice to

the student, and outcome the student obey the teacher’s advice.

A

stands

for

Act Sequence, it refers to the form and content of the message in the

utterance which uttered. The content of the conversation, for example, is

giving advice to the students to finish the paper.

K

stands for

Keys, it

59

Jacob L. Mey. Pragmatic: An Introduction. (2nd Edition, United States: Athenaeum Press, 2001) p.39.

60

J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993), p.43.

61

(40)

26

refers to tone used by someone in the conversation. For instance, the

teacher uses serious tone with the students.

62

I

stands for

Instrumentalities. It refers to instrument which is used

in the conversation, it can be the channel: written, telegraph or spoken:

dialect or standard language. For example, the students use standard

language to the teacher.

N

stands for

Norms, it refers to norms and rules

of interaction such as interruption and norms of interpretation in the

conversation. For example, the student applies the interruption norm when

talks to the teacher.

G

stands for

Genres, it refers to types of the

conversation. For example, the teacher gives lecture to the students.

63

62

J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993). p.44.

63

(41)

27

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the data by looking at the word

formation process, especially blend words of foodimals from the movie

[image:41.595.91.510.109.752.2]

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatball 2

and analyzes their meaning with

componential analysis. The following table shows the blend words of

foodimals in the film:

Table 4. Blend words of foodimals in the film.

No

Utterances

Blend Words

Datum 1

Sam Spark: “Look at the mangoes.”

Flint Lockwood: “You mean flamingos.”

Sam Spark: “Flamangoes.” (Time 33:13)

Flamango

Datum 2

Brent: “There’s a bunch of shrimp.”

Manny: “They look like chimpanzees.”

Brent and Manny: “Shrimpanzees.”

(Time 33:17)

Shrimpanze

Datum 3

Flint

Lockwood

and

friends:

“Watermelophants.” (Time 33:53)

Watermelophant

Datum 4

Brent: “Susheeps.” (Time 34:23)

Susheep

Datum 5

Manny: “Cantalope.” (Time 34:25)

Cantalope

Datum 6

Flint Lockwood: “Cheespider!”

Flint Lockwood and friends:

“

Run.”

(Time 35:46)

Cheespider

Datum 7

Flint Lockwood: “Bananostrich.”

Earl: “Go, go, go! Come on, Brent!”

(Time 41:30)

Bananostrich

Datum 8

Manny:

“Tacodile

! Supreme.” (Time

53:19)

Tacodile

Datum 9

Brent: “Darn

Mosquitoasts!”

Chester V: “Don’t worry, man baby.

They, like all the other abominable food

monsters will soon be no more.”(Time

54:57)

Mosquitoast

Datum 10

Flint Lockwood’s father: “Meatballrus!

Go, go, go!” (Time 1:11:17)

(42)

28

B. Data analysis

In data analysis, the writer uses three steps to analysis the data. Firstly,

the writer analyzes the process of forming the blend words of foodimals based

on Ingo Plag’s theory. Second, the writer analyzes the component meaning

using oxford dictionary and context based on Eugene A. Nida theory with

naming technique. In this research, for analyzing the component meanings, the

writer applies the procedural steps 2 and 5. Furthermore, the writer describes

the context and concludes the meaning of the blend words that is appropriate

to the story line of film. The analyses are described as following.

1. Flamango

The word

flamango

is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is

flamingo

and

mango. Both morphemes, flamingo and

mango, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be

drawn on the formula below.

Flamango

→ flamingo + mango

free

(43)

Table 5. Process of blend word of Flamango

Base

Word formation

Process of blend

Flamingoand Mango

Flamango

Flamingo +

Mango

[image:43.595.90.514.157.581.2]

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the

table 6 and blend words is on the table 7 using naming technique.

Table 6. Meaning components of base words of Flamingo and Mango

Base

Words

Meaning Component

as Consulted to

Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Flamingo

Tall

Flamingo

/fl

ə

ˈ

m

ɪ

ŋ

.go

ʊ

/

A

tall

wading

bird

with mainly pink

and scarlet

plumage,

long legs

and

neck, and a

crooked bill.

Bird

Plumage

Long-legged

Long-necked

Crooked

Bill

Mango

Yellowish

Mango

/

ˈ

mæŋ. go

ʊ

/

A fleshy

yellowish-red

tropical

fruit

which is eaten ripe or used

green for pickles or chutneys.

Red

Fruit

Table 7. Meaning components of blend words of Flamango

Blend

Word

Meaning Component

Based onContext of

the Film

Naming Process

Flamango

Yellow

Flint Lockwood, Sam Spark and

their friends board a car as the ship

along the river to catch Berry, a

strawberry which is eaten Flint

Lockwood’s USB. When boarding,

Red

(44)

30

Skin

they find the creature created by

FLDSMDFR

(Flint

Lockwood

Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic

Food Replicator) is the group of

mangoes with a

yellow,

red, and

green

skin

that look like the

flamingo that is with the mango’s

body and head, long

legs,

neck,

bill

and

wings

of

leave hunting

for their

food on the river bank.

Long-legged

Long-necked

Bill

Wing

Leave

Hunting

Table 8. Checking list of meaning components of Flamingo, Mango and

Flamango

No

Meaning

Component

Flamingo

Mango

Flamango

1.

Tall

+

-

+

2.

Bird

+

-

-3.

Plumage

+

-

-4.

Long-legged

+

-

+

5.

Long-necked

+

-

+

6.

Crooked

+

-

-7.

Bill

+

-

+

8.

Yellowish

-

+

9.

Red

-

+

10.

Fruit

-

+

11.

Green

-

+

12.

Skin

-

+

13.

Wing

-

+

14.

Leave

-

+

15

Hunting

-

+

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the

writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

[image:44.595.92.513.110.602.2]

(45)

created by FLDSMDFR (Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic

Food Replicator) is the group of mangoes with a yellow, red, and green skin

that look like the flamingo that is tall bird with the mango’s body and head,

long legs, neck, bill and wings of leave hunting for their food on the river

bank. The participants of the utterance are Sam Spark and Flint Lockwood.

Sam Spark: “Look at the mangoes.”

Flint Lockwood: “You mean flamingos.”

Sam Spark: “Flamangoes.”

The creature described in the film is a kind of fruit, mango, with a

yellow, red and green skin. Yet, it has the characteristics of flamingo in which

its body and head made by mangoes, long legs and neck, bill, belongs to class

of bird, wings of leave, gets on together on the river bank and hunts the food.

In the film, the creature made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a

mango that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of

flamingo. The creature is called

flamango

by Sam Spark. Hence, from the

description of the situation,

flamango

is a kind of mango that has a flamingo

like-form.

2. Shrimpanzee

The word

shrimpanzee

is a blend word built up of two morphemes.

The first morpheme is

shrimpand

chimpanzee. Both morphemes, shrimp and

chimpanzee, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It

can be drawn on the formula below.

Shrimpanzee

→ shrimp + chimpanzee

(46)

32

[image:46.595.90.516.149.709.2]

The word

shrimpanzee

is built by two elements, shrimp and

chimpanzee where shrimp appears in full form while chimpanzee is truncated

and left the last element. Then, the first morpheme

shrimp

is combined with

the last element of morpheme

chimpanzee

into a new word. The element

shrimp is the head of the blend where chimpanzee modifies shrimp. Based on

the characteristics of the blend word, the word

shrimpanzee

is classified into

the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left

element of the blend.

Table 9. Process of blend word of Shrimpanzee

Base

Word formation

Process of blend

Shrimp

and

Chimpanzee

Shrimpanzee

Shrimp

+ chimpanzee

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the

table 10 and blend word is on the table 11 using naming technique.

Table 10. Meaning components of base words of Shrimp and Chimpanzee

Base

Words

Meaning Component

as Consulted to

Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Shrimp

Edible

Shrimp

/

ʃ

r

ɪ

mp/

A small free-swimming, typically

marine

edible crustacean

with

ten

legs.

Crustacean

Ten-legged

Chimpanzee

Anthropoid

Chimpanzee

/

ˌ

t

ʃɪ

m.pæn

ˈ

zi

ː

/

An

anthropoid ape

with

large

ears, mainly black coloration, and

lighter skin on the face and native

to west and central Africa.

(47)

[image:47.595.92.513.111.576.2]

Table 11. Meaning components of blend word of Shrimpanzee

Blend

Word

Meaning Component

Based onContext of

the Film

Naming Process

Shrimpanzee

Dish

Flint Lockwood and his friend

board a car as a ship along the

river. After finding the group of

flamangos, they find another

strange creatures. On the top of the

ship, they find the

dish

shrimps

with

red body, being

attractive,

swinging

from one rope to the

others,

and

combining

three

shrimps which are two of them as

its arms with the fingers and the

last

as

its

body

create

a

chimpanzee with an

ape

body.

Red

Attractive

Swinging

Ape

Table 12. Checking list of meaning components of Shrimp, Chimpanzee and

Shrimpanzee

No

Meaning Component

Shrimp

Chimpanzee

Shrimpanzee

1.

Edible

+

-

-2.

Crustacean

+

-

+

3.

Ten-legged

+

-

-4.

Anthropoid

-

+

-5.

Ape

-

+

6.

Large-eared

-

+

-7.

Dish

+

-

+

8.

Red

-

+

9.

Attractive

-

+

10.

Swinging

-

+

writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

(48)

34

combining three shrimps which are two of them as its arms with the fingers

and the last as its body create a chimpanzee with an ape body. The participants

of the utterance are Manny and Brent.

Brent: “There’s a bunch of shrimp.”

Manny: “They look like chimpanzees.”

Brent and Manny: “Shrimpanzees.”

The creature described in the film is a shrimp, a kind of dish, that has

red body yet it is has an ape body that created by three of shrimps in which

two of them as its arms and the last as its body, attractive, can move and swing

from one rope to another.In the film, the creature is found by Brent and he

calls it shrimp then Manny finds that it looks and has characteristics of

chimpanzee. On the story, the creature made by the broken food machine,

FLDSMDFR, is a shrimp, a kind of edible crustacean that mutates to be a

living food and has the characteristics of chimpanzee. The creature described

is called

shrimpanzee

. Hence, based on the description of the situation,

shrimpanzee

is a kind of shrimp that has a chimpanzee like-form.

3. Watermelophant

The word

watermelophant

is a blend word built up of two

morphemes,watermelon

and

elephant. Both morphemes are free morpheme

that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Watermelophant

→ watermelon + elephant

free

(49)

truncated and left the last element. Then, the first element of morpheme

watermelon

is combined with the last element of morpheme

elephant

into a

new word. The element watermelon is the head of the blend where elephant

modifies watermelon. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word

[image:49.595.91.512.169.717.2]

watermelophant

is classified into the firsr type of blend and the left-headed

blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 13. Process of blend word of Watermelophant

Base

Word formation

Process of blend

Watermelon and

Elephant

Watermelophant

Watermelon+ Elephant

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words ison the

Table 14. Meaning components of base words of Watermelon and Elephant

Base

Words

Meaning Component

as Consulted to

Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Watermelon

Fruit

Watermelon

/

ˈ

w

ɑː

.t

̬ɚˌ

mel.ə

n/

The large melon-like

fruit

of an

African plant, with smooth

green

skin,

red pulp, and

watery

juice.

Green-skinned

Red-pulped

Watery

Elephant

Mammal

Elephant

/

ˈ

el.

ɪ

.fə

nt/

A very large plant-eating

mammal

with a prehensile

trunk,

long

curved

ivory

tusks, and

large

ears.

Trunk

Long-tusked

Curved-tusked

(50)

[image:50.595.91.512.112.639.2]

36

Table 15. Meaning components of blend word of Watermelophant

Blend Word

Meaning

Component Based

on Context of the

Film

Naming Process

Watermelophant

Green-skinned

Flint Lockwood and his friend

board a car as the ship along the

river and they down to the

waterfall. They find another

strange creature of a group of

watermelons with

green skin,

round

shape,

red pulp, large

ears, a

tail

of root and leave

and a

trunk

of root that look

like the elephant

sub merging

on the river.

Round

Red-pulped

Ear

Tail

Trunk

Submerging

Table 16. Checking list of meaning components of Watermelon, Elephant and

Watermelophant

No

Meaning

Component

Watermelon

Elephant

Watermelophant

1.

Fruit

+

-

-2.

Green-skinned

+

-

+

3.

Red-pulped

+

-

+

4.

Watery

+

-

-5.

Mammal

-

+

-8.

Trunk

-

+

9.

Long-tusked

-

+

-10.

Curved-tusked

-

+

-11.

Large-eared

-

+

12.

Round

-

+

13.

Tail

-

+

14.

Submerging

-

+

writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

(51)

another strange creature of a group of watermelons with green skin, round

shape, red pulp, large ears of leave and a tail of root and leave and a trunk of

root that looks like the elephant submerging on the river. The participants of

the utterance are Flint Lockwood and his friends.

Flint Lockwood and friends: “Watermelophants.”

The creature described in the film is a watermelon that has the green

skin, round shape and red pulp, yet it has the large ears of leave, a tail of root

and leave and a trunk of root. It is also described has a habitual by submerging

on the water and using its trunk to lift Berry. In the film, the creature also

made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a watermelon that mutates

to be a living food and has the characteristics of elephant. The creature

described is called

watermelophant

. Hence, from the explanation of the

situation,

watermelophant

is a kind of watermelon that has an elephant

like-form.

4. Susheep

The word

susheep

is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is

sushi

and

sheep. Both morphemes are free morpheme that

can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Susheep

→ sushi + sheep

Free free

(52)

38

sheep

into a new word. The element sushi is the head of the blend where sheep

modifies sushi. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word

[image:52.595.90.511.184.722.2]

susheep

is classified into the first type of blend the left-headed blend where

the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 17. Process of blend word of Susheep

Base

Word formation

Process of blend

Sushi and sheep

Susheep

Sushi +

sheep

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the

Table 18. Meaning components of base words of Sushi and Sheep

Base

Words

Meaning Component

Consulted to Oxford

Dictionary

Naming Process

Sushi

Dish

Sushi

/

ˈ

su

ː

.

ʃ

i/

A Japanese

dish

consisting of

small

balls

or rolls of

vinegar-flavored cold

rice

served with a

garnish of

vegetables,

egg, or

raw

seafood.

Ball

Rice

Vegetable

Egg

Raw

Seafood

Sheep

Ruminant

Sheep

/

ʃ

i

ː

p/

A

domesticated

ruminant

mammal

with a

thick

woolly coat,

kept in flocks for its

wool

or meat.

Mammal

(53)

[image:53.595.88.514.115.641.2]

Table 19. Meaning components of blend word of Susheep

Blend

Word

Meaning Component

Based on Context of

the Film

Naming Process

Susheep

Ball

After down to the waterfall and get

Barry, they find a strange creature

of a group of sushi with

balls

of

rice

looking like a

wool, a garnish

of

egg

on the top of the balls of

rice,

seafood

as its head athwart to

the

tail

and

vegetables

that looks

like the sheep moving and

eating

the grass on the meadow near to

the river bank.

Rice

Wool

Egg

Seafood

Tail

Vegetable

Eating

Table 20. Checking list of meaning components of Sushi, Sheep and Susheep

No

Meaning Component

Sushi

Sheep

Susheep

1.

Dish

+

-

+

2.

Ball

+

-

+

3.

Rice

+

-

+

4.

Vege