THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION-SHIFT OF THE ENGLISH NOUN PHRASE USED IN
THE GARFIELD “
TAKES UP SPACE”COMIC
Fit ri Wulandari
English Depart ment , Dian Nusw ant oro Universit y
ABSTRACT
This st udy direct s t o analyze t ranslat ion-shift s of t he English noun phrase in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.The researcher used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod. Based on t he dat a, 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of noun phrases found in t he dat a. The f irst cat egory is Phrase t o Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 49 phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is Phrase t o Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2 phrases or 1,9%. The last cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is 1 phrase or 1% in t his t ype. The researcher does not f ind any phrases in Clause t o Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift .
M oreover, t he researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . By using t he t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. Based on t he dat a, t he most dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases w it h 55,7%; t he second level is Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift w it h 16 phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or 7%.
Keywords
: Noun, Phrase, Shift .INTRODUCTION
Translat ion is t he process of changing speech or w rit ing from one language (source language) int o anot her language (t arget language) (Richard, 1985:299).Translat ion is an import ant phenomenon t hat has a huge effect on everyday life, t hat is w hy t he desire t o know and t o underst and informat ion, namely science, t echnology, and know ledge, t ranslat ing from source language and t arget language is needed. Translat ion is basically a change of form. When t he form of language is spoken, it is referring t o t he act ual w ords, phrases, clauses, sent ences, paragraph, and so on, w hich are spoken or w rit t en. Translat ion is t ransferring an idea, know ledge or purpose from Source language (SL) t o Target language (TL).In t ranslat ion t he form of t he source language is replaced by t he form of recept or t arget language. Translat ion must t ake int o account const raint s t hat include cont ext , t he rules of grammar of t he t w o languages, t heir w rit ing convent ions, and t heir idioms. A common misconcept ion is t hat t here exist s a simple w ord-for-w ord correspondence bet w een any t w o languages, and t hat t ranslat ion is a st raight forw ard mechanical process.
Shift ing is a major concept in sent ence analysis in t ranslat ion. The concept of Shift ing helped us a lot t o learn how a unit of different level can be brought dow n t o creat e int erest ing st ruct ures. The concept of Rank Shift ing does not exist in t radit ional grammar of English. Alt hough, it exist s in all modern grammars of English in t heir ow n part icular w ay e.g. Phrase St ruct ure Grammar labels a shift ing clause as a sent ence. Cat ford (1978: 73) st at es t hat by shift , w e mean t he depart ure is made of from formal correspondence in t he process of going from t he source language t o t he t arget language. Shift s occur w hen t he source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o different grammat ical or phonological form in t he t arget language t ext . Cat ford (1965) st at es t hat t here are t w o major t ypes of shift : level shift s and cat egory shift s.
int rasyst em shift . This st udy is concerned w it h t he t ranslat ion shift analysis of t he English noun phrase int o Bahasa Indonesia.
Translat ion-shift is t he focus of analysis because t he t ranslat or has shift ed t he forms t o keep t he meaning const ant so t hat t he messages can be communicat ive and nat ural. This st udy t ries t o find out t he shift s in form and meaning in t he Bahasa Indonesia t ranslat ion of English noun phrase. This is because t he core of equivalence and shift s are in t he form and meaning. In equivalence and shift s, t he meaning is more import ant t han t he form. Besides t hat , equivalence focuses on cases w here t he language describes t he same sit uat ion by different st ruct ure. How ever, many people are st ill confused in different iat ing t he w ord order in head w ords of t he English and Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases. It is because t he English and Bahasa Indonesia head w ord are not t he same. In Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases, t he head w ord is head-init ial posit ion, w hile in English t he head w ord is head-final posit ion. Therefore, t he core of t he phrase is head w ord, w hich is used t o det ermine t he meaning and t he w ord class. Based on t hat reason, t his st udy is conduct ed t o analyze t ranslat ion-shift s of t he English noun phrase in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.
METHOD
Research Design
This research used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o analyze t he noun phrase const it ut ion and t hen explain if t here w as any shift in t ranslat ion occurred or even t he loss and gain of informat ion occurred in t he t ranslat ion of t he dat a. This st udy used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o st udy t he problem, because t his st udy concern w it h t he meaning of t he w ord in t he dat a.
Data
House (under Ballant ine Books), Universal occasionally Andrew s M cM eel Publishing. Indonesian publishing by Nexx media Inc. in Oct ober 2012.
Unit Analysis
This st udy is focused on Translat ion-shift s of t he English Noun Phrase used in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic. The unit of analysis of t he research t ook 100 noun phrases randomly of t he ut t erances found in Garfield “ Takes Up Space” comic. The Source Language is English, and t he Target Language is Indonesian as t he dat a t o be analyzed.
Data Collection
The dat a w ere collect ed by using document at ion in t he form of Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic, as:searching several comics in t he several w ebsit e and books shop; choosing t he comic; reading t he comic; and finding t he noun phrase.
Data Analysis
In analyzing t he dat a, t he researcher used t he follow ing st eps: comparing t he noun phrases found in t he source t ext (ST) w it h t he t ranslat ion in t he t arget t ext (TT) t o see if t here are shift s t aking place; Ident ifying t he kinds of shift s; and analyzing t he shift s and describing t he reason for each shift
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Level of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic
“Garfield takes up space”No.
Level of Rank Shift
Shift Category
Σ
ƒ
Σ
ƒ%
1. Dow nw ard Rank Shift Clause t o Phrase 0 0
Phrase t o Phrase 49 46,2%
Phrase t o Word 28 26,4%
2
Upw ard Rank Shift Word t o Phrase 2 1,9%Phrase t o Phrase 26 24,5%
Phrase t o Clause 1 1%
Total
106
100
upw ard rank shift ; t here are 28 phrases in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is phrase t o w ord dow nw ard rank shift ; t here are 26 phrases in t his t ype. The fourt h cat egory is w ord t o phrase upw ard shift w it h 2 phrases. The last cat egory is phrase t o clause upw ard rank shift ; t here is 1 phrase in t his t ype. The researcher does not find any phrases in clause t o phrase dow nw ard rank shift .
Next , t he researcher present s t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “Garfield t akes up space”. The most dominant cat egory is st ruct ure shift ; t he second unit shift , t he t hird level is int ra syst em shift , furt hermore t he fort h level is class shift . The t able of frequency of dist ribut ion of each kind of shift cat egory used in “ Garfield t akes up space” can be seen as follow s:
Table 2. Category of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic
“Garfield takes up space”No.
Category of Rank Shift
Σ
ƒ
Σ
ƒ%
1. St ruct ure Shift 59 55,7
2. Unit Shift 23 21,7
3. Int ra Syst em Shift 16 15,1
4. Class Shift 8 7,5
Total
106
100
Downward Rank Shift
There are 75 phrases found as t he dow nw ard rank shift s. Dow nw ard shift s t ake place w hen a source language unit is subst it ut ed by a low er-in-rank t arget language unit . M oreover dow nw ard rank shift is also divided int o clause t o phrase, phrase t o phrase and phrase t o w ord. They are explained below :
Excerpt 1:
Data 6
Page 4, Balloon 3
SL
:
These are t he memories t hat last a life time.TL
:
Perist iw a ini akan diingat seumur hidup.const it ut ed by adject ive (life) + noun (t ime). In t he t arget language, t he noun phrase has const it ut ion of only noun phrase (seumur hidup). M oreover, it can be concluded t hat t he informat ion of definit e pronoun (a) because it is not t ranslat ed int o t he t arget language. Here, t he t ranslat or did not t ranslat e t he definit e pronoun because it is st ill underst andable by t he reader. In addit ion, t he source language w ill be ambigous, because t he t ranslat ion becomes “ sebuah umur hidup”. This rank shift s is called t he st ruct ure shift . Alt hough, t he noun phrase in t arget language is also t ranslat ed int o t he noun phrase in source language. This st ruct ure shift happens due t o dif ferent linguist ic syst em bet w een English and Bahasa Indonesia. The definit e pronoun can be t ranslat ed int o morpheme ‘se-‘ in Bahasa Indonesia w hich has meaning ‘sat u’. The t ranslat or does shift ing t o make t he t arget language is more nat ural and underst andable by t he reader. He uses st ruct ure and grammar of Bahasa Indonesia as adjust ment t ow ard t he t arget language.
Excerpt 2:
Data 18
Page 16
,Balloon 9
SL
:
An imagination is a powerful t ool. It can t int memories of t he past , shade percept ions of t he present , or paint a fut ure so vivid t hat it can ent ice... Or t errify, all depending upon how w e conduct ourseles t oday..TL
:
Imajinasi memang ampuh unt uk menorehkan kenangan masa lampau,membent uk pikiran masa kini, at aupun melukiskan masa yang akan dat ang secara hebat at aupun mengerikan...t ergant ung bagaimana kit a bersikap saat ini...
Upward Rank Shift
There are 29 phrases can be found in t he dat a. It is also divided int o t hree levels; clause t o phrase, phrase t o phrase, phrase t o w ord. The explanat ion can be seen follow :
Excerpt 3:
Data 39
Page 44, Balloon 6
SL
:
But , t he greed just rips myheartstringsTL
:
Namun keserakahan merobek relung hatikuHere, t he form of t he source language is compound noun. It is formed from noun (heart) + noun (st rings). How ever, it can be seen t hat t he t arget language is t ranslat ed becomes noun phrase. The w ord ‘heart sring’ is t ranslat ed int o ‘relung hat iku’. The t arget language noun phrase const it utes int o noun (relung) + noun (hat iku). So, it can be cat egorized as a unit shift s.
Excerpt 5:
Data 19
Page 23, Balloon 4
SL
:
Come on, Garfield. Dad’s gonna t ake us int o t ow n t o see the new stoplight.TL
:
Ayo, Garfield. Ayah mengajak kit a melihat lampu lalu lintas yang baru.linguist ic syst em of Bahasa Indonesia noun phrase does not use t he same syst em as in English language. The noun phrase in English and Bahasa Indonesia are have a different st ruct ure. In English, t he noun phrase const it ut es as det erminer + noun phrase (adject ive+noun), but in Bahasa Indonesia const it ut es as noun phrase + adject ive phrase.
Excerpt 6:
Data 10
Page 9, Balloon 1
SL
:
This is all part of the joy of having pets.TL
:
Ini bagian dari kegembiraan memiliki hew an peliharaan.The English noun phrase is t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language. The noun phrase ‘all part of t he joy pet s’ has t he const it ut ion of det erminer (all) + noun phrase (part of t he joy of having pet s). Then, t he noun phrase is t hen const it ut ed out of t he noun (part y) + noun phrase of (of t he joy of having pet s). The second noun phrase is const it ut ed as det erminer (t he) + noun phrase (joy of having pet s). The noun phrase it self consist s of modifier (joy) + preposit ional phrase (verb, of having) + noun (pet s). M eanw hile in t he t arget language t ext , it becomes a clause w hich has t he const it ut ion of verb (memiliki) + adverb (hew an peliharaan). Therefore, w e know t hat t he t ranslat ion shift occurs in t his dat a, because t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language t ext . And based on t he t heory, t his t ype of shift is called a class shift . Therefore, it can be said t hat t here is an occurrence of t ranslat ion shift in t his dat a in w hich t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o verb phrase in t he t arget language t ext . There is no loss or gain of informat ion in t his t ranslat ion.
CONCLUSION
There are 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of noun phrases found in t he dat a. The first cat egory is Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 49 phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2 phrases or 1,9%. The last cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is 1 phrase or 1% in t his t ype. The researcher does not find any phrases in Clause t o Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift .
The researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “Garfield t akes up space”. By using t he t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. There are some shift in t ranslat ion occurs in t he English noun phrases w hich are also t ranslat ed int o noun phrases in Indonesian as t he t arget language. From t he dat a, t he most dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases or 55,7%; t he second level is Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift or 16 phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or 7%.
REFERENCES
http://linguisticslearner.blogspot.com/2011/09/rank-shifting-in-systemics-functional.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme#Free_vs._bound
http://www.gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php/Bound_Morpinition
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http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.hm
