METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL BY FIRA BASUKI.

METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN

“THE WINDOWS”

NOVEL

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

by :

SYUHADA MUTIA

Registration Number : 8146111065

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

i ABSTRACT

SYUHADA MUTIA. Registration Number: 8146111065. METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL BY FIRA BASUKI. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan, 2016.

ii ABSTRAK

SYUHADA MUTIA. NOMOR REGISTRASI: 8146111065. METAPHOR

OF MODALITY DI NOVEL BERJUDUL “THE WINDOWS” KARANGAN

FIRA BASUKI. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah PascaSarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and

the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing

in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet

Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.

The writer would like to express her deepest thanks and endless

appreciation to her parents, Hamdani and Rozananur, thanks for their praying to

him, their supports and endless loves. Their praying will bring her into the best

future. They will be in her heart whenever and wherever her is.

The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih,

MA., Ph.D. as his first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP as her second

advisor for their patience with me during the production of drafts and revisions,

their thoughtful guidance along the way, their encouragementand support of my

research efforts.

Then, her appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the

Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni,

SS., MS. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who

have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process

of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s profuse appreciation is also addressed to all of lecturers of

the English Applied Linguistics Program of the Graduate Program of State

University of Medan for their assistances and in valuable helps and knowledge

iv

I am grateful for the strong support, shown in so many ways of friends of

LTBI A3 XXIV for all the fun and valuable times have spent together during their

study. Then, last but not least, hergratitude goes to herlover (her soldier) Serda

Dedy Saputra who always give motivated and supported to conduct this Thesis.

Medan, ……… 2016

The Writer,

v

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 12

2.1 Functional Grammar... 12

2.2 Interpersonal Metafunction... 13

vi

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ... .. 44

4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ... 44

4.1.1 Types of Metaphor of Modality ... 44

4.1.2 Realization Metaphor of Modality ... 47

4.1.3 Context of Metaphor of Modality ... 56

4.2 Findings ... 57

4.3 Discussion ... 59

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 63

5.1 Conclusions ... 63

5.2 Suggestions ... 64

REFERENCES ... 66

vii

LIST OF TABLE

Page

1.1 Table of Orientation 16

1.2 Table Types Metaphor of Modality 20

1.3 Table Types of Modality 22

1.4 Table System of Types of Metaphor of Modality 23

1.5 Modality: examples of ‘type’ and orientation combined (realization

of modality in bold) 24

1.6 Three ‘values’ of metaphor of modality 26

1.7 The Proportion of Metaphor of Modality 45

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

The user of language is representing experience by using a clause. The

clause itself represents experience in various aspects in order to be easily

understood by the reader or listener. One of the aspects commonly used by the

writer or speaker in the clause was the use of metaphor of modality. The purpose

was to give flavour or stress to the sentence. This case is always found in the

written or spoken text especially in the speech.

Language was the means of self-expression. It was through language the

humans express their thougts, desires, emotions and feeling. It was through store

knowledge, transmit message, transfer knowledge and experience from one

person to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried by language. It

was through it the humans interact or relate to each other.

Interaction can be done with oral and written. In this case focus on written

language. Many people get some problems when they analyze English written

text. They found difficulties in comprehending many texts such as: newspaper,

magazines, books, tabloids, novel, letters, etc. The difficulties will be clear for the

readers when they try to understand the content of the English text. Many

structure of functional grammar in English Written text, one of them is metaphor

of modality.

The reader or listener always have some problems in understanding a text

on metaphor of modality. This occurs because they do not know the meaning

behind the statement.Consequently, they do not get the idea of the statement

2

delivered. Writing was the way to express the ideas or opinions. Writing was a

means to convey one‟s idea to other; it should be simple and unambiguous. The

readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To comprehend the

English language especially in written text, readers should prepare their

knowledge and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to

guess the meaning of the English written text.

This study addresses to the use of metaphor of modality in a novel entittle

“The Windows” by Fira Basuki. This topic was selected as the subject matter

because three reasons. The first, the phenomenon that happen in the story on the

novel. Fira basuki told about her education experiences from Jakarta until in the

overseas. There was the positive education in her story and it is very good for the

reader.

Second, Fira Basuki‟s novel was choosen because Fira Basuki has written

achievement such as magazine and novel. She has been a very talented writer

since she was in high school. She won out many writing contests held by Gadis

and Tempo, also by Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, LIPI, and FISIP-UI.

She worked in Dewi magazine and became a contributor in some foreign media,

such as Sunflower, Collegio, and Morning Sun (Kansas, USA). She also tried to

be an anchor/host in CAPS-3 TV, Pittsburg, Kansas, and became a

producer/presenter of Radio Singapore International.

The last, this novel was choosen because after I read the previous research

I found that the dominant analysis of metaphor of modality is in speech or orally.

3

analysis of metaphor of modality in novel. From the reasons above, this research

need to be conducted.

The result of previous research if compared with my research is different.

It can be seen from the result of previous research which metaphor of modality

was not conducted from novel. In the previous research, the researcher have found

some international journal to compare with this research. The researcher look for

the finding of the previous research as the guidance to data analysis. The first

journal by Jian Xu (2009), in his thesis analyzed Interpreting Metaphor of

Modality in Advertising English. He found that Based on an introduction to

Halliday‟s theory of modality system and with a focuses on metaphor of modality

and its functions in advertising English, this paper has reached the conclusion that

metaphor of modality can be employed in English advertising to foreground

subjectivity and objectivity, to express politeness and to unite discourse into

cohesion. With the help of this advanced liguistic device, advertisers can arrange

information according to desired modal responsibility in order to avoid relevant

legal responsibility and restriction while establish interpersonal relationshipswith

consumers to exert influences on their attitudes as well as behaviors so as to

correctly convey their communicative intentions and achieve their commercial

purposes.

FENG Cai-yan (2011), in his thesis examined Functions of Metaphors of

Modality in President‟s Radio Addresses. He found that In radio addresses, a large

number of explicit subjective metaphors of modality are adopted to emphasize

Obama‟s strong beliefs so as to present the President‟s good image of being

4

metaphors of modality and nominalization are adopted to disguise the source of

the modality, so that Obama can shirk the responsibility for his personal

judgment. At the same time, Obama uses many explicit subjective metaphors of

modality to express his uncertainty in an attempt to show his caution and

carefulness.

Saragih (2004), He examined “Interpersonal metaphor in Mata Najwa‟S

talk show”. Specifically, dealt with interpersonal metaphor, in this study consist of

two types, namely, metaphor of mood and metaphor of modaly. The total

calculations are the metaphor of mood in Sang Penantang is about 94.85% and

metaphor of modality is about 5.14%. The metaphor of mood in Sengatan Dahlan

is about 95.34% and metaphor of modality is about 4.65%. In the investigating

metaphor of mood is the dominant because the message of the sentences in

political interaction used the patterns of mood which are seen as carrying the

burden for making the different interpretation in the contextual occurences.

Dong (2012), in his thesis he examined “Interpersonal Metaphor in Legal

Discourse: Modality in Cross-examinations”. He found that According to the

analysis of the four samples, we can find that there is great difference between the

lawyer's modality and the witness'. For succeeding in taking the three tactics of

examining, the lawyers are very careful in choosing their words and questions. By

comparison, the lawyers tend to employ more high and median modalities such as

never, would, will, usually and so on, but no subjective modalities come into their

utterances. That means the lawyers speak objectively and with great certain and

5

However, the witnesses are more likely to use more low value modalities,

such as maybe, perhaps, could and so on and they are quite liberal with the

employment of subjective metaphorical modalities with low such as "I think", "I

guess", "I am not sure" and so on. Besides, the witnesses employ the objective

metaphorical modalities with low value like “that's possible”. This shows that the

witnesses like to speak subjectively, with less certainty and more personal

engagement. In the courtroom, being objective and certain means being more

powerful in the linguistic position and more persuasive for the jury. Otherwise,

you will seem less convincing.

Aritonang (2014), in his thesis analyzed “Impacts of Interpersonal

Metaphor on Grammatical Intricacy and Lexical Density in the Text of

Presidential Debate Between Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney”. Based on the

research findings, conclusions are drawn as the following. 1. Two types of

interpersonal metaphor namely metaphor of modality, which comprises high,

medium and low values, and metaphor of mood, namely question and command

are found out. 2. The ratio of GJ is higher in all of the interpersonal metaphor

utterances than that of the congruent codings while the ratio of LD is various in

the sense that in one side the interpersonal metaphor utterances have higher ratio

of LD than that of the congruent codings and on the other side, the interpersonal

metaphor utterances have lower ratio ofLD than that of the congruent cod.ings. 3.

The presidential debate carries with it more features of spoken languages and

6

Valipour and Aidinlou (2014), they examined “An Investigation of

Metaphorical Modality in Barack Obama' Speeches from Systemic Functional

Perspective”. They found that metaphors of modality can be used in public

speeches due to subjectivity and objectivity, directly or indirectly. With the help

of interpersonal metafunction, public speakers can arrange information according

to desired information responsibility in order to establish interpersonal

relationships with listeners to impress their attitudes as well as their thoughts to

convey correctly their communicative intentions and achieve their main purposes

of their speeches.

Those previous studies are relevant to this study the theories and the

finding can give contributions to lead the better understanding on the metaphor of

modality used by the researcher in discourse and pragmatic field. It is expected

that this study will get the original data and metaphor and modality is not only

about the use of modalization and modulation but it can be researched from the

function of metaphor of modality itself. This research different of the previous

study above because different the object of study between the previous study and

this study. So, the result of the research also different from the previous study.

In this case, the researcher not search the metaphor or modality in the

novel, but the researcher is only focus on the metaphor of modality in the novel.

Metaphor of modality are explicit realizations of modal meanings, Martin,

(2003:10). Speakers can express their opinions in separate clauses in various

ways. In metaphor of modality, the grammatical variation which occurs is based

on the logico-semantic relationship of projection. According to Jian Xu (2009:26)

7

unmarked; the latter is incongruent form which is dominant and marked. The

following metaphorical variant is :

- I think it‟s going to rain. Isn‟t it?

In other words as the variant of it‟s probably going to rain, isn‟t it? And

can be represent by other variants of Jhon think it‟s going to rain, doesn‟t he?

Not all language has metaphor of modality. The example of metaphor of

modality in our daily live as “you must go now”. In this case, the metaphor of

modality of “must” used to indicate the metaphorical that means you are required

to go now or you have a requirement to go now. It means that every modality has

special meaning behind a statement.

The example metaphor of modality in novel such as in pages 4 the first

line: “yet I think I have already done more than enough”. This kind include in

probability and subjective (explicit meaning). If seen from subjective (implicit

meaning) it can be “she’ll she have already done more than enough. If seen from

Objective (explicit meaning) it can be “she probably have already done more than

enough”. If seen from objective (implicit meaning)it can be “it isn’t likely she

have already done more than enough”.

In sentence page 6 line 16 “if I start talking about my times at Pittstate I‟ll

never know when to stop!”. It is include in probability and subjective (implicit

meaning). If seen from subjective (explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking my

times at Pittstate I think I never know when to stop!”. If seen from objective

(explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking about my times at Pittstate I probably

never know when I stop!”. And if seen from objective (implicit meaning) it can be

8

In metaphor of modality was very related to the pragmatic. The reader

must know the meaning behind his/her statement based on the situation. With

modality, it was very clear that certain grammatical environments constitute

metaphorical realizations of modality. An example of metaphor in modality from

Halliday (2014:686) I don’t believe that pudding ever will be cooked, where it was

pointed out that I don’t believe isfunctioning as an expression of modality, as can

be shown by the tag, which would be will it?, not do I?. The example was brought

in at that point in order to explain the thematic structure.

The explanation above bring us to some important functions of the

language; firstly, language used as the purposes of communication and social

cooperation. In this function language enables us to influence people‟s behavior in

detail, thereby makes communication and social cooperation pessible. Secondly,

language can also function as an instrument of thought. A philosopher, for

example, uses language to clarify and develop his/her ideas on subject. So, here

language was used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also be

used for an expressive purpose. As an outcome of human social activities,

language plays a variety function in human communication.

Halliday and Matthiesen state there are three basic values for modality;

high, medium, and low (2004:148). With these values a writer can signal their

degree of certainty about the validity of proposition. They will be used to

investigate the writer‟s commitment to the validity of what they are saying. In

other words, different modals express different degree of commitment by the user

of those modal verbs. In other words, modality was a sign that the writer is

9

There are many kinds of written texts, on of them is novel. Many people

who like read the novel from the children, tenageers and adult. In the novel, there

is an interaction between the writer and the reader. In this kind of interaction it

would be quite natural that the writer encoder of the message attempt to anticipate

how the reader is likely to respond to what she/he has to say and employ

accordingly all the language resources available to help the reader interpret the

message as successfully as possible.

Novel tells us the story of the writer. The writer effort in writing to help

the readers decode and interpret the message successfully. Harpercollins (2012:

29) says that “novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape

means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting”.

A novel was a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel

has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually

dependent. Novel is narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that

including some figures and fiction event. The intrinsic elements of novel are plot,

setting characterization, point of view, and theme.

Every story in plot, setting characterization, point of view and theme have

so many the use of functional grammar. One of them was metaphor of modality.

The researcher only focus on the used of metaphor of modality. In this novel used

metaphor of modality, therefore the researcher take novel as the object of the

research. Metaphor of modality has four types such as: probability, usuality,

obligation and inclination. All of types divided into subjective (explicit and

10

So, in this case, the novel entittle “The Windows” by Fira Basuki was

choosen as the object of this research because the reasons explained above. In this

study, the researcher selected sentence by sentence in novel to know types of

metaphor of modality, the dominant types of metaphor of modality, and the

context of metaphor of modality used in novel.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the problems are as in the

following.

1. What types of metaphor of modality used in the novel?

2. How is metaphor of modality realized in the novel?

3. In what context the metaphor of modality used in the novel?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are.

1) to investigate types of metaphor of modality used in novel,

2) to describe linguistic realization of metaphor of modality used in novel,

and

3) to reason the context of metaphor of modality used in novel.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

The study is focused on finding out and analyzing metaphor of modality

sentences in „The Windows‟ novel.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to

11

1. Theoretically, the findings potentially add up more horizons to the readers

on the use of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English, and to add

information to the reader that metaphor of modality also related to the

pragmatic.

2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for students and

linguists. By reading the findings of this research, they are expected to

know how to analyze of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English

and this study can be guidance for the further research who wants to

66

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