ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR IN PSALM SECTION 1 TO 119 OF
BIBLE
A PAPER
WRITEN
BY:
DESI R. SARI KABAN
REG.NO. 122202014
ENGLISH DIPLOMA III STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
i
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
I am, DESI RATNA SARI KABAN, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person's work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
ii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : DESI RATNA SARI KABAN
Title of Paper : ANALYSIS OF METAPHORIN IN PSALM SECTION 1 TO 119 OF BIBLE
Qualification : D-III/ AhliMadya Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
iii ABSTRACT
iv ABSTRAK
Kertaskarya yang berjudul Analysis of Metaphors in Psalm section 1 to 119 of
Bible ini membahas metafora yang ada dalam kitab mazmur dan menganalisa
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.
vi
thanks to very special someone and very precious to me, who takes care of me,the one who loves me, Febry Bangun, for he is the most meritorious someone and always help me,help me in all matter, material, energy, and though during I do this paper. I would like to thank to all of my big family, I really love them all. I would like to thank to my best friend in Solidas, and thanks awfully for my close friend, Bonifasia (Miss of Lecturer), Debby Maria (miss of fashion design), Lestari Tarpat, Margaret ( queen of vegetables), Marlina(Miss Galau), Rolly Crist (the Miss Universe), and the last one Princess wenny. They are the best friend who always together with me in good and bad times, who always gives breathe into my life and advise me. All of you are reasons for I can be a successful woman. Thank you to all people who always help me a lot solve to finishall problems in this paper, thank you for your kindness. Thank you for all. To all my classmates in SOLIDAS'12 whose names can't be mentioned one by one, thank for their help and support for spending our great. Finally, may this paper be advantageous for the readers. May the grace and love of the Lord, Jesus Christ are with us all forever. Amen.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRACT ... iii
ABSTRAK ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
1. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 7
1.3 The Purpose of the Study ... 7
1.4 The Reason for Choosing This Topic ... 7
1.5 The Scope of the Study ... 8
1.6 Method of the Study ... 8
1.7 Draft of Method of Study ... 9
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 10
2.1 Semantics ... 10
2.2 Meaning ... 13
2.3 Figurative Language ... 14
2.4 Metaphor ... 16
2.4.1 The Creation of Similarity of Metaphor ... 18
2.4.2 Classification of Metaphor ... 20
3. RESEARCH METHOD ... 23
3.1 Methods ... 23
3.2 Research Method ... 23
3.2.1 Research Design ... 23
3.2.2 Object of the Research ... 24
3.2.3 Data Sources ... 24
3.2.4 Method of Data Collection ... 24
3.2.5 Method of Data Analysis ... 25
4. DATA FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 26
viii
4.2 Data Analysis ... 32
4.3 Findings ... 74
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 77
5.1 Conclusions ... 77
5.2 Suggestions ... 78
REFERENCES ... 80
APPENDIX ... 82
iii ABSTRACT
iv ABSTRAK
Kertaskarya yang berjudul Analysis of Metaphors in Psalm section 1 to 119 of
Bible ini membahas metafora yang ada dalam kitab mazmur dan menganalisa
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
People can’t live without communication. They can’t communicate without language. “Language touches every part of our lives; it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings, it is a rich and varied
human ability. Language is deeply a part of all of life.”(Kottler, Barnet and Light, Martin. 1967).
Language is interesting to learn, because it is closed with human’s life.We use language and respond to it all the time but in many different ways. We can do many activities by language. Such as, reading. We can read a Bible and listen to a bible because language makes us understand it. We also can use language to communicate with others.
The English wor
Latin biblia, from the same word i
fromta biblia the books (singular βιβλίονbiblio
is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in Medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγ ια ta biblia ta hagia, the holy books.
2
have produced different largely overlap however, creating an important common core.
The appropriate term to describe Judaism's scriptures is the terms Bible and Old Testament are commonly used by non-Jews to describe Judaism's scriptures. While there is just one Jewish Bible, collected together and preserved as the sacred books of the Jewish people, the contents of each of the Christian compilations of canonical texts of the different Christian traditions. Jewish scripture was (and is) originally written in Hebrew, the Christia more and the containing original 24 books of the Tanakh in a different order.
century and referred to them as "holy," or in Hebrew שׁ ֶדֹקַּה י ֵבְתִכּ (Kitveihakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible", in Greek (τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγια,
tàbiblíatàágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή, e AgíaGraphḗ). In the 13th century by 16th century into verses by French printe
3
10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the
The Bible is a collection of 66 books written by about 40 authors, in three different languages, on three different continents, and over approximately 1600 years. The Bible claims to be inspired and inerrant. This means that the Bible claims to be from God and that it is without error in everything it addresses. The bible describes the origin of man in the Garden of Eden along with his fall into sin and out of fellowship with God. It then describes how God called out a special people to Himself, the Israelites. He promised the Israelites a future Messiah who would restore mankind’s relationship with God. The bible is the account of the work of God in history bringing to fruition His prophetic declarations concerning Jesus. Jesus was born of the Virgin, died on the cross, and paid for sins, just as the Bible prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament.
The Old Testament features more than 24 books of the original Hebrew Bible, and deliberately in a divergent order. Moreover, there are a number of different versions of the Christian Bible, with different selections of books, as well as different ordering and naming of books, or incorporation of that all their books were originally written in Greek. The Old Testament books written by the prophets such as Moses, David, Isaiah, etc. There are 4 parts of Bible:
4
2. Historical Books—12 books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First Kings, Second Kings, First Chronicles, Second Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther.
3. Poetical—5 books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon
4. Prophetical—17 books:
1. Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel.
2. Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.
The second part of the Bible is call seven books originally written i Testament is divided into the four twenty-one Testament books written by those who knew Jesus or were under the guidance of those who did. There are three parts of New Testament:
1. Historical Books—5 books: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts.
2. Pauline Epistles—13 books: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon.
5
All Parts of Bible have meaning. Every books of it has its own meaning. When we read Bible, we understand it because it has meaning. Semantics as a subfield of linguistics is the study of meaning in language. Semantics deal with the meaning of words, and how the meanings of sentences are derived from them. In order to understand what meaning in language is, it is important to realize that it is a multifaceted phenomenon; different aspects of meaning need to be explained in different ways, so they are studied differently and are governed by different theories. In semantic, there are two kinds of meaning, these are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is the real meaning of words. Non- literal meaning is unreal meaning of words, it is called figurative language that include of metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes, etc. David Crystal (1999:116) says, “Figurative language is an expressive use Of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest illuminating Comparisons and resemblances.” Figurative language is a way of human to express their feeling in words. It has its own hidden images what makes people try to find the ordinary meaning.
6
relation in another group.” Metaphor has simple structure. It built on comparison of two things. There is a thing as an object and there is a thing other as comparison.
The writer is a Christian and I like to read Bible. Bible is a book which full of words of God.And Psalm is one of letter words of God on Bible which has many metaphors sentences.When the writer reads the Bible especially in Psalm letter, the writer finds many metaphors there. And the writer wants to know about the kinds and meanings of metaphor which in the Psalm on Bible .There following are some examples of metaphors in Psalm:
Psalm 23:1 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
Psalm 3 : 4 But You, O LORD, are a shield for me, My glory and the One
who lifts up my head.
In the first example, literally shepherd means someone who keeps and takes care of his livestock. A shepherd always gives food to his livestock and save them from dangerous. But metaphorically, for this verse, shepherd explains God’s personality, Who is Responsible, care us, love us and bring us to right place and keep us from evil. He willingly crucified to atone for human sin. Because Lord does not want us falling in devil’s hand. He likes to save us from death to everlasting life. Our Lord very love us, we are his.
7
In this paper, the writer is interested to describe about metaphor which is found in Psalm of David of Bible, which used metaphor to expressing the words of God through the sections and verse of Psalm. The writer likes to analyze it and shares it to readers.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
When the writer read Bible especially in Psalm of David, the writer find many metaphors, and therefore the writer wants to know:
1.What metaphors are in Psalm of David on Bible?
2.What are the meaning of each metaphor found in verses of Psalm of David ?
1.3The Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study in writing this paper is to find what metaphors in Psalm are, and understand the meaning of it.
1.4 The reason for Choosing This Topic
8 1.5The Scope of the Study
This paper is focused in metaphor of Psalm of David of Bible, although there are many aspects that can be discussed in Psalm of Bible. The writer likes to analyze metaphors in Psalm of David and analyze its meaning.
1.6Method of the Study
9 1.7 Draft of Method of Study
The writer
Data Sources: -Bible
-Reference books -Internet
Data analysis: The verses of Psalm of Bible.
Read the verses of Psalm List the verses which use the
Metaphor Search information
about metaphor in books.
Get the Conclusion
Analyze the meaning of metaphors
Mark and select the Metaphors
10
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Semantics
Semantics is a branch of linguistics which study about meaning of words and sentence. Semantics deal with all aspects that related with language. In this case, the problem of semantics is meaning. In semantics we can learn all aspect of meaning. Definition of meaning, figure of meaning, types of meaning, changed of meaning, and all of characteristics of meaning. In the other hand, object of semantics is meaning. Semantics is a wide knowledge because touch aspects of structure and function of language with the result that it can be related with some sciences.
There are some definitions of semantics given by some linguist for get clearer understanding on semantics:
1. John I. Saeed (2009). Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language.
2. Bauerle (1979:195). Semantics conclude that language including of structure which is presented meaning if it is connected with an object in experience of human’s life.
3. Lyons (1977:1) Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning. 4. Verhaar (1981: 9) Semantics is the theory of meaning or significance, i.e.
Systematic language branch which investigates the meaning or significance.
11
and function of language that can be connected with psychology, philosophy and anthropology.
6. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.20 (1996: 313) Semantics is the study of relationship between a linguistics distinction with the relationship of mental and symbols in speech activities.
Semantics was introduced by M. Breal in 1883. Term of semantics was adapted from French language term Semantique, which was absorbed from Greek language. Semantics was introduced in 19thcentury as subfield of linguistics. Although semantics had known in 17th century, it was introduced in 1894 by American Philological Association.
Verhaar (1983: 124) describe level of semantics in linguistics in a scheme:
Context
Syntactic
Morphology
Morphophonology
Phonology
……… Semantics
Context meaning
Grammatical meaning
Lexical meaning
Influence changed of meaning
Its unit distinguishes of meaning
12
From the scheme we can see the position of semantics in linguistics as a systematic language branch which investigates the meaning or significance and Object of semantic is meaning. In the scheme, visible the points between semantic and another unit, that means there is no connection between reference, symbol, and meaning.
We have known, semantics is study of language and the object is meaning and the meaning can studied from any theories, especially in linguistics. From theory about semantic, there are some types of semantics:
1. Behaviorist Semantics 2. Descriptive Semantics 3. Generative Semantics 4. Grammatical Semantics 5. Historical Semantics 6. Lexical Semantics 7. Logical Semantic 8. Structural Semantic
13 2.2Meaning
Language is close with meaning. It is dynamic and always developed; it means meaning is developed, too. Meaning is a thing that can understand. When someone understands and coherence about something is called meaning. In language, when speaker talking to the hearer, thing which is received by hearer is meaning of words or language what speaker say. Hearer receives and understands what the speaker talking about, that is thing which is called meaning. If someone mention word “horse”, certainly we can imagine figure of a horse.
Kottler, Barnet and Light, Martin. 1967. On their book The world of Words. Say, Fundamental to an understanding of language is recognition of change. Language must constantly renew itself. Because the educated man must know the tradition of his civilization, he should review the history of words and their changes.
Thomas W. Stewart,Jr. and Nathan Vaillete (2001) on their book Language Files; Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Say, In order to understand what meaning in language is, it is important to realize that it is a multifaceted phenomenon; different aspects of meaning need to be explained in different ways, so they are studied differently and are governed by different theories.
14
Describe sentence scientifically. (iii) Explain the meaning in communication process (Kempson, 1977:11)
In Kempson opinion, he explains three aspects that can find in meaning: 1. Word
2. Sentence
3. What the speaker need to communicate.
People can open dictionary to get the meaning of a word; however, it is not possible to forever if people always open the dictionary to get meaning of word that they can understand. And it is not a must someone has to open the dictionary to communicate. In daily life of human, it is difficult for people to apply meaning that is in dictionary, because meaning of a word in a sentence often moves. In the other word, sometimes a word has wide meaning. This thing can be find if someone be faced with idiom, figure of language, metaphor, and trope.
2.3Figurative Language
15
illuminating comparisons and resemblances. Figurative language contains a hidden meaning to express a word and used to special effect feeling. For example, the uses of word ‘face’ in sentence Mrs. Lana can face her problem by herself refers to ability solve something. Figuratively, this sentence means Mrs. Lana can solve her problem by herself. This is an unusual way of coding experience. Literally, the uses of word face can find in sentence she has beautiful face refers to a part of human's body. Using figurative language to describe or convey the idea of writer is more effective and unique, the writer use symbol or reveal the meaning indirectly. It also creates poetic nuance in writing which make it more beautiful. We are not only finding figurative language in poem, song, or novel but also in conversation of our day life. Indirectly, figurative language also increases varieties of words, which is increase creativity of writer in writing.
There are some definitions of figurative language according to the experts: 1. Bekson and Ganz (1957:80)state, “Figurative language is language which
makes use of certain devices called ‘figure of speech’, most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language.
2. Shaw (1985: 251) states figurative language often vivid and imaginative can add color and clarity, vigor and effectiveness to writing.
16
4. John F. Genung (1893) described figurative language as an international deviation from the plain and ordinary mode of speaking, for the sake of greater effect.
All the definitions of figurative language above are different in the way of explanation but have the same meaning. The term figurative language has traditionally referred to language which differs from everyday, nonliterary usage. Figures were seen as stylistic ornaments with which writers dressed up their language to make it more entertaining, and to classify the meaning they wanted to convey.
Figurative language contains images, and writer use it to describe something through unusual comparison, for effect, interest, and make it reader or listener interested to find the real meaning and force the reader or listener to think and imagine the meaning. There are more than 10 kinds of figurative language. The types of figurative expressions which are going to be explained are simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, hyperbole, apostrophe, allegory, parable, paradox, and irony. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or understatement, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors.
2.4Metaphor
Word of metaphor in English derived from the 16th-century
métaphore, which comes from themetaphora, "carrying over",
17
and from meta + pherein, meaning “to bear” in english. Over the years, the theory of metaphor has developed and deepened. In the early 1980s, Lakoff and Kovecses showed that the system of metaphors for anger arose, across languages and cultures, from the physiology of anger itself (Lakoff 1987; Kovecses 1986, 1990). By the early 1990s, a whole new level of metaphor analysis was discovered that called deep analysis.
Metaphor is a type of figures of speech that analog two things directly. It is comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between them. On the other hand, a
common definition of a metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows
how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important
way.
Keraf ( 1998:19 ) says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word : like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.
Barnhart (1995:118) says, “A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a likeness.”
lakoff and johnson (1980), lakoff (1987, 1993), and johnson (1987) say that, metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking processes.
18
that it involves the identification of resemblances, but that metaphor goes further by causing a transference, where properties are transferred from one concept to another.
Conceptually, metaphor is development of our language in our daily life. It is closely related with experience. Actually, indirectly we often create something strange word in our communication of our life. When a boy rescue a girl, that girl says to that boy "you are my hero". We like to compare something to something else that has equals characteristic.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) (in their book Metaphors we live by) described, "Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." They explain how a metaphor simply understands and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. And they call this concept as conduit metaphor.
2.4.1 The Creation of Similarity of Metaphor
Saeed (2009) on his book semantic, 3rd ed. Say, Metaphor has traditionally been viewed as the most important from of figurative language use, and is usually seen as reaching its most sophisticated forms in literary or poetic language.
Up to George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) (in their book Metaphors we live by) we can summarize the ways in which metaphors create similarities as follows:
19
an industrial culture such as ours there is a correlation between the amount of time a task takes and the amount of labor it takes to accomplish the task. This correlation is part of what allows us to view time and labor metaphorically as resources and hence to see a similarity between them. It is important to remember that correlations are not similarities. Metaphors that are based on correlations in our experience define concepts in terms of which we perceive similarities.
2. Conventional metaphors of the structural variety (e.g., ideas are food) may be based on similarities that arise out of orientation and ontological metaphors. As we saw, for example, IDEAS ARE FOOD is based on IDEAS ARE OBJECTS (ontological) and THE MIND IS A CONTAINER (ontological and orientational). A structural similarity between IDEAS and FOOD is induced by the metaphor and gives rise to metaphorical similarities (ideas and food can be swallowed, digested, and devoured, can provide nourishment, etc.).
3. New metaphors are mostly structural. They can create similarities in the same way as conventional metaphors that are structural. That is, they can be based on similarities that arise from ontological and orientation metaphors.
20
and defines a structural similarity between the entire range of highlighted experiences and the range of experiences involved in producing collaborative works of art. There may be isolated similarities between love and art experiences that are independent of the metaphor, but the metaphor allows us to find coherence in these isolated similarities in terms of the overall structural similarities induced by the metaphor.
5. Similarities may be similarities with respect to a metaphor. As we saw, the love is a collaborative work of art metaphor defines a unique kind of similarity. For example, a frustrating love experience may be understood as being similar to a frustrating art experience not merely by virtue of being frustrating but as involving the kind of frus-tration peculiar to jointly producing works of art.
2.4.2 Classification of Metaphor
According to Goatly (1997:126), there are eight classification of metaphor as in following:
21 (2) Inactive metaphor (dead Metaphor)
Inactive metaphor is referred to directly through a conventional and fixed meaning of v-term and vehicle is available, but ill wired in parallel under normal processing, otherwise the topic concept so predictable. E.g. Red substitutes the bravery and strength. Here, the bravery and strength modifies the main subject red. The topic red refers to conventional meaning of the vehicle the bravery and strength.
(3) Subjective Metaphor
Subjective metaphor is the description of metaphor because the speaker has the different ideological or physical view of the word from the hearer or some which involve the presentation of another speaker‟s thought or representation. e.g. you are child to me. Here, child modifies the main subject „you‟
(4) Mimetic Metaphor
This metaphor extends to non verbal expression straying beyond linguistic text into visual aid plastic art. It demands the reader to imagine a word in which the assertions or descriptions are literally true. e.g. The stars had a smile on the sky. Here, a smile modifies the main subject the stars.
(5) Phenomenalistic Metaphor
22 (6) Precision Metaphor
It is the process or quality that is made more precise by being related through modification, to a specific first order identity. e.g. my cry for help was the cry of the rat when a terrier shakes it. Here, the cry of the rat modifies the main subject, my cry for help.
(7) Symbolism Metaphor
It is a particular kind of substitution of the interpretation. e.g. Do not count your chicken before they are hatched. Here, chicken is the substitution to interpret the meaning of the metaphor.
(8) Approximate Metaphor
23
3. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 Methods
Method of analysis is an important thing of scientific studies in analyzing the problems of research .It is important for a researcher to determine the research method that they would like to use in conducting a research. According to Sudaryanto (1993:9)., A method is a kind of systematical work plan in order to make the research work become easier, so that it can achieve its main purpose. There are some parts of data research of analysis method. Nawawi ( 1991: 30 ) divides types of research into three parts; laboratory research, library research, and field research.
In this chapter, the writer would like to explain the research method which is used by the writer of this paper. Research method is consist of research design, object of the research, data source, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.
3.2 Research Method 3.2.1 Research Design
24
of David and explained the meaning of the metaphor which is found in psalm of David.
3.2.2 Object of the Research
According to Arikunto (2002:102), population is the whole number of the subjects or people under observation in a research. Koentjaraningrat (1997:115) says that, population is the whole research data.
In this case, the population of this analysis research is all verse that contain metaphor in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David in New King James Version Bible published by The Indonesian Bible Society. The researcher will take some verses of sections as the data viewed from the using of metaphor in psalm of David of Bible.
3.2.3 Data Sources
The sources of the data of this analysis research are the selected section and verses in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David. The data are the verses which contain of Metaphor.
3.2.4 Method of Data Collection
According to Koentjaraningrat, documentation is a method used to get data about some variables like magazine, recording, book and letter (1985: 64). In this research, the writer use selected verses in Psalm of Bible which is focused in Psalm of David as the data source. Then, the writer takes the data focused on the use of Metaphor in Psalm of David.
25 3.2.5 Method of Data Analysis
There following procedures are the term of data analyzed: a. Data Collection
In this step the writer reads the Psalm of Bible. After that, the writer is selected Psalm of David as the object of research.
b. The identification
After collecting the data, the writer Search information about metaphor in books, find the metaphor in verses of Psalm of David.
c. Data Analysis
26
4. DATA FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA FINDINGS
In this part, the writer will show the selected data of research which is taken from Psalm of Bible and focused in Psalm of David. These following are the selected data:
1. Psalm 3 : 3 But You, O Lord, are a shield for me, My glory and the One who lifts up my head.
2. Psalm 3 : 4 I cried to the Lord with my voice, And He heard me from His holy hill. Selah
3. Psalm 5 : 2 Give heed to the voice of my cry, My King and my God, For to You I will pray.
4. Psalm 5 : 9 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; Their inward part is destruction; Their throat is an open tomb; They flatter with their tongue. 5. Psalm 7 : 10 My defense is of God, Who saves the upright in heart.
6. Psalm 7 : 11 God is a just judge, And God is angry with the wicked every day.
7. Psalm 8 : 5 For You have made him a little lower than the angels, And You have crowned him with glory and honor.
8. Psalm 8 : 6 You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under his feet,
27
10.Psalm 9 : 11 Sing praises to the Lord, who dwells in Zion! Declare His deeds among the people.
11.Psalm 9 : 14 T hat I may tell of all Your praise In the gates of the daughter of Zion. I will rejoice in Your salvation.
12.Psalm 12 : 2 They speak idly everyone with his neighbor; With flattering lips and a double heart they speak.
13.Psalm 12 : 6 The words of the Lord are pure words, Like silver tried in a furnace of earth, Purified seven times.
14.Psalm 14 : 6 You shame the counsel of the poor, But the Lord is his refuge. 15.Psalm 14 : 7 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion!
When the Lord brings back the captivity of His people, Let Jacob rejoice and Israel be glad.
16.Psalm 16 : 5 O Lord, You are the portion of my inheritance and my cup; You maintain my lot.
17.Psalm 18 : 1 To the Chief Musician. A Psalm of David the servant of the Lord, who spoke to the Lord the words of this song on the day that the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul. And he said: I will love You, O Lord, my strength.
18.Psalm 18 : 2 The Lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer; My God, my strength, in whom I will trust; My shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.
28
20.Psalm 18 : 46 The Lord lives! Blessed be my Rock! Let the God of my salvation be exalted.
21.Psalm 19 : 14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart Be acceptable in Your sight, O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer.
22.Psalm 20 : 2 May He send you help from the sanctuary, And strengthen you out of Zion;
23.Psalm 23 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. 24.Psalm 24 : 10 Who is this King of glory? The Lord of hosts, He is the King
of glory. Selah
25.Psalm 25 : 5 Lead me in Your truth and teach me, For You are the God of my salvation; On You I wait all the day.
26.Psalm 25 : 10 All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth, To such as keep His covenant and His testimonies.
27.Psalm 26 : 10 In whose hands is a sinister scheme, And whose right hand is full of bribes.
28.Psalm 27 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord is my light and my salvation; Whom shall I fear? The Lord is the strength of my life; Of whom shall I be afraid?
29.Psalm 28 : 9 Save Your people, And bless Your inheritance; Shepherd them also, And bear them up forever.
30.Psalm 29 : 4 The voice of the Lord is powerful; The voice of the Lord is full of majesty.
29
32.Psalm 32 : 7 You are my hiding place; You shall preserve me from trouble; You shall surround me with songs of deliverance. Selah
33.Psalm 34 : 10 The young lions lack and suffer hunger; But those who seek the Lord shall not lack any good thing.
34.Psalm 35 : 17. Lord, how long will You look on? Rescue me from their destructions, My precious Life from the lions.
35.Psalm 36 : 6 Your righteousness is like the great mountains; Your judgments are a great deep; O Lord, You preserve man and beast.
36.Psalm 36 : 8 They are abundantly satisfied with the fullness of Your house, And You give them drink from the river of Your pleasures.
37.Psalm 36 : 9 For with You are the fountain of life; In Your light we see light.
38.Psalm 39 : 3 My heart was hot within me; While I was musing, the fire burned. Then I spoke with my tongue:
39.Psalm 39 : 11 When with rebukes You correct man for iniquity, You make his beauty melt away likea moth; Surely every man is vapor. Selah
40.Psalm 40 : 2 He also brought me up out of a horrible pit, Out of the miry clay, And set my feet upon a rock, And established my steps.
41.Psalm 53 : 6 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When God brings back the captivity of His people, Let Jacob rejoice and Israel be glad.
30
43.Psalm 57 : 1 To the Chief Musician. Set to 'Do Not Destroy.' A Michtam of David when he fled fromSaul into the cave.Be merciful to me, O God, be merciful to me! For my soul trusts in You; And in the shadow of Your wings I will make my refuge, Until these calamities have passed by.
44.Psalm 57 : 4 My soul is among lions; I lie among the sons of men Who are set on fire, Whose teeth are spears and arrows, And their tongue a sharp sword.
45.Psalm 58 : 6 Break their teeth in their mouth, O God! Break out the fangs of the young lions, O Lord!
46.Psalm 59 : 9 I will wait for You, O You his Strength; For God is my defense;
47.Psalm 59 : 17 To You, O my Strength, I will sing praises; For God is my defense, My God of mercy.
48.Psalm 60 : 7 Gilead is Mine, and Manasseh is Mine; Ephraim also is the helmet for My head; Judah is My lawgiver.
49.Psalm 60 : 8 Moab is My washpot; Over Edom I will cast My shoe; Philistia, shout in triumph because of Me."
50.Psalm 61 : 3 For You have been a shelter for me, A strong tower from the enemy.
51.Psalm 62 : 7 In God is my salvation and my glory; The rock of my strength, And my refuge, is in God.
31
53.Psalm 63 : 10 They shall fall by the sword; They shall be a portion for jackals.
54.Psalm 64 : 6 They devise iniquities: "We have perfected a shrewd scheme." Both the inward thought and the heart of man are deep.
55.Psalm 68 : 5 A father of the fatherless, a defender of widows, Is God in His holy habitation.
56.Psalm 68 : 23 They have seen Your procession, O God, The procession of my God, my King, into The sanctuary.
57.Psalm 69 : 4Those who hate me without a cause Are more than the hairs of my head; They are mighty who would destroy me, Being my enemies wrongfully; Though I have stolen nothing, I still must restore it.
58.Psalm 69 : 12 Those who sit in the gate speak against me, And I am the song of the drunkards.
59.Psalm 101 : 4 A perverse heart shall depart from me; I will not know wickedness.
60.Psalm 103 : 14 For He knows our frame; He remembers that we are dust. 61.Psalm 108 : 4 For Your mercy is great above the heavens, And Your truth
reaches to the clouds.
62.Psalm 110 : 1 A Psalm of David. The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool."
32 4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
The source data to be analyzed are taken from the Psalm of Holy Bible and the selected Psalm is Psalm of David. The writer will be analyzed the data based on Metaphor according to Keraf ( 1998:19 ). Keraf says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word: like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.In this paper, the writer found many figurative languages in Psalm of David. That’s why we have to find the figurative meaning to get the proper or suitable understanding of the sentence in verse of Psalm of David.
TABLE
Data analysis of metaphor in selected verses of Psalm of David
33
protects us from all dangerous. It means ability of God to protect us.
2 And He heard me from His holy hill.
34
heaven, holy, big, strength and sturdy. It symbolizes the place full of love; there is no hated mind, grace and mercy. So, the power of lethal cannot touch empire of heaven.
3 Give heed to the voice of my cry, My King and my God
My King In this sentence, God is compared with king. As we know, king is the most someone who has big power and has influence, king also a strong man, and represent a leader. It is a symbol of God. He is owner and creator entire of world content. He who has throne in empire of heaven and as government in the world. God top kick arrange life of His people. God have rights of human life and all decision there is in God hand.
4 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; Their
Their inward part is destruction;
35 inward part is
destruction; Their throat is an open tomb;
Their throat is an open tomb;
Metaphorically, This symbolized unrighteous someone and does not has good attitude. Their brain always think bad things.The second metaphor is their throat is an open tomb. Literally, we can see that according to dictionary by Meriam Webster, tomb is a building or chamber above or below the ground in which a dead body is kept. Grave is carcass place or dead body. Meanwhile, throat is the tube inside the neck that leads to the stomach and lungs’ the front part of the neck. But metaphorically it is a symbol about people who take a fancy to rot. Do not like to say downrightly. it device of people who eat ill gotten food and work from illicit way.
5 My defense is of God, Who saves the upright in heart.
My defense is of God
36
of protecting something from attack, criticism, etc. And metaphorically, God is shelter from all danger. He will save His oppressed people. The help will directly solve our problems because God understands and knows what we need and His help never be late. He will make all right in that time.
6 God is a just judge, And God is angry with the wicked every day
God is a just judge
37
punishment. He is wise and a fair God in seeing every case. God see what we do, good and or bad. There's nothing hidden for Him. He knows all truth.
7 You have crowned him with glory and honor.
Crowned him with glory and honor.
38 things under his
feet,
under his feet, with the lovingkindness of Lord to human. Metaphorically, this clause means God give right to human to use all His creation. God award brain for human being to think. So that human can explore natural resources to fullfill requirement of human because God is very loves us, His people.
9 The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed, A refuge in times of trouble.
a refuge for the oppressed, A refuge in times of trouble.
The Word of refuge is a symbol which is compared with God. According to Meriam Webster dictionary word refuge means shelter or protection from danger or trouble: a place that provides shelter or protection. It is same like personality of our God. God will always become a save place to people who trust and hope to Him. His Kindliness has never changed. He will remain to take care of His people.
39 Lord, who dwells
in Zion!
Zion! Zion!' symbolizes the heaven, it a place of God to reside. The city that God has prepared for the people trust in God and to the faithful people. Sion is peaceful place for the people of God choice.
11 That I may tell of all Your praise In the gates of the daughter of Zion
In the gates of the daughter of Zion
This clause is belonging to the metaphor; because this clause is intend to symbolize the gate of Heaven. Daughter of Sion mean all resident of Israel who also represent symbol of God’s people, they are who trust in name of Jesus Christ.
12 They speak idly everyone with his neighbor; with flattering lips and a double heart they speak.
Flattering lips and a double heart.
There are two metaphors in this verse. Flattering lips is a phrase which is compared to someone
40
beautiful things but its fact on the contrary. Meanwhile, double heart is compared to someone that unfaithfully people, someone who has cunning mind and plans bad things and also represent character of unbelievable people. 13 The words of the
Lord are pure words
41 14 But the Lord is his
refuge
Lord is his refuge
According to Meriam Webster dictionary word refuge means shelter or protection from danger or trouble: a place that provides shelter or protection As we know the Word of refuge is a protection place. It is a symbol which is compared with God. It is same like personality of our God. God become benefactor for every problem. He always have the way to help, he always have the way of inscrutable in every overcoming the problem of human being. There's nothing imposible to Him.
15 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion!
come out of Zion
Sion is device for Place of God, or for the people of Allah, where God stay with them. And Place of God shade together with people who love him and following God’s way by their heart and do not manipulate.
42 portion of my
inheritance and my cup
inheritance and my cup
43
give abundance blessing for us. 17 I will love You, O
Lord, my strength.
My strength In this verse, God is symbolized as strength of human. God is strength for every one who require. God have never left His people. He devoted to always help and become arm rest to every weak people.
18 The Lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer; My God, my strength, in whom I will trust; shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.
44
45
in pairs, on the heads of some animals, such as sheep, and cows. Horns are often curved. Figuratively it means Jesus becomes the Leader of human who brings all the people to the Salvation from the Lord through His suffering in the world. God volunteer give His soul, because He really love us. So that, He is crucified to redeem human's sin and save them from lethal.So, those phrases are to symbolize the action of God.
19 As for God, His way is perfect; The word of the Lord
Literally, the word proven deals with anything that is good, holy, and honest. It is related to compare the characteristic or quality of word of the Lord. God has never impinged His promise. He surely coincide every His promise. Word of God is never wrong.
46 Blessed be my
Rock! Let the God of my salvation be exalted.
Rock! metaphor before. As we know our God has strong power and awful. There is nothing can contest strength of God. He is Omnipoten God. He always can solve every human's problem. He will not let us in our problem. 21 Let the words of
my mouth and the meditation of my
heart Be
acceptable in Your sight, O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer.
My heart be acceptable in Your sight,
47
in God’s House that is heaven. So, that clause is the compared with the precious position in the heaven. If we close to God, We will feel happy and full of peace and we will feel His affection in our daylife.
22 May He send you help from the sanctuary, And strengthen you out of Zion;
The Sanctuary Again in this verse the word ‘Sanctuary’ is a kind of symbol. Literally, Sanctuary means an area where wild birds or animals are protected and encourage breeding. Here, Sanctuary is compared with the Heaven Palace, which is a place of God. It describes how high and holy the Place of Jesus is. He is nobler than the entire things in the world.
23 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want
The Lord is my shepherd
48
dangerous. But metaphorically, for this verse, shepherd explains God personality, Who is Responsible, care us, love us and bring us to right place and keep us from evil. He willingly crucified to atone for human sin. Because Lord does not want us falling in devil’s hand. He likes to save us from death to everlasting life. Our Lord very love us, we are his.
24 Who is this King of Glory ? The Lord of hosts, He is the King of glory.
King of glory The phrase ‘King of glory’ is a symbol.
49 25 Lead me in Your
truth and teach me, For You are the salvation’ is a kind of symbol. It is symbol of God’s personality. Figuratively, the meaning is Allah comes to the world in the form of human, and He called Jesus Christ. He volunteer deliver His soul and crucified above wood crucify as ransom of human sins, to be they save from lethal (hell).
26 All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth, To such as keep His covenant and His testimonies.
All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth
50
it symbolizes character in following God. God always teach the truth. We have to do good act in our life and follow all His commemoration and do not impinge His order.
27 In whose hands is a sinister scheme, And whose right hand is full of bribes.
Whose hands is
a sinister scheme, right hand is full of bribes.
In this verse, there are two things that symbolising the characteristic wicked people who againts Allah. First, whose hands is a sinister scheme. Figuratively, it means People who like to do lowly deed and everything that God’s hate. Second, right hand is full of bribes. It means act of people who like to conduct inequitable action and insincere. 28 A Psalm of David.
51
dissociates light and darkness, goodness with badness. God is indicator of truth and bring us to the kindness for will always give happiness and peace. Second, salvation. This means, God becomes guarantee to human for live in gladness and peaceful life. Because human have been saved from within lethal into everlasting life.
29 Save Your people, And bless Your inheritance;
Shepherd them also, And bear them up forever.
Shepherd them There is a verb of this verse as a metaphor of God’s work. In dictionary, shepherd is a person whose job is to take care of sheep. Figuratively, it means Jesus; the God will take care of us and bring us to life. He will always look after our life, which bless our life with abundance blessing and take care of us from all devil's trouble.
30 The voice of the Lord is powerful;
The voice of the Lord is full of
52 The voice of the
Lord is full of majesty.
majesty. God’s words in this verse. It is majesty, according to the Oxford dictionary, majesty means the impressive and attractive quality that something has. But as non-literally, it is the symbol of the God’s oracles, His words. This verse explains God's word have power. Every His word will be done. It is the same as like he create world. He needn't be tired to make the perfect world. He is only conducting it just with utterance, hence all of that becoming.
31 For day and night Your hand was heavy upon me; My vitality was turned into the drought of summer.
My vitality was turned into the drought of summer.
In this verse, My vitality was turned into the drought of summer is compared with feeling of someone who get punishment from God for their sins which they do.
32 You are my hiding place; You shall preserve me from
You are my hiding place
53 trouble; You shall
surround me with
songs of deliverance.
God. When we have big problem and despair, God will become entertainer for us and give glad, peace and blessing for us.
33 The young lions lack and suffer hunger; But those who seek the Lord shall not lack any good thing.
The young lions lack and suffer hunger
Literary, in Oxford dictionary Lion means a large wide cat that lives mainly in Africa. Figuratively, the word young lions is a kind of symbol. It refers to people who not afraid to God. They are people who do not have pleasure in God.
34 Lord, how long will You look on? Rescue me from their destructions, My precious Life from the lions.
My precious Life from the lions.
54
life of God's people. 35 Your righteousness
is like the great mountains; Your judgments are a great deep;
Your judgments are a great deep
There is a symbol that is compared with essential things in God’s works in this verse. it is great deep, according to the Meriam Webster dictionary deep means having a large distance to the bottom from the surface or highest point: going far inward from the outside or the front edge of something: located far inside something.But as non-literally, it is the symbol of the God’s works, His judgement.This verse explain God is a fair judge. No one can againt law of God. There is no one who can change it.
36 They are
abundantly satisfied with the fullness of Your house, And You give them drink from the river of Your
The river of Your pleasures.
55
pleasures. into an ocean, a lake, etc. but
metaphorically, in this verse it means God's blessing is always continuing in human life. God will never stop to blessing in human life. He will give all the best for human.
37 For with You are the fountain of life; In Your light we see light.
You are the fountain of life
The phrase ‘fountain of life’ is a kind of symbol of God’s personality. In Oxford dictionary fountain means a structure from which water is sent up into the air by a pump, used to decorate parks and gardens/yards.. Metaphorically, it means God give a life to human. He exhale his breath to make human live. As we know, God is the creator of human and all things in this world. He create human of dirt, and human get life from soul of God. Human does not live without God in their life.
56 within me; While I
was musing, the fire burned.
hot heart was hot is a device of human soul. Logically, heart of human can not feel heat like human hit by fire. Metaphorically, this means jumpy human because of existing grief in their life. This is a comparison about Feeling of human who does not have peace, because they have so many grief and harsh test in their life.
39 Surely every man is vapor.
Every man is vapor.
57
to be arrogant to what they have, because all that things are properties of God.
40 He also brought me up out of a horrible pit, Out of the miry clay, And set my feet upon a rock, And established my steps
set my feet upon a rock
The clause set my feet upon a rock is a symbol of God’s help. Writer concludes that it is a metaphora. Because clause the set rock a upon feet my is a comparison of way of God in saving human from all dangers.Literally, rock means the hard solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth and some other palnets. Metaphorically, God will always set His people in the most peaceful place.He will never let His people in sorrow. God will strenght our heart and give us peaceful and grace. Because God is always help us.
41 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of
tha the salvation of Israel
58
Zion! Palestine comprising the lands
occupied by the Hebrew people: country SW Asia bordering on the Mediteranian; a republic established 1948, Jesrusa;em area
7993 square miles. Metaphorically Israel means People who follow Jesus and believe Yesus is God, Allah who become human, comes to the world to cath siner and save them from their sin by death in crucifix wood. Israel is device of people who trust to Yesus as God and savior. it is not mean only nation of Israel who get salvation of God but every person who trust in Jesus.
42 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, But war was in his heart; His Words were
The words of his mouth were smoother than butter.
His Words were softer than oil.
59 softer than oil, Yet
they were drawn swords.
Yet they were drawn swords.
is compared to slipperier than the butter. Second, his Words were softer than oil. This sentence also a symbol of word of people who do not afraid to God. Third, word of people who againt the Lord is compared with drawn sword. Metaphorically, this means they like tell a lie. They are the expert in cheating and tell a lie. They able to influence other by their words. But them have bad intention and destroy others. Their word sounds good but not practically. They are only wishing to drop and make others suffer.
60
make my refuge comfort in God protection. We sure can face all problem if God along us. He will help us; God fire, Whose teeth are spears and arrows, And their tongue a sharp sword.
61 45 Break out the fangs
of the young lions, O Lord!
the fangs of the young lions
Actually, the fangs of the young lion is part of Lion body which in there sharp and sharply tooth. But metaphorically, it is a kind of symbol of Demon weapon. Demon also has weapon and ability to mastering and grinding human. But our God has more power in command to break evil power, demon power and defeat them. God is undefeated and unbeaten. Power of God will break demons.
46 I will wait for You, O You his Strength; For God is my defense
God is my defense
62
is always with us, surround us. We are never alone in all our problems. God always provide punctual help in the right time. 47 To You, O my
Strength, I will sing praises; For God is my defense, My God of mercy.
My God of mercy.
63
give pardon and teach us so that we do not fall down deeper again. God's Love is forever and everlasting and there is no love like Jesus''s love.
48 Gilead is Mine, and Manasseh is Mine; Ephraim also is the helmet for My head; Judah is My lawgiver.
Ephraim also is the helmet for Ephraim also is the helmet for My head; My head; Judah is My lawgiver.
Ephraim is the younger son of Joseph; adopted by Jacob (Gen 48 : 1ff); ancestor of one of the most powerful of the 12 tribes of Israel. Ephraim is a symbol of human, God’s people. And in this verse, Ephraim is the helmet for My head is a comparison of human for God. Judah is the forth son of Jacob, by Leah (Gen 29:31,35); Ancestor of the tribe of Judah. Judah is also a symbol of us, people of Lord. It means we are property of God. We are the part of Christ body andw We are very majesty and precious for Allah.
49 Moab is My
washpot; Over
Moab is My washpot.
64 Edom I will cast
My shoe; Philistia, shout in triumph because of Me."
God’s people. Moab is name of a city and a nation who fear and trust in God. it represent the device of people who have the pleasure before Allah, people who is always accept the blessing from God.
50 For You have been a shelter for me, A strong tower from the enemy.
You have been a shelter.
A strong tower.
In this verse, there are two things which is symbolized God's personality. First, A Shelter. God is compared with A shelter. In Oxford Dictionary word shelter means the fact of having a place to live or stay, considered as a basic human needed. But metaphorically, it means same as like metaphor before, God is a safety place to His people. We will feel peace and happy in God. God always protects His people from all kinds of danger. And help of God is never late.
65
dictionary word tower means a tall narrow building or part of a building, especially in church or castle. But in this case, God is not really a tower; it is only a device that God is gallant and strong buttonhole. There is no one can contest His strength. He defeat the demon, He breaking out power of the lethal and we free from devil shackle and our God protect us from all danger. 51 In God is my
salvation and my glory; The rock of my strength, And my refuge, is in God.
my glory; Word glory is compared with God. Metaphorically, for this verse, glory explains God personality, Who is full of love and mercy and really love us, His child. on the scales, They
Men of low
66 are altogether
lighter than vapor.
vapor. forever in this world. They will be dying in a time. Estae and throne are means nothing. Properties, honorary, and greatness which human have is only whereas and will lose when they die.
53 They shall fall by the sword; They shall be a portion for jackals.
They shall be a portion for jackals.
67
them.
54 They devise
iniquities: "We have perfected a shrewd scheme." Both the inward thought and the heart of man are deep.
Thought and the heart of man are deep.
In this verse, the sentence Thought and the heart of man are deep represent comparison of human. According to Meriam Webster dictionary word deep means having a large distance from the top or surface to the botom. Metaphorically, the meaning of deep is not like in dictionary. Human’s heart is not really has meaning like in dictionary. Human's heart does not measure. It is a symbol of human characteristic. It means, we can't read someone. We have never known what they thinkand what they tell in their heart. we can't guess it.
68
69
place which is there is no sin there and that place is full of love and kindness; there is no hated mind, grace and mercy. It is a place where There is no badness, there is no inveighing. That place is a very beautiful place and full of dignity.
56 They have seen Your procession, O
God, The procession of my
God, my King, into The sanctuary.
The sanctuary. it is same like metaphor before, word sanctuary is also a symbol of Heaven where God stay.Here, Sanctuary is compared with the place of God. It describes how high and holy the Place of Jesus is. He is nobler than the entire things in the world. Heaven is luxuriant and most beautiful place.
57 Those who hate me without a cause Are more than the hairs of my head; They are mighty who would
Those who hate me without a cause Are more than the hairs of my head
70 destroy me, Being
my enemies wrongfully
mass of thr threads growing especially on the head. Metaphorically, it does not mean the amount of them like a piece of hair. But, it means that human has so many enemies.
58 Those who sit in the gate speak against me, And I comparison of someone becoming topic discussion of others.Literally, song means a short piece of music with words that you sing. But metaphorically, this means someone who is always discussed by others. Someone which always become topic discussion for other people because his/her deportment. Everything what he/she makes will always jeered; it is a mistake to others.
59 A perverse heart shall depart from me; I will not know
A perverse heart
71
wickedness. in the chest that sends blood
around the body. Metaphorically, A perverse heart it is not about form, it does not mean that human's heart has bent form. But it is a comparison of unrighteous human and likes to plan badness things and think of unrighteous things, all things which God's hate.
60 For He knows our frame;He
remembers that we are dust.
72 61 For Your mercy is
great above the heavens, And Your truth reaches to the clouds.
Your mercy is great above the heavens.
There is a kind of metaphor in the sentence Your mercy is great above the heavens. That is the phrase above the heavens. This is a device of earth. Earth is compared with above the heavens, and as we know, position of heaven is above of earth, higher than sky. And earth is in under the heaven. So writer conclude that the phrase is a symbol of earth, a place where human stay.
62 The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your
73
the thing that is used in the foot is used to designate the characteristics of Jesus which holy and high.
74
of help of God. It means a power which God give to us, an ability to fight and against our enemy and frees our life from trouble. Lord gives us salvation and freedom.
4. 3 FINDINGS
75
metaphor of human is a child. The metaphor about God is a shepherd is the most famous Psalm (Weiden, 1979: 21). Mostly nation of Israel is breeder. They have hundreds of livestock animal like sheep and ox. Besides used to eat, the Livestock animal also an oblation for God such as narrated in story of Cain and Abel, and the story of Abraham dedicate Isaac.
From this background, nation of Israel very familiar with the shepherd profession, shepherd is one who takes care of the livestock animal. All shepherds always labour the best for the all of their livestock. The relation of Shepherd and his livestocks is used by all Psalms’ writers to depict therelation between God and human. God is a shepherd, human is God's livestocks. God is also compared with role of God to human. In Psalm, say that the God is creator, benefactor, entertainer, custodian, rescuer, redeemer, leader, and forgiver. The metaphors of God's Role are showed the characteristics of God which the nation of Israel believed.This moment is also the spiritial experience of nation of Israel which feel saved from slavery in Egypt, protected and taken care in their transportation;journey to the Cainan Land, saved from Pharaoh danger and war with the other nation,etc. God is also compared with the object like cup, stone mount, fortress, shelter, shield, inheritance, and tower.
76
Promised Land which is that moment stay there (Yosua Chapter 1-5). And so do [at] epoch of all judge like Gideon to Simson, Israel have to against the neighbour nations to maintain the sovereignty (Judges, Chapter 8, 10, 15, and 20). Finally, in a period of all king started from Saul, David, and Salomo, nation the Israel return to the battle (Samuel Chapter 7, 11, 13, 17, dll.).
77
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After the writer doing an analysis of all data, there following are some conclusion which writer gets:
- The Holy Bible uses so many Metaphors especially in the book Psalm of David in Psalm of Bible. Metaphor is a kind of Figurative language, the non-literal meaning. Non-literal meaning occurs when a sentence or expression has a hidden meaning besides the lexical meaning. Non-literal meaning is ways to express an idea in abstract or imaginative way.
