1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
People can’t live without communication. They can’t communicate without language. “Language touches every part of our lives; it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings, it is a rich and varied
human ability. Language is deeply a part of all of life.”(Kottler, Barnet and Light,
Martin. 1967).
Language is interesting to learn, because it is closed with human’s life.We use language and respond to it all the time but in many different ways. We can do many activities by language. Such as, reading. We can read a Bible and listen to a bible because language makes us understand it. We also can use language to communicate with others.
The English wor Latin biblia, from the same word i
fromta biblia the books (singular βιβλίονbiblio
is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in Medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγ ια ta biblia ta hagia, the holy
books.
2
have produced different largely overlap however, creating an important common core.
The appropriate term to describe Judaism's scriptures is the terms Bible and Old Testament are commonly used by non-Jews to describe Judaism's scriptures. While there is just one Jewish Bible, collected together and preserved as the sacred books of the Jewish people, the contents of each of the Christian compilations of canonical texts of the different Christian traditions. Jewish scripture was (and is) originally written in Hebrew, the Christia more and the containing original 24 books of the Tanakh in a different order.
century and referred to them as "holy," or in Hebrew שׁ ֶדֹקַּה י ֵבְתִכּ (Kitveihakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible", in Greek (τὰ βιβλία τὰἅγια,
tàbiblíatàágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή, e AgíaGraphḗ). In the 13th century by 16th century into verses by French printe
3
10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the
The Bible is a collection of 66 books written by about 40 authors, in three different languages, on three different continents, and over approximately 1600 years. The Bible claims to be inspired and inerrant. This means that the Bible claims to be from God and that it is without error in everything it addresses. The bible describes the origin of man in the Garden of Eden along with his fall into sin and out of fellowship with God. It then describes how God called out a special people to Himself, the Israelites. He promised the Israelites a future Messiah who would restore mankind’s relationship with God. The bible is the account of the work of God in history bringing to fruition His prophetic declarations concerning Jesus. Jesus was born of the Virgin, died on the cross, and paid for sins, just as the Bible prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament.
The Old Testament features more than 24 books of the original Hebrew Bible, and deliberately in a divergent order. Moreover, there are a number of different versions of the Christian Bible, with different selections of books, as well as different ordering and naming of books, or incorporation of that all their books were originally written in Greek. The Old Testament books written by the prophets such as Moses, David, Isaiah, etc. There are 4 parts of Bible:
4
2. Historical Books—12 books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, First Kings, Second Kings, First Chronicles, Second Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. 3. Poetical—5 books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon
4. Prophetical—17 books:
1. Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel.
2. Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.
The second part of the Bible is call seven books originally written i Testament is divided into the four twenty-one Testament books written by those who knew Jesus or were under the guidance of those who did. There are three parts of New Testament:
1. Historical Books—5 books: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts.
2. Pauline Epistles—13 books: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon.
5
All Parts of Bible have meaning. Every books of it has its own meaning. When we read Bible, we understand it because it has meaning. Semantics as a subfield of linguistics is the study of meaning in language. Semantics deal with the meaning of words, and how the meanings of sentences are derived from them. In order to understand what meaning in language is, it is important to realize that it is a multifaceted phenomenon; different aspects of meaning need to be explained in different ways, so they are studied differently and are governed by different theories. In semantic, there are two kinds of meaning, these are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning is the real meaning of words. Non- literal meaning is unreal meaning of words, it is called figurative language that include of metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes, etc. David Crystal (1999:116) says, “Figurative language is an expressive use Of language where words are used in a non-literal way to suggest illuminating Comparisons and resemblances.” Figurative language is a way of human to express their feeling in words. It has its own hidden images what makes people try to find the ordinary meaning.
6
relation in another group.” Metaphor has simple structure. It built on comparison of two things. There is a thing as an object and there is a thing other as comparison.
The writer is a Christian and I like to read Bible. Bible is a book which full of words of God.And Psalm is one of letter words of God on Bible which has many metaphors sentences.When the writer reads the Bible especially in Psalm letter, the writer finds many metaphors there. And the writer wants to know about the kinds and meanings of metaphor which in the Psalm on Bible .There following are some examples of metaphors in Psalm:
Psalm 23:1 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
Psalm 3 : 4 But You, O LORD, are a shield for me, My glory and the One
who lifts up my head.
In the first example, literally shepherd means someone who keeps and takes care of his livestock. A shepherd always gives food to his livestock and save them from dangerous. But metaphorically, for this verse, shepherd explains God’s personality, Who is Responsible, care us, love us and bring us to right place and keep us from evil. He willingly crucified to atone for human sin. Because Lord does not want us falling in devil’s hand. He likes to save us from death to everlasting life. Our Lord very love us, we are his.
7
In this paper, the writer is interested to describe about metaphor which is found in Psalm of David of Bible, which used metaphor to expressing the words of God through the sections and verse of Psalm. The writer likes to analyze it and shares it to readers.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
When the writer read Bible especially in Psalm of David, the writer find many metaphors, and therefore the writer wants to know:
1.What metaphors are in Psalm of David on Bible?
2.What are the meaning of each metaphor found in verses of Psalm of David ?
1.3The Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study in writing this paper is to find what metaphors in Psalm are, and understand the meaning of it.
1.4 The reason for Choosing This Topic
8 1.5The Scope of the Study
This paper is focused in metaphor of Psalm of David of Bible, although there are many aspects that can be discussed in Psalm of Bible. The writer likes to analyze metaphors in Psalm of David and analyze its meaning.
1.6Method of the Study
9 1.7 Draft of Method of Study
The writer
Data Sources: -Bible
-Reference books -Internet
Data analysis: The verses of Psalm of Bible.
Read the verses of Psalm List the verses which use the
Metaphor Search information
about metaphor in books.
Get the Conclusion
Analyze the meaning of metaphors
Mark and select the Metaphors
