METADISCOURSE OF ECONOMICS TEXTS
WITH DIFFERENT GENRES
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
VISTA GUSTINA SIMANUNGKALIT Registration Number: 8136111060
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN
i ABSTRACT
Simanungkalit, Vista Gustina. Registration Number: 8136111060. Metadiscourse of Economics Texts with Different Genres. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate school, State University of Medan. 2016.
ii ABSTRAK
Simanungkalit, Vista Gustina. NIM: 8136111060. Metadiscourse pada Teks Economi dari Berbeda Jenre. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The greatest thanks are given to The Almighty God, my savior Jesus Christ for His mercy, guidance, and loving care which have been given to the writer so this thesis could be completed. This thesis is a scientific writing that has to be completed in order to fulfill one of the academic requirements for the degree of Magister Humaniora at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program; Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
However, in the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest gratitude and would like to express her sincere thanks for the assistance of those following numbers of people who have given valuable suggestions and useful influences on the writing.
The highest appreciation goes to her first advisor Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., and her second advisor Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., for their patient guidance, excellent advices, and precious time in guiding her to complete this thesis.
Her gratefulness also goes to the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and to Prof. Dr. H. Abdul Muin Sibuea, as the Director of Postgraduate School at State University of Medan, who have assisted her in the requirement of administration process during the study in the Postgraduate School at State University of Medan.
Furthermore, the writer would like to thank to her reviewers or examiners, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., for their constructive comments and suggestions in advancing the thesis quality. The writer also would like to express her thanks for all lectures who teach her during the academic years of LTBI.
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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……….7
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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ………..22
3.1. Research Design ………...22
3.2. Data and Source of Data ………...23
3.3. The Technique of Data Collection ………24
3.4. The Procedure of Data Collection ……….24
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ………25
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study ………...27
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………..31
4.1. Data Analysis ……….31
4.1.1. The Types of Metadiscourse used in Economics Texts ……..31
4.1.2. The Reasons for Using Metadiscourse in Economics Texts with Different Genres……….40
4.2. Research Findings ……….50
4.4. Discussion ……….50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……….52
5.1. Conclusion ………52
5.2. Suggestion ……… 52
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LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 3.1 Research Design……….….22
Table 3.2 The Source of Data Collection………23
Table 4.1 Textual Metadiscourse………36
Table 4.2 Interpersonal Metadiscourse………...39
Table 4.3 Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Textbooks…………...41
Table 4.3a Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Book Texts in Different Number……….…42
Table 4.3b Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Book Texts in Different Types………42
Table 4.4 Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Journal………44
Table 4.4a Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Journal in Different Number………...46
Table 4.4b Writing Style of Using Metadiscourse in Economics Journal in Different Types………...47
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LIST OF FIGURE
Pages
ix
LIST OF APPENDIX
Pages
Appendix 1 ………55
Appendix 2 ………70
Appendix 3 ………79
Appendix 4 ………99
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Metadiscourse is a conceptualizing interaction between text producers,
their texts and text users (Hyland, 2005:1). Metadiscourse is used by writers to
convey their perspective to the readers and their texts so that the metadiscourse is
able to guide the readers to have the same perspective on what the witers want in
their text. In other words, the use of metadiscourse is not meant to expand
referential material but to help the readers to connect, organize, interpret, evaluate
and develop attitudes toward the texts. Examples are You will probably think that .
. .; Does this sound . . . to you?; Correct me if I’m wrong,but . . .; as you will see;
dear reader (Hyland, 2005:3).
According to Hyland (2005), metadiscourse consists of two dimensions;
they are interactive dimension and interactional dimension. Interactive dimension
is also called textual metadiscourse. It indicates the writers concern for the
audience’s background knowledge, interests and abilities. It is divided into four
categories; they are text connectives (logical connectors, sequencers, reminders,
topicalizers), code glosses, validity markers (hedges, emphatics, attributors), and
narrators. Interactional dimension is also called interpersonal metadiscourse. It
draws the reader’s attention to the author’s perspective towards the main
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categories; they are illocution markers, attitude markers, and commentaries.
In addition, in using metadiscourse, the writer consider the imagined
readers of his text, meaning that what and how the metadiscourse are used by the
writer depends on who the reader of the text will be. This type is writer-reader
interaction. Adel (2006:20) said that if the reader of text is students,
metadiscourse that is usually used in the text are in this essay; . . . will be
discussed in the following; see page 16; to conclude; strictly speaking; I will
summarize . . . ; in brief .
Metadiscouse is a part of genre. This is obviously seen from the definition
of the genre itself. Genre, according to Swales (1990:58), is a class of
communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative
purposes. Genre consists of two main parts; they are generic structure and
lexicogrammar. The generic structures of a text recur or repeated to achieve the
same communicative purpose, therefore the generic structure is static (Swales:
2004). Meanwhile, lexicogrammar may change from one text to another in its
attempt to achieve the communicative purpose. These changes depend on the
writer, context and situation; therefore, in the use of lexicogrammar, the genre is
dynamic.The dynamicity of genre depends on writer’s style communicative need
of cultural social context (Bhatia, 2004:27).
Morley (2000:20) states that Lexicogrammar is concerned with the classes
of lexical unit and grammatical unit. Lexes are group of words, phrases, and
sentences. Metadiscourse may be classified as lexicogrammatical because it is
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genre lexicogrammar may also happened to metadiscourse in a genre, for example
Economics text.
Economics text, based on Bruce (2003:8), belongs to social genre. Social
genre refers to socially recognized constructs according to which whole texts are
classified in terms of their overall social purpose. Economics text is a text that is
often used in social life. It can be in academic genre and pure Economics text.
Metadiscourse of economics text with different genres, namely academic
genre and pure Economics genre can be seen in the preliminary data below:
That is why, as you will see with stellar examples from companies such as chipmaker Micron, telecom calling card King IDT, and the credit scoring maven Fair Isaac, the acquisitive Master Cyclist executive team always uses its highly sophisticated understanding of the business and stock market cycles to tactically time any key acquisition or divestiture to the business cycle.
(N, TWTS,p.6,ln.10)
The sentence above is put from academic genre, Economics textbook. The phrase
as you will see shows one type of metadiscourse that is commentaries. It explicitly
addresses readers directly to drawing them into an implicit dialogue to stellar
examples from companies. It shows readers that the writer recognizes their needs
and is seeking to engage them in a dialogue. Metadiscourse is also found in pure
economic genre. It can be seen from sentence below:
As noted in a petition by the US AFL-CIO to the Office of the US Trade Representative, “workers in China frequently are paid less than the country’s minimum wage, denied overtime pay, denied collective bargaining rights and often subjected to abusive treatment.
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The sentence above shows that the word As noted in a petition is one of
metadiscourse types, namely text connectives that is reminder. With this text
connective, the writers remind the reader that workers in China frequently are
paid less than the country’s minimum wage, denied overtime pay, denied
collective bargaining rights and often subjected to abusive treatment plays the
important roles. It also remind the readers of the writer’s attitude about it can be
seen in petition by the US AFL-CIO to the Office of the US Trade Representative.
Therefore, in this study will be focused on what and why metadiscourse be
used in Economics texts. The metadiscourse will be investigated through the
variation of the writers and the dynamicity of genre. It will be investigated
through the different social genres in Economics text. They are academic genre
and pure Economics genre. In academic genre, this study will focus on textbooks
and journal articles in different writers. While in pure Economics genre, this study
will focus on Economics report.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In line with the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as the following:
(1)What types of metadiscourse are used in Economics texts with
different genres?
(2)Why are the metadiscourse used in Economics texts with different
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1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The overall objectives of the study can be described as the following:
(1) to find out what metadiscourse are used in Economics texts with
different genres,
(2) to explain the reason of metadiscourse is used in Economics texts with
different genres.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the metadiscourse in different genres.
They are Academic genre and Economics genre. In academic genre, there are
Textbooks and Journal Articles. They are in the Economics text. In pure
Economics genre, there is Economics report.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant
theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the results of this study are useful to:
(1) enrich of linguistic knowledge in the field of metadiscourse,
(2) widen horizon in the theory of metadiscourse.
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
(1) other researchers who are interested in conducting researches or any
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(2) lecturer and university students in using metadiscourse to be
cooperative in sharing information, expressing opinion, evaluating
group work, and other academic process that use metadiscourse,
(3) writer and reader in following communicative principles in order to be
successful in delivering meaning, building harmonious
communication, and creating good relationship in writing in different
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the metadiscourse of economic text in different genre, the
conclusions can be drawn as the following:
1. All metadiscourse occurred in economic text in different genre. They are
Textual functions: (1) text connectives,(2) code glosses, (3) validity
markers, and (4) narrators and Interpersonal function: (1) illocution
markers, (2) attitude markers, and (3) commentaries.
2. The reasons for metadiscourse of economics texts with different genres
were writing style factors and communicative needs of social context
factors.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the research findings, some suggestions are drawn as follows:
1. It is suggested that economics experts who interested in writing economic
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