Develop A 5.8ghz Antenna Using Microstrip Technologies.

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DEVELOP A 5.8GHZ ANTENNA USING MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES

NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM

This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For Bachelor Degree Of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic)

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : Develop a 5.8GHz Antenna Using Microstrip Technologies

Sesi

Pengajian : 2006/2007

Saya NOR ASHIKIN BINTI HALIM

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD* (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap: PT19140 Jln Cempaka 6, Tmn. Desa Cempaka 3, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, a lot of thanks and deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Chairulsyah Bin Wasli who has guide me a lot of knowledge and information regarding a final project, which is also known as Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM), due to an antenna topic. Mr Chairulsyah always guide me regarding an antenna that I never heard and knew before, willing to share a great experience especially in managing a project, encouraging me to improve my performance and able to advice for own goods. Not forgetting for Mr Abd Shukur Bin Ja’afar for your helped.

Not forget, my inadequate to my parents, Mr. Halim Bin Musa and Mrs. Zuridah Binti Sharif, Mr. my special friend, Mohd Fahmi Bin Ismail and Ms Nor Hadzfizah Binti Mohd Radzi who never give up encouraging me, kind, helpful and supportive me a lot since the project begin.

In addition, thanks to my friends who have been for supporting and encourage me a lot during completing this Projek Sarjana Muda. Finally, for those who give a contribution in my training whether direct or indirectly involved thanks a lot.

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i DECLARATION LETTER ii DECLARATION iii SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENT ix

LIST OF TABLE xiv LIST OF FIGURE xv

LIST OF TERMS xviii LIST OF APPENDICES xix

I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 OBJECTIVES 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1

1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS 2

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II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 ANTENNA 6

2.1.1 Basic Antenna Operations 7

2.2 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 8

2.2.1 Size of the Patch Element 10 2.2.2 Resonant Dimension of the Patch Element 10

2.2.3 Two Resonant Dimensions 10

2.2.4 The Feed Position 10

2.2.5 The Feed Position and Resonant Frequency 11

2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE 11

2.3.1 Fringing Effects 11 2.3.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency and

Effective Width 14

2.3.3 Design 15

2.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 17

2.5 MICROSTRIP TECHNOLOGIES 18

2.6 APPLICATION 20

III ANTENNA PROPERTIES 21

3.1 BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS 21

3.1.1 Impedance 22

3.1.2 Wavelength 22

3.1.3 Bandwidth 23

3.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant 23

3.1.5 VSWR 25

3.1.6 Gain 26

3.1.7 Polarization 27

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3.2 FEED TECHNIQUE 30

3.2.1 Microstrip Feed Line 30 3.2.2 Coaxial Probe Feed 31 3.2.3 Aperture Coupling Feed 32 3.2.4 Proximity Coupling Feed 33

3.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 34

3.3.1 Components 34

3.3.1.1 Substrate 35

3.3.1.2 Coaxial Connector 35

IV PROJECT METHODOLOGY 36

4.1 FLOWCHART OF ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT 37

4.2 METHODOLOGY 38

4.2.1 Literature Review and Calculation 38

4.2.2 Simulation 39

4.2.2.1 Microwave Office 39

4.2.2.2 CorelDraw 12 41

4.2.3 Fabricating 41

4.2.3.1 Layout Printing 42

4.2.3.2 UV Exposure 43

4.2.3.3 Developing the Image 44

4.2.3.4 Spray Washing 44

4.2.3.5 Etching 45

4.2.3.6 Resist Stripping 46

4.2.3.7 Scrub Cleaning 46

4.2.3.8 Cutting and Drilling 46

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4.2.4 Testing 47

4.2.4.1 Network Analyzer 48

4.2.4.2 Parameter Analysis 48

4.3 THE ADVANTAGES OF THE METHODOLOGY 49

V RESULT AND ANALYSIS 51

5.1 RESULTS 51

5.1.1 Calculation 51

5.1.1.1 The Length and Width of Patch

Antenna 52 5.1.1.2 The Impedance Matching of an

Antenna 54

5.1.2 Simulation 58

5.1.2.1 Results of the Simulation 58 a) Results for Sample 1 58

b) Results for Sample 2 63

c) Results for Sample 3 67

5.1.2.2 Enclosure 71

5.1.2.3 Dielectric Layer Parameters 73

5.1.2.4 Boundaries 74

5.1.2.5 Graph and Measurements 75

5.1.2.6 Frequency 79

5.1.4 Testing 82

5.2 ANALYSIS 85

5.2.1 Calculation and Simulation 85

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5.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the

Microstip Antenna 89

VI CONCLUSION 90

6.1 THE CONCLUSION 90

6.2 FUTURE WORKS 91

REFERENCES 93

APPENDIX A 94

APPENDIX B 97

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

3.1 VSWR and Transmitted Power of Antenna 26 3.2 Summarization On The Characteristics of Different Feed

Techniques 34

3.3 Detail of Substrate Used 35

5.1 The Dimension Used for Sample 1 59 5.2 The Dimension Used for Sample 2 63 5.3 The Dimension Used for Sample 3 67 5.4 Comparison between Simulation and Measurement

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Function of Antenna 6

2.2 A typical Microstrip Antenna 8 2.3 Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna 9 2.4 Microstrip Line and Its Electric Field Lines and

Effective Dielectric Constant Geometry 13 2.5 Effective Dielectric Constant Versus Frequency for

Typical Substrate 14

2.6 Microstrip Line Characteristic 18

2.7 Microstrip Line 19

3.1 Example of Frequency Response for the Antenna 23 3.2 Extremely Wide (W>>h) and Extremely Narrow

(W<<h) Microstrip Lines 24 3.3 a) Linear Polarize; b) Circular Polarize; c) Ellipse Polarize 27 3.4 Example of Return Loss Result 29

3.5 Microstrip Line Feed 30

3.6 Probe Fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 31

3.7 Aperture-Coupled Feed 32

3.8 Proximity-Coupled Feed 33

4.1 Flowchart of the Methodology 37

4.2 Layout Printing 42

4.3 Ultra-Violet Ray Exposed 43

4.4 Developer 44

4.5 Etching Equipment 45

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4.7 Network Analyzer Model R3767CG 48

5.1 The Patch Dimension 52

5.2 The Dimension of the L1, L2, W1 and W2 54

5.3 The Smith Chart Output 54

5.4 Value of L1 and W1 for Quarter-Wave 55 5.5 Value of L2 and W2 for Transmission Line 56 5.6 The New Value of L1 for Quarter-Wave 57 5.7 The Dimension for Sample 1 59 5.8 Structure of Patch for Sample 1 60 5.9 Simulation of Determining the Impedance Matching for

Sample 1 60

5.10 The Actual Patch Antenna for Sample 1 61 5.11 Simulation of the Patch Antenna for Sample 1 61

5.12 VSWR for Sample 1 62

5.13 The Radiation Pattern for Sample 1 62 5.14 The Dimension for Sample 2 63 5.15 Structure of Patch for Sample 2 64 5.16 Simulation of Determining the Impedance Matching for

Sample 2 64

5.20 The Radiation Pattern for Sample 2 66 5.21 The Dimension for Sample 3 67 5.22 Structure of Patch for Sample 3 68 5.23 Simulation of Determining the Impedance Matching for

Sample 3 68

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5.31 The Dielectric Layer Parameter Setup 73

5.32 The Boundaries Setup 74

5.33 The Graph Type and Measurement of Rectangular Graph for Sample 1, 2 and 3 75 5.34 The Graph Type and Measurement of Smith Chart

for Sample 1, 2 and 3 76 5.35 The Graph Type and Measurement of VSWR

for Sample 1, 2 and 3 77 5.36 The Graph Type and Measurement of Radiation Pattern

for Sample 1, 2 and 3 78

5.37 The Frequency Setup 79

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LIST OF TERMS

fr Center Frequency εr Relative Permittivity εeff Effective Relative Permittivity Π Phi Constant (3.142)

λo Free Space Wavelength ρ Charge Density

c Velocity of electromagnetic waves in space (3x108)

Ω Ohms

V Voltage

Zo Characteristic Impedance L Microstrip Actual Length Leff Microstrip Effective Length ΔL Microstrip Extended Length W Microstrip Actual Width h Substrate Thickness

t Thickness of the Conductor (copper) VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

S11 S-Parameter That Represent an Input Reflection Γ Reflection Coeffecient

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Calculation on Patch Antenna for Duroid 94 B Calculation on Transmission Line for Duroid 97

C The Gantt chart 100

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This project is covering on designing a rectangular patch antenna with the frequency of 5.8GHz using microstrip technologies.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are:

i) To develop a 5.8GHz microstrip antenna.

ii) To simulate the microstrip antenna circuit using Microwave Office software.

iii) To fabricate the antenna design through etching process. iv) To test the antenna prototype using the Network Analyzer.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

The 5.8GHz microstrip antenna is developed in order to fulfill the problem occur and upgraded the antenna for the advanced technologies. The problem statements are:

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ii) Besides, nowadays antenna is very large. Based on this, the smaller antenna is trying to be produces.

iii) This antenna design is for further uses where nowadays the used of antenna do not reach the frequency of 5.8GHz yet.

iv) As for upgrade the frequency or the used of antenna for future works which is for 4G application.

1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS

The scope of project regarding title is by developing the antenna using the Microstrip Technologies. The scope itself has divided into two parts, which is:

i) Projek Sarjana Muda I (PSM I)

- Calculation

- Simulation

ii) Projek Sarjana Muda II (PSM II)

- Fabricate

- Testing

As for the PSM I, the literature review should be able to do before initiate the project. Literature review needs to be done in order to understand the concept and theory, as well as the applications, characteristics, operations, specifications, and design procedures of an antenna. It is also including the research of the antenna calculation. The calculations need to be performed and recognize by selecting the best equation and formula in order to make sure the output will best meet the specification required. The software used for the simulation is Microwave Office. The parameter should be study to get familiar when applying to the project.

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testing is important in order to assure the output of frequency response is in meet the requirement, which is 5.8GHz.

1.4 THESIS OUTLINES

For the thesis outlines, it will be cover on the whole thesis. This report is divided into a certain part. Each part will cover on a topic required.

As for Chapter 1, it will be cover on introduction of the project. A little bit of explanation will be done due to the project. It also includes the objectives, problem statements, scope of works, and the thesis outlines of the project.

Chapter 2 is a chapter, which covers on the literature review of the project. Each of the literature review is divided into a certain sub topic or explanation. The literature review begins with the introduction, followed by antenna, microstrip antenna, transmission lines, software development, microstrip technologies and antenna applications.

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The next explanation is on microstrip antenna, and followed by the transmission

lines of the antenna itself. This topic is more specific where it is only explain on the microstrip antenna. It is also shows on designing an antenna. The design is focus on the patch antenna and transmission lines. Besides, it also covers on the characteristics of antenna, the specifications and more.

As for the Chapter 3, it will be covered on the antenna properties. The properties are on the basic antenna parameters. It is important to recognize the parameter of the antenna before designing the antenna itself. In addition, this chapter will be explained more on the feed technique of the antenna.

Chapter 4 will be cover on project methodology where it is focusing on the method that used to completing the project accordingly. The methodology will be presenting in the flowchart. In addition, it is representing in details in the form of sentences.

The expected result and analysis will be covered on Chapter 5. This chapter will be elaborate on the expected result for the whole project as well as the frequency response that will be obtained at the end of the simulation process. Besides, is also gives a detail on analysis of the results due to the fabrication and followed by the testing. The discussion will be included in this chapter as well. The discussion is on the calculation and simulation, fabrication and testing.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is one of the processes for developing a 5.8GHz Microstrip Antenna. As for this project, the literature review is explaining on the antenna and the basic antenna operation, microstrip antenna, transmission line, basic antenna parameters, the feed technique, software development, microstrip technologies and the antenna application.

Antenna is a device, which is used for sending and receiving the electric wave for the communication. It is usually called an aerial in Britain. The antenna is a device that builds in the air of effectively radiating electric wave for the purpose of wireless communication. It is also effectively maintaining the electromotive force by the electric wave.