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S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L

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I INTRODUCTION

1 .

1 Background 2

.

1 ProblemStatement 3

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1 Objecitves 4

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1 Scopeo fWork 5

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1 Organizaitonoft heThesis

1

1 3 3 3 4

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I LITERATUREREVIEW

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I I

I METHODOLOGY

r e d n u r e t e m a r a P 2 .

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I RESULT

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4 Inrtoduciton

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ti u c ri c r e if il p m a o i d u A 1 . 2 . 4

6 8 3 M L r e if il p m a e g a t s t s ri F 1 . 1 . 2 . 4

6 8 3 M L r e if il p m a e g a t s d n o c e S 2 . 1 . 2 . 4

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tl u s e r n o it a l u m i s 1 1 m i s it l u M 3 . 4

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1 3

2 3

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V DISCUSSION ,CONCLUSIONAND

N O I T A D N E M M O C E R

n o i s s u c s i D 2 . 5

s m e l b o r p r o f n o it u l o S 1 . 2 . 5 3 .

5 Conclusion 4

.

5 Recommendaiton

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S E C N E R E F E

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A -board

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1

I R E T P A H C

N O I T C U D O R T N I

1 .

1 Background

d n a l a n g i s o i d u a h ti w e v l o v n i t a h t s n o it a c il p p a f o t o l a e r a e r e h t ,s y a d a w o N

n e h W . l a n g i s o i d u a h ti w d n u o r a y a l p l li w s e it i v it c a r u o f o t o l a t a h t w o n k e w s a

d e ri w n i r e h ti e m u i d e m r e f s n a rt d n a e v i e c e r e v a h d l u o h s t i s l a n g i s t u o b a y a s e w

s s e l e ri w r o m u i d e

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n o it a c il p p a n a m u h o t d e s o l c t a h t m e t s y s n o it a c i n u m m o c a f o s tr a p n i a m e h t o S

e r

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a e r a e r e h T . r o t c e lf e r s a n w o n k l o o t p l e h e h t e s u n a c e w , t n i o p e n o o t n i l a n g i s

u s r o t c e lf e r f o e p a h s d n a e p y t s u o ir a

v chass quare,r od ,paraboilc ,ands oon .The a

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p ork t ogethert o maket he

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m audio receive rwtih paraboilc relfector .This t ypeof i nsrtumen t e g n a r g n o l m o r f d n u o s e r u t p a c n a c t i e c n i s n o i s i v i d y r a ti li m e h t y b e s u y ll a u s u g n i e b t u o h ti w n o it a m r o f n i l a it n e d if n o c t e g o t e l b a m e h t e k a m n a c s i h t d n a s a h t e g d a g s i h t , y r a ti li m r o F . n w o n

k al o tdfiferent es s iz and t hi sdeterminet he d e s u g n i e b y g o l o n h c e t s i h t r e tf a s e d a c e d w e f a r e tf A . g n ir a e h f o e g n a r t n e r e f fi d y p s e h t y b e s u n e e b s a h d n a e s u e c n a ll i e v r u s r o f n e p o n e e b s a h t i , y r a ti li m y b p s y ll a u s U . s b o j y p s r i e h t n o p l e h o t s i h c i h w m a e

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t Howeve,r i tstli lhavea highe rp irce on marke tand no t v i e c e r o i d u a f o e p y t s i h t e k il n o it n e v n i n a o S . ll a r o f e l b a d r o f f

a e rcanbemadet o

. h c r a e s e r ri e h t o d o t e l p o e p p l e h o t e l p o e p y b e s u e b n a c t i o s t s o c r e w o l a e v a h l a m i n a n o h c r a e s e r o d o t t s i g o l o o z y b e s u e b n a c e n o h p o r c i m c il o b a r a p o S n i m a e t e u c s e r y b e s u e b n a c o s l a d n a s d ri b s a h c u s h c a e r o t d r a h t a h t t a ti b a h e s a

c such a seatrhquake;t o ifnd human under t heruin sby detect t he sound o f s a s i r e v i e c e r o i d u a r o f m a r g a i d k c o l b c i s a b e h T . p l e h r o f g n i h c r a e s t a h t n a m u h : s w o ll o f 1 . 1 e r u g i

F – BasicAudioReceive rblockdiagram

p ork t ogethert omaket he

o [3] .

m audio receive rwtih paraboilc relfector .This t ype of i nsrtumen t e g n a r g n o l m o r f d n u o s e r u t p a c n a c t i e c n i s n o i s i v i d y r a ti li m e h t y b e s u y ll a u s u g n i e b t u o h ti w n o it a m r o f n i l a it n e d if n o c t e g o t e l b a m e h t e k a m n a c s i h t d n a s a h t e g d a g s i h t , y r a ti li m r o F . n w o n

t ie suset hi saudioi nsrtumen t

b nge i sno t

a e rcanbemadet o

c such a seatrhquake; t o ifnd human under t heruin sby detect t hesound o f s a s i r e v i e c e r o i d u a r o f m a r g a i d k c o l b c i s a b e h T . p l e h r o f g n i h c r a e s t a h t n a m u h : s w o ll o f 1 . 1 e r u g i

F – BasicAudioReceive rblockdiagram

p ork t ogethert omaket he

o [3] .

m audio receive rwtih paraboilc relfector .This t ype of i nsrtumen t e g n a r g n o l m o r f d n u o s e r u t p a c n a c t i e c n i s n o i s i v i d y r a ti li m e h t y b e s u y ll a u s u g n i e b t u o h ti w n o it a m r o f n i l a it n e d if n o c t e g o t e l b a m e h t e k a m n a c s i h t d n a s a h t e g d a g s i h t , y r a ti li m r o F . n w o n

t ie suset hi saudioi nsrtumen t

b ngei sno t

a e rcanbemadet o

c such a seatrhquake;t o ifnd human under t heruin sby detect t hesound o f s a s i r e v i e c e r o i d u a r o f m a r g a i d k c o l b c i s a b e h T . p l e h r o f g n i h c r a e s t a h t n a m u h : s w o ll o f 1 . 1 e r u g i

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3

2 .

1 ProblemStatement

o i d u a r a l u g e r

A receiver( microphone )hasasho trr angeo fsoundt ha tcanbe 5

t u o b a ; d e r u t p a

c -10m [2] .Sound from long distance o fsource i shardly to be i

s s p o r d r e w o p d n u o s e h t s a e n o h p o r c i m r a l u g e r g n i s u e r u t p a

c gni ifcanlty i n l onge r

d n u o s d n a e g n a r d n u o s s i h T . s e g n a

r intenstiyt ha tcanbecapturecanbei mproveby .

r o t c e lf e r c il o b a r a p f o p l e h e h t

3 .

1 Objecitves

: e r a t c e j o r p s i h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h T

x Todesignanddevelopahighgaino faudioampil ifer( almos t100dB)

x To increase the range o fvoice signa lreceive by an audio receive r(20 .)

s r e t e m

4 .

1 Scopeo fWork

n g i s e d o t w o h n o e n i m r e t e d d n a y d u t s o t s i t c e j o r p s i h t f o e p o c s e h t ,t s ri f t A

g n i s o o h c n o e v l o v n i ll i w h c r a e s e r e h T . n i a g h g i h y r e v a s a h t a h t r e if il p m a t s e b e h t

p o e l b a ti u s e h

t -amp and stage so fampil ifer .Then the scope wli lconitnue on , e p y t t s e b e h t g n i s o o h c n o e v l o v n i ll i w s i h t d n a r o t c e lf e r c il o b a r a p t s e b e h t g n i s o o h c

x e N . r o t c e lf e r e h t f o l a ir e t a m d n a , e z i

s t ,the microphone wli lbe chose to sui tthe e

s o h c e b l li w e n o h p o r c i m e v it i s n e s t s o m e h t ;r e if il p m

a d h .T en al ltheequipmen twli l

d e l b m e s s a e

b inapprop iratewayandt her esearchconitnuet oi nvesitgatet her angeo f .)

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4

5 .

1 Organiza itonoft heThesis

t u o b a n o it a n a l p x e r a e l c a e d i v o r p o t d e n n a l p s a w t r o p e r t c e j o r p s i h t f o e r u t c u rt s e h T

. s r e t p a h c e v if o t n i d e d i v i d s i s i s e h t s i h T . y l e ri t n e t c e j o r p e h t

e n O r e t p a h

C i sabou tbackground ,problem statement ,objecitve sandscope

. k r o w f o

o w T r e t p a h

C provide sthe ltierature review on op-amp use fo rampil ifer ,

. e n o h p o r c i m f o e p y t d n a e p y t r o t c e lf e r c il o b a r a p

e e r h T r e t p a h

C involve on detali sof t he methodology du irng t he ampilife r

.t n e m p i u q e e h t ll a f o y l b m e s s a d n a c il o b a r a p , n g i s e d

r u o F r e t p a h

C i sabou tdiscussion and analysi son t heresutlst ha tobtain on

.t n e m u rt s n i e l o h w e h t f o t l u s e r l a u t c a d n a n o it a l u m i s

n i , y lt s a

L ChapterFivetherei st heconclusionands omerecommendaitonon tl u s e r r e tt e b t e g o t r e d r o n i e v o r p m i r o d e t c e r r o c e b n a c t r a p h c i h w ; t c e j o r p e h

t in

(20)

5 I I R E T P A H C W E I V E R E R U T A R E T I L 1 .

2 Introduciton

l li w r o h t u a e h t ,r e t p a h c s i h t n

I discus saboutt he wholepar tof t hi shigh sensiitvtiy n i a m e h t l l a f o t s i s n o c l li w r e t p a h c s i h T . r o t c e lf e r c il o b a r a p g n i s u r e v i e c e r o i d u a t u o b a d n a y r o e h t r o t c e lf e r c il o b a r a p , n g i s e d r e if il p m a e h t r o f s tr a p s c i n o rt c e l e . e n o h p o r c i m 2 .

2 Abou thighs ensiitvtiyaudioreceiver( paraboilcmicrophone)

o t y ti li b a p a c a s a h t a h t t n e m u rt s n i r o e c i v e d a s i e n o h p o r c i m c il o b a r a p A il a c o v e h t d r o c e r r o r a e

h zaiton o fsound from substan ita ldistance .Thi stype o f c il o b a r a p d n a r e if il p m a , e n o h p o r c i m e v it i s n e s a f o s t s i s n o c y ll a u t c a s i e n o h p o r c i m t c e t e d n a c t a h t e n o h p o r c i m e v it i s n e s t s o m e h t e b t s u m e n o h p o r c i m e h T . r o t c e lf e r rt e b l li w n e h t d n u o s f o t n u o m a l l a m

s ansfe rto the ampilife rtha twli lamplfiy the e r u t p a c n e e b s a h d n u o s e h t ll a , d n u o s e h t t c e t e d n a c e n o h p o r c i m e h t e r o f e B . d n u o s e h t f o t n i o p l a c o f e h t t a d e t a c o l h c i h w e n o h p o r c i m e h t o t t c e lf e r d n a c il o b a r a p e h t y b . ] 1 [ e n o h p o r c i m c il o b a r a

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6

3 .

2 Ampilife r

e s u t a h t e c i v e d a s i r e if il p m

A d toamplfiytheampltiudeo fsigna landusually e s u s i r e if il p m

a d to make ampltiude signa lbecome higher .Fo rsound signal , fit he e s a e r c n i s i l a n g i s d n u o s f o e d u ti l p m

a d ,the sound wli lbe louder .Ampil ife rwli l e s a e r c n

i the ampltiude o fsound depend son t he gain of t he ampilifer .The vo tlage : s i n i a g )i V / o V ( g o l 0 2 = v A , n i a g e g a tl o V e g a t s e l g n i s e h t f o n g i s e d e h

T ampil iferwli lconsis to fone rtansisto ro roneop-amp . l o v h g i h a e c u d o r p l li w o s l a r e if il p m a e g a t s e l g n i s

A tagegainbuti n ordert ogett he

n i n g i s e d t s e b e h t s i e g a t s it l u m d n a e g a t s it l u m e s u o t d e e n e w , e c n a d e p m i t u p n i h g i h [ y rt s u d n i n i n g i s e d r e if il p m a d e ri s e d f o l li fl u f e h

t 5 .]

1 . 3 .

2 Decidingt heampil iferusingBJTorFET

P N P s i h c i h w T J B f o s e p y t o w t s a h t i d n a r o t s i s n a rt n o it c n u j r a l o p i b s i T J B e r o m s i ti e c n i s r e if il p m a n a g n i n g i s e d r o f e s u y l e d i w s i N P N s y a d a w o N . N P N d n a t a h t s l a n i m r e t 3 s a h T J B . e s u y li a d r o f e l b a ti u

s work wtih i twhich i sbase ,emitter , .r o t c e ll o c d n

a These three t erminal swli lcontirbute on t he biasing of t he BJT .The t

c e ri

d -curren tbia sfo rbase wli lwork wtih t hegiven collecto rcurrent .If t hereany y l n o m m o c e h T . t c e r r o c r e g n o l o n s i s a i b l a n i g ir o e h t ,t n e r r u c r o t c e ll o c e h t t a s e g n a h c f o e p y t d e s

u rtansistor i s t he germanium t ype s i twli lchange swtih t emperature ,a t n e r r u c r o t c e ll o c n e h w s a i b e h t e g n a h c y ll a c it a m o t u a n r u t n a c t a h t d e e n s i t i u c ri c t c e ri d e t a ir p o r p p a e h t n e h W . s e g n a h

c -curren tbia spoint sarechosen, t hen t hesigna l g n it a n r e tl a r

o - uc rren toperaitoncanbeanalyzed .Thecauset hatr elatedt ot hegaino f e h t ,r o t s i s n a rt f o e p y t r a l u c it r a p e h t f o r o t c a f n o it a c if il p m a e h t e r a r e if il p m a r o t s i s n a rt . s e g a t s g n il p u o c f o d o h t e m e h t d n a s e g a t s e h t f o e c n a d e p m i t u p t u o d n a t u p n

i Figure

1 .

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7

e r u g i

F 2 1. - TB J

s i T E

F afee leffec trtansistor ;FETi ss ilghltydfiferentf romBJTandFETuse e

f fi

d ren tp irnciple from BJT .FET depend son elect irc ifeld to conrto lthe channe l n

i y ti v it c u d n o

c thesemiconducto rmateiral .Thepatrsi nsideFETare ilkeFigure2.2 w

o l e

b :

e r u g i

F 2 . – T2 F E

n o i s u l c n o c a s

A , the mos tsutiable rtansisto rfo rthe audio ampilife ri sthe .

T J

B Thereareal o to fadvantage susing BJTcomparet o FET and Table2.1 below .

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8

1 . 2 e l b a

T – compairsono fBJTvs .FET )

T J B ( r o t s i s n a r T n o it c n u J r a l o p i

B Fee lEffec tTransistor( FET) l

o rt n o

C Basedonvotlagecon rtol Basedoncurren tcon rtol d

e e p s g n i h c ti w

S Fas tswtiching s peed Slowers wtichings peed n

i a g e g a tl o

V Highvotlagegain Lowvotlagegain t

u C -off

y c n e u q e r F

t u c r e h g i

H -offf requencyand t n e r r u c m u m i x a m r e h g i h

t u c r e w o

L -offf requencyt han T

J B

.t c e j o r p s i h t r o f r e if il p m a o i d u a n i a g h g i h e h t r o f e s o h c n e e b s a h r o t s i s n a rt T J B

2 . 3 .

2 O -p amp

p

O -amp i san operaitona lampil ife rand op-amp i swidely used nowadays i n r e if il p m a e h t ,r e v i e c e r o i d u a y ti v it i s n e s h g i h s i h t r o F . r e if il p m a o i d u a n g i s e d o t r e d r o

n g i s e d s

i e d by using the op-amp .There i sa lo to fop-amp in the marke tand i t r

u o n o s d n e p e

d designandchoosest hebestt ypeo fop-amp .Anoperaitona lampilife r p

o r

o -amp i sa very high gain dfiferenita lampilife rwtih high inputimpedanceand w

o

l output impedance. Common use so foperaitona lampilife rare to provide a s

o , e g n a h c e d u ti l p m a e g a tl o

v cillators , iftle r cricuti s and many type s o f .s

ti u c ri c n o it a t n e m u rt s n

i The i nterna lcricui to fop-amp i sconsisted o fa conneciton p

o e l g n i s a n i tl i u b n e e b s a h n o it c e n n o c e h t ll a d n a T J B f

o -amp[ 6 .] Figure2.3show s

p o e h t f o e n o f o t i u c ri c l a n r e t n i e h

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9

e r u g i

F 2 . – 3 interna lcricui to fOp- pa m

d e t a r g e t n i n i a g h g i h y r e v a s i r e if il p m a l a n o it a r e p o “ , n o it i n if e d r e h t o r o F

[ ” t u p t u o e c n a d e p m i w o l e n o d n a s l a n i m r e t t u p n i h g i h o w t h ti w r e if il p m a t i u c ri

c 7 .]

c i s a b e h t s w o h s 4 . 2 e r u g i

F o -p amps ymbo.l

e r u g i