LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF MADURESE PEOPLE
IN PANDAN DISTRICT OF TAPANULI TENGAH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Registration for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
YUSI TRI UTARI PANGGABEAN Registration Number: 8146 111 072
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, the Almighty God who has given tremendous blessings including health, strength, patience, and wisdom which enable her to accomplish this thesis with the title Language Maintenance of Madurese people in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan.
The writer realizes that she cannot complete this thesis without the help and support from great people. Therefore, she would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., as her first and second advisor who have guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of excellent advices, suggestions, and comments and also truly gave support to finish her study as well.
The writer would also like to extend her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have done abundant helps especially in administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program. Then, her big thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have taught her many valuable knowledges and share life experiences to support the writer to gain brighter future.
Thank also goes to her great proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum for their constructive commentaries and suggestions.
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her study. Thank you for all prayers which enable the writer to dream and stand up here the way she is. Then a special love and thank directly dedicates to her dearest sisters and brothers, Rima Pratiwi Panggabean, S.Pd., and her husband Suriyadi Siambaton, S.Pd., Dewi Sartika Panggabean, S.Pd, Muhammad Yogi Aulia Panggabean, and Muhammad Arif Maulana Panggabean for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.
Big thank goes to the head of Pandan District and all society especially for Madurese ethnic in Pandan District who helped her a lot during the research.
Finally, she also thanks to her friends, Lia Agustina Damanik, S.Pd., M.Hum, Sari Dwi Rahayu, S.Pd., M.Hum, Masjuliati Harahap, S.Pd., M.Hum, Hotmasari Harahap, S.Pd., M.Hum who have given support to her and are willing to be bothered during the writing of this thesis.
The last, sincere thanks also to her beloved friends on LTBI A-2 UNIMED 2014 especially Selamat Husni Hasibuan, Neneng Lestari, Wiwit Nur Rahmi, Muhammad Muslim Nasution and all lovely classmates whom she can not mention one by one. Thanks for being her mood booster to join the class since the first untill the last semester.
May God the Almighty bless them all.
Medan, September 2016 The writer
iii ABSTRACT
Panggabean, Yusi Tri Utari. Registration Number: 8146111072. Language Maintenance of Madurese People in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
iv ABSTRAK
Panggabean, Yusi Tri Utari. NIM: 8146111072. Pemertahanan Bahasa oleh Orang Madura di Kecamatan Pandan Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
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2.1 Role and Function of the Indonesian and Vernacular Languages in Indonesian Society………9
2.2 Language Endangerment ... 11
2.2.1 Level of Endangerment………12
2.3 Language Choice ... .14
2.4 Language Maintenance ... .16
2.4.1 The Factors in Language Maintenance...18
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2.6 Relevant Studies………36
2.7 Conceptual Framework...40
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 42
3.1 The Research Design... 42
3.2 The Subject of the Study. ...42
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection………...43
3.4 The Techniques for Collecting Data ... 44
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis………..45
3.6 Trustworthiness ... 47
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING………. 50
4.1 The Data and Data Analysis……… 50
4.2 Finding………. 65
4.3 Discussion……… 66
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……… 69
5.1 Conclusion……… 69
5.2 Suggestion……… 70
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Language is a system of communication that has great function in human
life. Language plays as an important role in human life because we use it to
communicate and to give information each other around the world. Progress in
understanding the complexity of reality is due, amongst other things, to the
growing linguistic diversity that has characterized human species. Language is
also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values. Each language
expresses a differentiated ethical sensibility. It provides us with symbols and
metaphors to deal with the mysterious and the sacred.
Language is obviously a vital tool for communication. It is not only as a
means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it is used for
creating friendship, cultural ties, economic relationship, etc. The existence of
language for human life is very important. Without a language, the society cannot
be formed and there will be no community. It is agreed that language cannot be
separated from the culture as language is the product of the culture. The
connection between the culture and language has been noted clearly in past time
and probably long before, because language is the most visible symbol of an
ethnic group.
Languages are formed and reflected by the most basic human experiences
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languages will result in the irrecoverable loss of a unique knowledge that is based
on specific cultural and historical experience. The increasing globalization in the
twentieth century, with a small group of notions dominating the scene, has had an
adverse effect on the shifting of social and cultural of many communities
especially for the young generation.
The transmigrates from linguistically different background have long
faced the task of maintaining the language origin when they stay in the new place
and their children were born in it. To maintain the existence of their mother
tongue, language maintenance influences and is influenced by the various factors
that transmigrate families encounter in their acculturation process in the
host country.
As people from one culture, they have to adjust themselves to the
changing of time. This is hardly felt by the youth. Therefore, the roles of parent in
maintaining their own vernacular language to their children have to be developed.
They have to use their vernacular language in communicate with their children in
any chance. Thus, their vernacular language can be maintained.
Multilingual societies, such as Indonesia, offer great opportunities for in
depth sociolinguistic studies, including those focusing on the idea of language
maintenance and shift. Language shift and ramification are among the most
important aspects of situation where different languages come into contact. This is
because most often through social or political processes the language or languages
become dominant at expand of the others. Indonesia – as a multi-ethnic country –
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the vernacular language (mother tongue) and Indonesian language as a National
Language to interact with their socio cultural. The vernacular language is used to
communicate within their tribes and the Indonesian language is used between the
different tribes.
In this world, there are thousands of languages. In Indonesia, specifically
there are hundreds of vernaculars. Many vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered.
As it was informed in Kompas (2007), about 726 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia
are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one million language users.
They are Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Balinese, Bugisnese, Madurese,
Minangkabau Language and etc. even there are many vernaculars but the use of
those vernacular language which is used by language users are only ten vernacular
language.
When a community does not maintain its language but gradually adopt
another one, this is known as a language shift (Hoffman, 1991: 186). While
language maintenance refers to a situation where members of a community which
tries to keep the language they have always used. A research report from United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) forum
(2002) on languages endangerment showed that languages were in danger of
disappearing based on the documents 2279 languages with different degrees of
endangerment and 538 were critically endangered. The youngest speakers are
elderly, and interaction in the given language is infrequent. Thus, it can be
assumed that these 538 languages will disappear in a few years when the speakers
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Holmes in his book An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2001: 63) states
that where the language is considered as an important symbol of a group’s identity,
it is likely to be maintained longer. Another statement as said by Corson in
Language Diversity and Education (2001:74) that maintenance of heritage
language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its speakers. It means that if
the vernacular is not maintained, it can be loss in the next generation.
One of the cities which are the home for Madurese ethnic group is Pandan.
Madurese is one ethnic in Indonesia known as a reliable immigrants. This
statement is no exaggeration to remember two things. First, the distribution area
Madurese migrants are found in almost all provinces in Indonesia, even in the
neighbor countries, especially Malaysia. Madurese people each other in Pandan
use their Madurese language in everyday life to show others about their identity.
According to the Dictionary of Madura (Pawitra: 2009), Madurese language has
three levels of language (speech levels).
General (yâ-enjâ’) = Lomra {L} - coarse language level.
This is the lowest level of Madurese language. It is typically used by
people who are older age to younger people or to friends of the same age. For
example, parents to child, sister to brother or playmates who have been familiar.
But at this level are not allowed to be spoken by the younger to the older.
Medium (Èngghi -enten) = Tenggaan {T} - intermediate language level.
This is the second level of Madurese language. At this level of language
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met, a conversation between the laws and son, husband and wife. Therefore, in
this usage between rough and smooth.
High / Fine (Èngghi-bhunten) = Alos {A} - subtle language level.
This is the highest level of Madurese language. This usage is done by the
younger to the older age. Like a child to his parents, a pupil to his teacher. The use
of language in this stage is very polite.
As it is found in Pandan District, Madurese people still use their language
although it is just the lowest level of Madurese language (yâ-enjâ’). They use it
each other in their everyday life. As the researcher found in the first observation
in one of Madurese family (mother and her daughter) who lived in Pandan
District;
Ibu: Sariii,, sassa aki lu pereng roa ye nak? Sakeccek ekkik deteng
tamoiyya. Todus dekkik nak.
Sari: Bentar lagi lah, buk. Capek kali Sari.
(Mom: Please, wash the plate first, our guests will arrive in a few seconds.
Later, we are embarrassed, Sar)
(Sari: In a minute mom, I’m very tired)
After taking the first observation, the researcher interviewed mother;
A: Bu, dikeluarga ibu masih lancar, aktif atau masih sering gak memakai
bahasa Madura?
B: Ya gitu bu, kalau yang lancar dirumah ini ya saya, bapak, sama ayah
saya bu.
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B: Mereka itu ngerti, tapi males pake bahasa Madura. Karna jarang
dipake, mereka itu jadi gak lancar bu.
A: Trus kalo dirumah anak-anak biasanya pake bahasa apa bu?
B: Ya, bahasa Indonesia atau dicampur-campur bahasa pesisir sini
dikitlah.
A: Kenapa ya bu kira-kira seperti itu?
B: Namanya kita hidup dilingkungan pesisir bu. Mau gak mau pasti ada
pengaruh-pengaruh dari lingkungan.
A: Kalau dari ibu sendiri, ibu pengen gak kalau anak-anak nantinya
lancar menggunakan bahasa Madura?
B: Yaiyalah bu. Saya sama bapak kan orang Madura. Kalau bisa
anak-anak juga harus tau tentang Madura, paling gak bisalah bahasa
Madura. Kalau dirumah kita pake bahasa Madura sama anak-anak
supaya anak-anak ngerti dan mau pake bahasa Madura, bu.
Based on the first observation and interview above, although the language
of Madura is an important feature to determine the identity of the ethnic group, it
seems Madurese language cannot always be maintained, but that does not mean
the language of Madura to be abandoned. Madurese language instead should be
utilized so that the noble culture is not uprooted.
In the face of shocks social change so fast and powerful, maintaining of
Madurese language in a multicultural community in District Pandan is a relevant
effort to maintain the Madurese language as one of the heritage since time
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1.2The Problems of the Study
The problems to be investigated operationally are formulated as follows
1. What factors affect the maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan
District?
2. How do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan
District?
3. Why do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan
District?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the research questions. They are:
1. to find out the factors in maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan
District.
2. to describe how Madurese people maintain Madurese Language in Pandan
District.
3. to explain the reason why Madurese people maintain Madurese Language
in Pandan District.
1.4The Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the maintenance of Madurese Language. It is
focused on the factors, the way (indication of an ongoing process of language
maintenance) and reasons of Madurese people maintain Madurese Language. The
three aspects are in focus since they are highly assumed to be related in the study
of the maintenance of language. This study was conducted for Madurese people
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1.5The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically
useful for language maintenance especially for Madurese Language speakers.
Theoretically, the findings will be a real fact of the present situation of
indigenous Madurese Language in Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah especially in
Pandan District. The findings will be as a comparative study of many endangered
vernacular languages for those who are interested in intensive study of language
maintenance. Such will inspire linguists or language planners to establish and
enrich the theory of language maintenance. Moreover, the findings would be
useful for language planner to plan a better schematic strategy in maintaining
threatened languages.
Practically, the findings will be as an input for Madurese Language
speakers to be aware of their language in multilingualism situation. The real fact
of Madurese Language speakers’ situation will arise the Madurese Language
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
The study which is concerned with the maintaining Madurese Language
was aimed at describing the factors supporting the maintenance of Madurese
language, the way of the maintenance and the reasons for the maintaining
Madurese Language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the
following.
(1) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District of Tapanuli
Tengah was influenced by the role of parents in language maintenance (the
use of language in family), homeland visits, the intra-marriage, the use of
language in neighbors, the use of language in workplace, ethno-linguistics
vitality, living together in an area, the use of language in religion domain,
practice of traditional ceremony.
(2) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District occurred by
using Madurese Language in daily activity and it is done by parents,
children and the environment.
(3) The reasons for maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan District was to
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5.2. Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as
the following.
(1) It is suggested that the Madurese parents in Pandan District of Tapanuli
Tengah should keep on speaking Madurese Language among family
members in family domain in order that the children as the next generation
can learn and speak Madurese Language.
(2) It is suggested that the Madurese people in Pandan District of Tapanuli
Tengah should promote Madurese traditional attractions or other Madurese
ceremonies in their society to enable the Madurese to be familiar and
