Equivalence Strategies In Translating Slang In The Novel “Akeelah And The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono

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EQUIVALENCE STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING SLANG IN THE NOVEL “AKEELAH AND THE BEE” BY SAPARDI DJOKO DAMONO

A THESIS

BY

RINA SARI NAINGGOLAN REG. NO. 080705042

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Nowadays, people do communication in their life. They use the language and

understand their own environment. Sometimes, there are some words or phrases in

their language that they use in their daily life which can not be understood by other

people. For instance, the people who live in Jakarta know that “kereta” is a train (a

lexical meaning). But in Medan, people understand that “kereta” means a

motorcycle. This is means there are particular terms in the language which are used

in their own environment and are only understood by the members of the community

in question. Generally, the term is well known as a nonstandard language named

slang (Adams, 2009: 48).

Hornby (2000) states that slang as very informal words and expression that

are more common in spoken language, and are used for some particular purposes. Slang sometimes is used to distinguish the people to another. The example in the

previous paragraph showed that slang is used to identify members of a group,

between Medan people to Jakarta people. Teenagers use slang to create identity in

order to be different from adults and Afro-American people use slang to distinguish

them from white people. But nowadays, all people generally and especially in

United States use slang in every part of their daily life. Slang can spread outside

their original area, but also can lose in their area. Slang is usually used extensively in

American TV, films, music, literature and in conversations among native English

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Indonesian people do enjoy music, books and films which contain slang from

other countries. Nowadays, it can be seen there are many translated novels are

displayed in the books stores in Indonesia. Most of those books sometimes use

literary language and slang. Patridge (1937) commented that the reason why

non-standard language such slang words may be used by an author is simply to make

character speak in a more realistic way. Non-standard language is incorrect not only

from a grammatical point of view, but also from an ethical side. This condition puts

non-standard language in contrast with standard language.

Schjoldager (2008) states that translating non-standard language such slang

words is not a simple task. Even though the skilled translator has understood the

original of the source text, the cultural background, and the social level, the problem

of translation still remains of how to reproduce the different variety of English and

how to transfer it to another language. Thus, it needs some strategies of translation in

order to overcome these issues.

Translation itself has several definitions. According to Catford (1965)

translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) to another language (target language).” Moreover, Baker (1988) defines that translation as an activity of transferring a text one language to another from but still

keeps the equivalence and the relation between the source texts to target text.

In order to achieve the equivalence in translating slang words and phrases, the

translators face several matters which do not only deal with the equivalence of the

form in text, but also with some problems. There will be a lot of different words,

phrases, and etc that do not have a very similar meaning in target language because

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slang. In some films or novels, the author use slang words which can not be

recognized in by the reader of target language (Baker, 1992)

The matters of equivalence at word level and above word level such phrases

often occur in translation. The problem occurred at word level has no direct

equivalent words or phrases in target language. The common problems of non

equivalence at this level are stuck at culture – specific concepts, the source language

concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the complexity of source language

word and etc. The strategies that commonly used in solving this problem are also

given. For example:

“… “Derick-T’s new ride is tight” (SL) “… “mobil baru Derick-T keren” (TL)

According to Merriam - Webster (2011) Tight means having elements close together. But according to 1990 Slang’s Dictionary (2006) tight means great, the best. The translator used cultural substitution where he reproduced the meaning of tight - great, the best- and translated into “keren”. “Keren” in Indonesia means good looking (for person), or very good in appearance (for things). This word is usually used by the

Indonesians in showing a thing which is really good.

Based on Baker’s equivalence’s theory, the slang words and phrases in the

novel “Akeelah and The Bee” will be analyzed in this thesis. The writer will analyze

both words and phrases of the slang that appear in the novel of “Akeelah and The

Bee”. The source language is English and the target language is Indonesian

This novel is entitled “Akeelah and the Bee” is a novel written by James W.

Ellison which talks about a life of a little girl who joined a spelling bee competition,

which has become the United States tradition more than one century. This novel is

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screenplay of the film entitled “Akeelah and the bee” that was written by Doug

Atchison. This novel was published by Yayasan Obor Indonesia in 2007 (Ellison:

2007).

The explanation about slang and the strategies for equivalence at word level

and above word level is the base of the writer’s interest in determining slang in

connection to translation as the topic of this thesis. The reason why the writer

decided to take slang as the matter of the analysis because slang many times occurs

in conversations or similar communicative situations that most people easily

recognize as soon as it is uttered. It means this matter has a close relation to the

social life of the society. From a translation studies point of view, slang is interesting

because of its connotations in its source culture. Slang seems to be connected to the

culture in which it is created, so how slang words and expressions transferred into

another language and culture will be discussed in this thesis.

In addition, the writer has found out that slang translation is quite rarely to be

analyzed by any researcher in English Department University of Sumatera Utara.

Those are the reasons why the writer chose ‘Equivalence Strategies in Translating

Slang Words and Phrases in the “Akeelah and The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono”

as the title of this thesis.

1.2 Problem of the Study

The problems of this analysis are:

1. How are the slang words in the novel “Akeelah and the Bee” translated into

Bahasa Indonesia?

2. How are the slang phrases in the novel “Akeelah and the Bee” translated into

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3. What are the strategies used in translating the slang words into Bahasa

Indonesia?

4. What are the strategies used in translating the slang phrases into Bahasa

Indonesia?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the analysis in this thesis are concern with the problem of

the analysis. They are:

1. To figure out the most dominant strategies used in translating slang words the

novel “Akeelah and The Bee”.

2. To figure out the most dominant strategies used in translating slang phrases

the novel “Akeelah and The Bee”.

3. To analyze the strategies which were used in translating slang words in the

novel “Akeelah and The bee”.

4. To analyze the strategies which were used in translating slang phrases in the

novel “Akeelah and The bee”.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In order to make a clear and systemic analysis, the writer will limit the

matters discussed in this thesis. The analysis will focus on the strategies used in

translating slang. The writer will analyze the slang formed only in words and phrases

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1.5 Significances of The Study

This analysis has several significances involve theoretical and practical

significances. The significance of this research may include:

1. Theoretically, the writer hopes that this research can give contribution in

developing of the knowledge in translation study.

2. Practically, the result of this research can give useful addition information

for lecturers, especially in teaching translation of message equivalence.

For the students, the result of this research can be used as additional

knowledge to improve their knowledge and ability of the translation,

especially in message equivalence of translation with regard to in the

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 TRANSLATION 2.1.1 Definition

There are several definitions of translation described scholars. According to

Catford (1965) translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL)

by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). This definition is supported

by Nida and Taber as quoted in (Suryawinata 1988:3) state translating consists of

reproducing in the TL the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first in the

terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

Indonesian translation scholar, Simatupang (2000:2) says “menerjemahkan

adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa

sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk bentuk

yang sewajar mungkin menurut aturan - aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran”.

This statement is totally supported by the Larson’s statement (1984:3) about

translation. He states that translation is basically a change of form, translation consist

of transferring the meaning of SL into TL. It means that the act of translation

involves the change of the form SL to the form of TL; but the meaning is not

changed.

Larson (1984:6) states that a best translation is the one which a) uses the

normal language forms of the TL, b) communicates, as much as possible, to the TL

speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speaker of SL, and c)

maintain the dynamics of the original SL text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the

original source text means that the translation is presented in such a way that it will,

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Based on those definitions about translation, translation is a process of

transferring the meaning of a text into another language then recreating it back with

the most proper forms based on the structure of the TL. The object that was

transferred is the meaning of the text. The main aim of translation is transferring the

meaning as natural as it could in TL.

2.1.2 Methods of Translation

Methods of translation have a very close relationship with kinds of

translation. Different kinds of translation occur because there are different methods

used in translation. Even some of translation scholars consider that kinds of

translation and the methods of translation are the same. Furthermore, the word

“methods” will be used to represent the kinds or the methods of translation in this

analysis.

In doing translation, a translator has to apply the methods of translation.

Nababan (2003:29) states there are four factors why the method of translation should

be applied. First is the different system between SL and TL. Second factor is there is

difference material or translated text. Third, the appearance of paradigm stated that is

a mean of communication. The last factor is the different function or goal of

translation. It can be promotion, suggestion, persuasion, argumentation and etc.

According to Larson (1984:15) there are two kind of translation. They are:

1. Form based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation. If two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical

form may be similar. However, the literal choices of lexical items make

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2. Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in natural form of TL that was famous by name

idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the TL, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical

items. A truly translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it

was written originally in the TL.

Nida and Taber as cited by Simatupang (2000:9) support and agree with

Larson, but they have their own name for their concept. Nida and Taber divide

translation into two kinds of translation; they are literal translation and dynamic translation. Literal translation has a same concept with the form based translation by Larson. The other kind of translation that Nida and Taber proposed is dynamic

translation. Dynamic translation is a translation that makes meaning more important

than the form. The target of dynamic translation is to produce the dynamic

equivalence in TL.

Based on the explanation above, there are two translation methods should be

applied by the translator in order to achieve a good translation. They are meaning

based translation, proposed by Larson, and dynamic translation that was stated by

Nida and Taber. Those methods are considered as the naturalness meaning of

translation that should be achieved in doing translation.

2.1.3 Translation as Product and Process

Based on the definition of translation that some scholars have defined

above, translation has two roles, as a product and as a process. Translation as a

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the meaning of a text in SL in to TL by considering the linguistic and non-linguistic

elements (Muchtar 2011: 10).

Translation as a process means there are some steps should be done by the

translator to transfer the meaning of the text correctly and as natural as possible. In

addition, Levy in Venuti (2000:148) states that translation as a decision process. He

states that translation as a series of a certain number of consecutive situation –

moves, as in a game – situation imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing

among a certain (and very often exactly definable) number of alternatives. Nida and

Taber in Munday (2001:40) divide the process of translating into three stages system:

1) analysis of message in the SL; 2) transfer, and; 3) reconstruction of the transferred

message in the TL. This process is described in the following figure:

According to the figure above, the process of translation is starts from

analyzing the original text. In this step, the translator should be able to understand

the content and the meaning of the text. In the next step, the translator intents to

transfer the meaning of the original text (SL) into target text (TL). The next step is

restructuring where the translator rewrites or re-expresses the materials in such a way

that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in

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EQUIVALENCE 2.2.1 Definition

Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation. The notion of

equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in

the field of translation theory. A translator must look for the equivalence between ST

and TT, so that there is no missing information when he transfers the message from

ST to TT (Venuti 2000:133).

Baker (1998:77) defines equivalence as the relationship between a source text

(ST) and a target text (TT) that has allowed the TT to be considered as a translation

of the ST in the first place.

This is in accordance with what Catford states that “equivalence is the central

concept of translation which shifted the focus of translation theory away from the

traditional dichotomy of ‘faithful’ or ‘free’ to a presupposed inter-lingual tertium

comparison.” (Snell – Hornby, 1988:15). He further points out that “the central

problem of translation practice is that of finding TL equivalents. A central task of

translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation

equivalence.” ( Snell – Hornby, 1988: 15)

Larson (1984:57) suggests that a translator will often find that there is no

exact equivalent between the words of one language and the words of another. There

will be overlap in translation product, and there is seldom a complete match between

languages. Because of this, it is often necessary to translate one word of the source

language by several words in the receptor language in order to give the same

meaning.

Baker (1998: 77) claims that uses the notion of equivalence for the sake of

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statements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for

translations, an obstacle to a progress in translation studies, or a useful category for

describing translation. She also added that proponent of equivalence as the

relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT

to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first place.

2.1.3 Kinds of Equivalence

Equivalence is classified become several kinds depend on some theory of

several translation scholars. Kinds of equivalence according to Nida which are stated

in Munday (2001: 41) which are: (1) formal equivalence and (2) Dynamic equivalence. Nida defined these as follows:

1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and

content. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the

message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the

different elements in the source language. This means, for example, that the

message in the target culture is constantly compared with the message in the

source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (Venuti

2000:129)

A formal equivalence attempts to reproduce several formal elements,

including: 1) grammatical units, 2) consistency in word usage, and 3)

meaning in terms of source context. Nida also calls this kinds of equivalence

as ‘gloss translation’, which aims to allow the reader to understand as much

as the ST context as possible.

2. Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls ‘the principle of equivalent

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substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors

and the message’. One way of defining a dynamic equivalence translation is

to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the SL message.” This kind

of definition contains three essential items: 1) equivalent, which points

toward the SL message, 2) natural, which points towards the TL, and 3)

closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest

degree of approximation.

A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of

expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant

within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand the

cultural patterns of SL context in order to comprehend the message.

Baker (1992) explains a more detail list of condition upon which the concepts

of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different

levels, in relation to translation process, including all different aspects of translation

and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She

divided equivalence into four groups, they are:

1. Equivalence that can occurred at word level and above word level while doing translation from SL to TL. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom up

approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be

taken into consideration by translator. In fact, when the translator starts

analyzing the ST, the translator looks at the words as single units in order to

find a direct ‘equivalence’ term in the TT

2. Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary

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direct correspondence in the ST. in fact, she claims that different grammatical

structures in the ST and TT may cause remarkable changes in the way the

information or message is carried across. These changes may include the

translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of

particular grammatical devices in the TT itself.

3. Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a ST and a TT in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature

in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and

analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to

produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TL audience in a specific

context. Translator can decide to maintain or not the cohesive ties as well as

the coherence of the ST. his or her decision will be guided by three main

factors, they are; the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the

text type.

4. Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is

explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out

implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The

role of the translator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in

such a way that enables the TT reader to understand it clearly.

2.3 Equivalence Translation strategies

2.3.1 Equivalence Translation strategies at word level

There are seven strategies was offered by Baker in order to overcome the

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1. Translation by a more general word

This is one of the commonest strategies with many types of non-equivalence,

particular in the area of propositional meaning. It works equally well in most,

if not all, languages, since the hierarchal structure of semantic fields is not

language – specific. For example:

SL: I will go back to Chicago two days later (English)

TL: Saya akan kembali ke Amerika

2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word

dua hari lagi. (Bahasa Indonesia)

The above example illustrate the use of a general word (superordinate) to

overcome to a relative lack of specificity in TL compared to the SL. What the

translators of the above extracts have done is go up a level in a given semantic field

to find a more general word that covers the core propositional meaning of the

missing hyponym in the target language.

To make a clear comprehension notice the example below:

SL: The panda is something of a zoological mystery (English)

TL: Kemunculan panda dalam dunia hewan adalah sebuah teka teki

3. Translation by cultural substitution.

(B.Indonesia)

There is an equivalent for mystery in Bahasa Indonesia, but it mostly

associated with religion. The translator felt that it would be wrong to use it in a

zoological context.

One of the strategies to achieve “equivalent effect” used in the latter situation

is translation by cultural substitution. This strategy is called “cultural equivalent”

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with a target language item which does not have the same propositional meaning”

(Baker, 1992: 30). The main advantage of using this strategy is that it gives the

reader a concept with which s/he can identify something familiar and appealing.

4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation

This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items

modern concepts, and buzz words. As with the strategy of cultural substitution, the

freedom with which translator use loan words will often depend on the norms of

translation prevailing in their societies. Example:

SL: She is completely narcissistic (English) TL: Pendeknya, kakaku itu benar-benar narcissistic

5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word.

(Bahasa Indonesia)

This strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item

is lexicalized in the TL, but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a

certain form is used in the ST is significantly higher than would be natural in the TL.

SL: He really love it (English)

TL: Ia girang bukan main

6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words

(Bahasa Indonesia)

If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the TL,

the paraphrase strategy still used in some contexts. Instead of related word, the

paraphrase may be based on modifying a superordinate or simply on unpacking the

meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question is semantically

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precision in specifying propositional meaning. The disadvantage using this strategy

is paraphrase does not have the status of a lexical item and therefore cannot convey

expressive, evoked, or any kind of associative meaning. For instance, look at the

example:

SL: Andy looked pleased as the Rocky Road finally engulfed the tip of his nose

(English)

TL: Andy kelihatan senang. Hidungnya sudah hampir

7. Translation by omission

tertutup es krim

(Bahasa Indonesia)

This strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit

translation a word or expression in some context. If the meaning conveyed by a

particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to

justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanation, translator can and often do

simply omit translating the word or the expression in question.

Example:

SL: That's not exactly

The non – equivalence problems of translation are not only occurred on the

word level. In fact, words are combined with other words and make a new meaning.

This combining words generally known as idioms, phrase, and fixed expression.

Baker (1992: 65) mentions that there are two main problems of idiomatic and fixed

expressions pose in translation. They are: the ability to recognize and interpret an appropriate for Luigi's (English)

TL: Tak cocok dipakai ke Luigi's (Bahasa Indonesia)

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idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the various aspect of

meaning that an idiom or fixed expression conveys into the TL. To overcome the

problems above, Baker mention several strategies which are working on these

combining words such idiom, phrase and fixed expression. There are several

strategies that Baker has stated, they are:

1. Using an Idiom of similar meaning and

form

This strategy involve using an idiom in the TL which roughly the same

meaning as that the SL idiom and in addition consist of equivalent lexical item. This

kind of match can only occasionally be achieved. Example:

SL: Perhaps Granamyr wanted to show us that things aren’t always what they

seem. (English)

TL: Mungkin Granamyr ingin menunjukkan kepada kita bahwa sesuatu hal tidak

lah selalu sama dengan apa yang kita lihat

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but

dissimilar form

. (Bahasa Indonesia)

It is often possible to find idiom or fixed expression in the TL which has a

meaning similar to that of source idiom or expression, but which consist of different

lexical item. Example:

SL: “Those idiots are letting her get into her stride.” said George (English)

TL: “para idiot itu membiarkan dy menumpahkan kemarahannya.” kata George

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3. Translation of paraphrase

This strategy has the same concept with the paraphrase strategy at word level,

but the difference lied on the way it translated. At the word level, paraphrase strategy

translates a word in to unrelated words, but in this paraphrase at this level, the idiom

was translated into related idiom. This strategy is the most common way of

translating idiom (Baker 1992:75). It possible for the translator find inaccurate

paraphrase. Example:

SL: “It was the first week after term ended” said Ron (English)

TL: “terjadinya pada minggu pertama liburan kita

4. Translation by omission:

” kata Ron (Bahasa Indonesia)

An idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the TT because it has no close

match in the TL, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reason.

2.4 SLANG 2.4.1 Definition

There are many definitions of slang offered by many linguists. According to

Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia slang can be described as informal, nonstandard

words or phrases which tend to originate in subcultures within a society. Thorne

(2007) defines that “slang is language deliberately selected for its striking informality

and is consciously used in preference to ‘proper’ speech (or, more rarely, writing).”

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Standard English. For example: “what’s up?” is an example of term for asking about

people or greeting a person.

For some groups, slang is a private code connecting their particular values

and behavior and reinforcing their exclusivity. Slang may escape from the original

group and become more widely used, and although slang draws much of its effect

from its novelty, some terms (booze, punk, cool) may stay in the language for many years (Thorne, 2007).

Slang consists of the words and expressions that have different from the cant,

jargon and argot (and to a lesser extent from dialectal, nonstandard, and taboo speech) of specific subgroups of society so that they are known and used by some of

the general population, even though the words and expressions often retain some

associations with the subgroups that originally used and popularized them. Thus,

slang is a middle ground for words and expressions that have become too popular to

be any longer considered as part of the more restricted categories, but that are not yet

(and may never become) acceptable or popular enough to be considered informal or

standard.

2.4.2 Slang Form

1. Slang Word

Slang words beside specific vocabulary are also formed by a variety of

processes (Matillo, 2003) they are the main ones:

• Established words used in extended or special meanings: flash and juice

in the previous paragraph, awesome = excellent, hooter = nose.

• Words made by abbreviation or shortening: fab from fabulous, pro from

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• Rhyming slang: Adam and Eve = believe, butcher's (hook) = look.

• Loanwords from other languages: gazump, nosh, shemozzle from Yiddish,

kaput from German, bimbo from Italian (= little child).

• Backslang, in which the spelling or sound of other words are reversed:

yob from boy, slop from police.

2. Slang Phrase

Slang phrases are characterized by some features in sound realization such as

intonation, rhythm, stress underlined by purposely lax way of speaking,

inaccurate or omitted pronunciation of some sounds or even group of sounds.

The words are usually produced in a shortened, easier and more relax way

(Matillo, 2003). The processes described below:

• Words formed by compounding: airhead = stupid person, couch potato = person who lazes around watching television, snail mail = ordinary mail as opposed to email.

• Merging of two words: 'portmanteau' words such as ditsy = dotty + dizzy,

ginormous = gigantic + enormous.

• Reduplications and fanciful formations: heebie-jeebies, okey-doke. Words based on phrases or idioms: bad-mouth = to abuse, feel-good as in feel-good factor, in-your-face = aggressive, drop-dead = extremely (beautiful etc.), must-have = essential, one-night stand = brief sexual encounter. • Slang phrases also use inaccurate pronoucation; What´m I going t´do

now? Ah'm over here. Consonant gemination: innit? (isn´t it?), wunnit

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The Use of Slang

Slang is used for many purposes. But there are six main purposes why people

used it in their spoken activity (Eriksen, 2010), they are:

• Establish group relations and identity

• Separate one group of people from another

• Rebel against standard language through the use of words and expressions

that are not defined in standard language

• Lead a conversation towards informality

• Suggest ‘insider-knowledge’ with the people to whom you are speaking

• Show the speaker’s attitude through the use of words and expressions that

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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method

In writing the thesis, the research method of doing the analysis is library

research by consulting some books and dictionaries to collect the theories. The writer

used the method to find out some theories and relevant information that support the

ideas stated in this analysis. In this case, books, novels, dictionaries that dealing with

translation, equivalence, and slang were used as references. Some information is also

found form the website to support or complete the collected theories.

3.2 Sources of Data

The main source of the data was a novel entitled “Akeelah and the Bee”

written by James W. Ellison which is published by NewMarket Press in the year

2006 as the source text and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia “Akeelah” translated

by Sapardi Djoko Damono which is published by Yayasan Obor Indonesia in Jakarta

in the year 2007 as the target text.

3.3 Data collection Procedures

In collecting the data, the writer observed the English novel and its translation

into Indonesian and documented them as the data. Along with the English text, the

Indonesian translation text was also observed in order to compare it with the source

text. There are some steps in collecting the data, those are:

1 Reading the novel in English as the source text (ST) and its translation

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2 Identifying words and phrases those are included as slang in source text.

3 Selecting some data in the source text which are strongly related to the

slang

4 Listing the words and phrases, which are considered as slang, occurred as

the data findings

3.4 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the writer applies qualitative method. It is a procedure

of solving problems by describing and explaining the data towards the facts.

Qualitative method focuses the analysis on deductive and inductive conclusion and

solving of problems by using the way thinking formally and argumentatively (Azwar

2004:5) In this case, the writer does the analysis by using some steps. They are:

1. Identifying the equivalence translation of slang between ST and TT.

2. Contrasting the words and phrases of slang in ST and its translation TT in

order to figure out the strategies of translation used.

3. Identifying the strategies of translation occurred both in words and

phrases.

4. Classifying the strategies of translation occurred both in words and

phrases.

5. Explain the strategies in translating the slang systematically and

argumentively based on Mona Baker equivalence translation strategies.

6. Finding out the most dominant procedures of translation occurred in the

(31)

In order to figure out the most dominant strategies of translation occurred in

the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of

social research (1986:200). Following is the formula of calculating the percentage of

the strategies used:

N X

Y X

=

% 100

X : Number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation

Y : Number of all data

(32)

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

After reading both the original text that is written in English (SL) and the

translation in Bahasa Indonesia (TL), it is figured out that there are 54 words and 62

phrases considered as slang found in source text. One of the aims of this research is

to find some strategies dominantly used by the translator in translating slang both in

words and phrases form in James. W. Ellison’s novel “Akeelah and the Bee”.

The strategies suggested by Mona Baker to overcome the problem in doing

translation of slang at word level (1992:28-42) are: (1) Translation by a more general

word. (2) Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word. (3) Translation by

cultural substitution. (4) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus

explanation. (5) Translation by paraphrase using a related word. (6) Translation by

paraphrase using unrelated words. (7) Translation by omission.

Baker also offers several different strategies in solving the problem of non

equivalence translation in doing translation of slang in level of phrases (above word

level). The strategies suggested by Mona Baker (1992:72-77) are: (1) Translation by

using idiom/collocation of similar meaning. (2) Translation by changing meaning.

(3) Translation by paraphrase (4) Translation by omission. The tables below would

show the identification of data from each strategy based on level of semantic; at

(33)

(34)

NO

DATA SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

EQUIVALENCE

Explanation of slang term: Nope: (interjection) No; now become colloquial. (Lighter, 1994)

2.

“you’re crazy, girl, plain loco, talking to your self this way (page 7 line 12)

kau cewek gila, asli edan, bicara pada dirimu sendiri seperti ini. (page 9 line 12)

Translation by cultural substitution

Explanation of slang term: Loco: (adj) mad, crazy. (Thorn, 2007)

3.

…, but why would she put herself I the position of being he school nerd - a freak

for other to stick pins it (page 14 line 16) teman temannya? (page 17 line 6)

Translation by omission

Explanation of slang term: Freak: (n) an enthusiast, devotee. A freak also refers to a person who is markedly or offensively eccentric in address or behavior. (Lighter, 1994)

Explanation of slang term: Wack: (adj) inferior, worthless, unpleasant. (Thorn, 2007) 5

Girl, you always

trippin. (page 15 line 15)

Nak, kamu selalu

tersandung ya (page 18 line 4)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something/nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

6 ”dang” Georgia said (page 15 line 21)

”Memuakkan” kata Georgia. (page 18 line 9)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Dang: A variation of the ever-popular used to show great frustration or annoyance or to reinforce/exclaim a point. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

7 Derick T new ride is tight (page 15 line 22)

Mobil baru Derrick T keren (page 18 line 9)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Ride: (n) A vehicle or mode of transportation. Usually belongs to someone else. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

8 Derick T new ride is

tight (page 15 line 22)

Mobil baru Derrick T keren

(page 18 line 9)

(35)

(36)

Explanation of slang term: Tight: (adj) describes something particularly enjoyable or

10 What did cross face want? (page 16 line 8)

Apa yang dimauin bu cross

dengan wajah yang seperti itu darimu? (page 18 line 17)

Explanation of slang term: Face: An awesome word that can be substituted for any other word in the English language. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

11

Just a whole rap

about some stupid spelling bee. (page 16 line 9)

Hanya bicara soal lomba eja bodoh itu. (page 18 line 20)

Explanation of slang term: Rap: 1. a conversation, especially an earnest and/or lengthy discussion. 2. a rhythmic spoken chant, often to a musical background. 3. An accusation or charge, blame or punishment. (Thorn, 2007)

12.

Like I’m some

freakin’ spelling genius (page 16 line 10)

Kayak aku ini super jago

ngeja aja. (page 18 line 20)

Explanation of slang term: Freaking:adj an intensifying adjective, a euphemism for

fucking (Thorn, 2007)

13 Nah… (page 16 line

12) Gak lah. (page 19 line 2)

Explanation of slang term: Nah: the way to say "No". (Source: Urbandictionary.com) Explanation of slang term: Ace: Ace: quite satisfactory; fine; tops. 2. in a position of friendship and influent. (Lighter, 1994)

15. It makes you a pest Explanation of slang term: Pest: abbreviation of pesterous (adj) Caribbean irritating, troublesome. (Thorn, 2007)

16 Well, whoop – de –

doo (page 18 line 9)

Memangnya kenapa? (page 21 line 11)

(37)

(38)

Explanation of slang term: whoop – de – doo: noisy celebration; fully fuss (Lighter,

Explanation of slang term: Sugar: another word for "kiss". 2. An expression of love. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

18

Dang, that’s a lot of money (page 22 line 11)

Ampun! Itu kan uang banyak banget (page 25 line 16)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Dang: A variation of the ever-popular used to show great frustration or annoyance or to reinforce/exclaim a point. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: Naw: the way to say "No". (Source: Urbandictionary.com) 20

I aint down for no spelling bee (page 29 line 16)

Saya tidak mungkin ikut

lomba mengeja. (page 34 line 2)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word.

Explanation of slang term: Down: 1.To be 'With It or in 'the know how', knowledgeable about something, or to give respect/recognition to something. 2. To be keen for something. 3. To be friends with someone or to spend time with them. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

21

Every body’s gonna look at me, the weirdo who spells words (page 37 line 26)

Semua orang akan menatapku, orang aneh

yang mengeja kata kata (page 42 line 7)

Explanation of slang term: weirdo (n) a strange, non-conformist, eccentric, repellent person. (Thorn, 2007)

22 Crummy education (page 38 line 12)

Pendidikan yg tak memadai

(page 42 line 19)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: crummy, crumby (adj) dilapidated, dirty, worthless. (Thorn, 2007)

23

“Man…” Akeelah said aloud (page 42 line 21)

”Ampun..!” teriak akeelah (page 47 line 6)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word. Explanation of slang term: Man: 1. one’s very good male friend; a man that the speaker respect highly. 2. an authoritative or controlling person or group. 3. use as an interjection to indicate amazement, excitement, anger, disappointment, frustration, and etc. (Lighter, 1994)

24 She need to chill

(39)

(40)

25 Derrick t is the man Explanation of slang term: Man: 1. one’s very good male friend; a man that the speaker respect highly. 2. An authoritative or controlling person or group. 3. use as an interjection to indicate amazement, excitement, anger, disappointment, frustration, and etc. (Lighter, 1994)

26 Don’t be rankin on him (page 43 line 25)

Jangan nyalah nyalahin dia deh. (page 48 line 11)

Explanation of slang term: Rankin: rankon (someone)vb to insult, taunt or provoke. (Thorn, 2007)

27 Yup (page 52 line 18) Ya dong. (page 57 line 22)

Explanation of slang term: Yup: affirmation = Yes. (Lighter, 1994) 28 That’d be cool (page

Explanation of slang term: Cool: means 1. Awesome, popular, nice; like in a social hierarchy. 2. Wicked (new England style, NOT evil= wicked) 3. Good or great. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

29

I second that, ” Mr. Welch said (page 63 line 16)

“Saya setuju untuk hal itu.” Ujar pak Welch (page 70 line 1)

Explanation of slang term: Second: A length of time that is very-under-exaggerated. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: Jerk: a foolish, despicable or obnoxious person.(Thorn, 2007)

31

”That really sucks,” Polly said (page 69 line 22)

”Brengsek banget,” kata Polly. (page 76 line 1)

Explanation of slang term: suck vb to be repellent, inferior or worthless. An extremely common term of strong disparagement or denigration in American English. (Thorn, 2007)

32 Don’t kid yourself (page 70 line 14)

Jangan meledek diri sendiri. (page 76 line 21)

Explanation of slang term: Kid: 1. joke, fool, and tease. 2. An online games term that often used to insult another's skill or playing style. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Nah (page 70 line 21) Gak. (page 77 line 4)

Pukul sembilan tepat. (page 87 line 16)

(41)

(42)

Explanation of slang term: Sharp: on the exact minute in reference to meeting at a specific point in time. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

35

Mama’d trip if she knew I borrowed the car from Maurice (page 80 line 10)

Ibu akan murka kalau tau aku meminjam mobil dari Maurice. (page 87 line 24)

expressive word

Explanation of slang term: Trip: used figuratively in a way that is very often used to describe things those are crazy. 2. To overreact or to lose your control. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: Crib: A person's place of residence. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

37

For a whooping… eighty two big ones (page 85 line 16)

Untuk nilai delapan puluh dua. (page 93 line 10)

Explanation of slang term: Whooping: an exclamation of joy and approval; Hurray (Lighter, 1994)

38 Shazam…! (page 86 line 4)

Simsalabim..! (page 94 line 2)

Translation by cultural substitution

Explanation of slang term: Shazam: an exclamation to put emphasis on an extraordinary action. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

39 Yowza (page 87 line

9) Kereen! (page 95 line 4)

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Yowza: An exclamation of surprise or sudden pleasure. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) Explanation of slang term: Hoo Yaa: used after a good expression; to agree with someone. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

41

Forever trippin,’ that’s you (page 88 line 19)

Selalu keren, itulah kamu. (page 96 line 16)

Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something / nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

42

Y’know I’ve been

buggin… (page 117 line 7)

Begini, saya selama ini

memohon mohon... (page 135 line 13)

(43)

(44)

44 Whatevah (page 135

Explanation of slang term: Whatevah: comes from word “whatever” means any or every; anything or everything. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

45 You was very pro (page 135 line 19)

Kamu pro banget. (page 153 line 22)

Translation by a loan word or loan word plus explanation. Explanation of slang term: Pro: abbreviation of Professional. 2. Awesome. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: Dawg: n.1. Slang for "my close acquaintance of an African-American ethnic background"/ a friend. 2. Word to be used in place of a name, or other personal noun or pronoun to be used in place of a name. 3. Another meaningless piece of that hideous massacre of the English language they call ebonics. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: Nerd n a gormless, vacuous, tedious and/or ineffectual person. (Thorn, 2007)

Explanation of slang term: Cool: means 1. Awesome, popular, nice, good or great 2. Okay with each other, not mean to each other. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

49

Kalau saja ia dapat membebaskan steve dari

minuman dan Derrick T dari narkoba… (page 157 line 29)

Explanation of slang term: Booze: An alcoholic beverage, specifically any type of beer. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

50

… I can always get a license to drive one of these babies (page152 line1)

Aku bisa tetap mendapat surat ijin mengemudi salah satu mobil hebat ini. (page

in the form a ‘babe’, an attractive female. (Thorn, 2007)

51 “Yuck,” Javier said

(page 154 line 21) Yak! (page 173 line 2)

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Table 1.2 Table of Data Identification – Slang in Phrase Form

NO

DATA SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

EQUIVALENCE other to stick pins it (page 14 line 16)

…, tapi kenapa ia menempatkan dirinya sebagai anak brengsek disekolah – yang menyebabkannya suka diganggu – ganggu oleh teman temannya? (page 17 line 6)

Explanation of slang term: School nerd n a gormless, vacuous, tedious and/or ineffectual Person in the school. (Thorn, 2007)

2

“All that hush hush stuff.” (Page 16 Line 10)

Semua bisik bisik rahasia itu. (page 18 line 18)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: hush hush stuff:

Urbandictionary.com)

3 Shake it (Page 18

Line 12) Ayo makan. (page 21 line 14)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: shake it: To Bounce or leave to go somewhere. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) an idiom of similar

meaning but alternative spelling of yuk. (Thorn, 2007)

52 They are in a groove (page 177 line 13)

Mereka sudah terbiasa. (page 197 line 6)

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Groove: (v) 1. To enjoy oneself inten (Lighter, 1994)

53 tanyanya. (Page 90 line 11)

Explanation of slang term: Goofy: (adj) stupid or crazy; silly; infatuated; (hence) Gazed. (Lighter, 1994)

54

Military chow does not cut it.” (page 19 line 12)

Makanan militer ga enak. (page 22 line 16)

(46)

dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: apple of my eye: a person much adored or doted on, loved, held dearly, and central to the admirer's affections and sensitivities (Source: Urbandictionary.com) an idiom of similar

Explanation of slang term: cut it vb to succeed, manage. (Thorn, 2007)

6 an idiom of similar

Explanation of slang term: get smart: to become fresh with someone; to talk back to someone. (Spears, 2000)

Explanation of slang term: step’n’ fetch: a lame man; one with one leg shorter than the other. (Maitland, 2010)

8

Explanation of slang term: pullin down (something): to earn a stated amount of things (values, money, and etc.) (Spears, 2000)

9

Explanation of slang term: Holdin’s us up: a person who delay another man, cause somebody to be late. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

10 brainiacs (page 38 line1)

Gadis kulit hitan dari Crenshaw ini dia pikir bisa mengeja bareng orang orang jenius kulit putih yang kaya itu. (page 42 line 9)

Explanation of slang term: White brainiacs: a know-it-all or very intelligent person usually dedicated for white people that was designed by black people. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) an idiom of similar

(47)

Explanation of slang term: Pipe Dream: A vain dream that will never happen, given the harsh reality of life. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

12

I don’t wanna be up onstage lookin like the Patchwork Girl of Oz (page 42 line 13)

Saya ga mau berada diatas panggung sana tampak seperti gadis berpakaian rombeng. (page 46 line 22)

Explanation of slang term: Patchwork Girl of Oz: an expression to describe discarded waste material, worthless or sell to be reused as parts; junk. (Source: TheFreeDictionary.com)

13

Sound like a

bunch of show offs

(page 42 line 22)

Kayak orang orang yang suka pamer aja. (page 47 line 7)

Explanation of slang term: a bunch of show offs: a group of people who behave in an ostentatiously skilled and assured way in order to impress another. (Maitland, 2010)

Explanation of slang term: wassat? : A combination of two words, namely "what's" and "that". A lazy, slang way to ask the question "What's that?" (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

15

”mama worried out of her mind.” (page 43 line 6)

”Ibu sangat amat khawatir.” (page 47 line 14)

Translation of paraphrase

Explanation of slang term: out of mind: not thinking logically, crazy. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: watchu lookin at? : an expression for nosy people; come from what are you looking at? (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

17

You goin up against a bunch rich white kids. (page 43 line12)

Kamu mau bertarung dengan gerombolan anak kulit putih kaya raya. (page 47 line 18)

Explanation of slang term: go up against: to compete with someone; to face someone in competition. (Spears, 2000)

18 yang akan kejadian. (page 48 line 1)

(48)

pieces. 2. To cause someone much grief. (Spears, 2000) an idiom of similar

Explanation of slang term: Bad news: a dangerous or disastrous person, thing, and situation. (Source: Historical dictionary of American Slang)

20 an idiom of similar

Explanation of slang term: smart alecky: is adjective of smart aleck means someone who is saucy and acts cocky. (Spears, 2000)

21

Do me a favor and leave the ghetto talk on the street. (page 46 line 15)

Tolong ya, jangan bawa bawa

omongan kampungan ke sini. (page 51 line 8)

Explanation of slang term: Ghetto talk: cheap, of poor quality, in poor taste, old, broken down language. The term is not racist, but is primarily in use among white adolescents. (Thorn, 2007)

Explanation of slang term: 'scuse me: The shorted ill-tempered short-mannered way of saying, "excuse me.” (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

23

Explanation of slang term: Mad Lucky: have a great fortune. (Lighter, 1994)

24

It’s my way or

high way terrence, and you better believe that I’m dead serious.” (page 64 line 14)

Ikut caraku atau cara jalanan

terrence, dan sebaiknya kau percaya bahwa kau serius dengan kata kataku. (page 70 line 15)

Explanation of slang term: Highway: 1. A place where people and squirrels and lots of other animals get killed. 2. A very fast going road. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

25

Ikut caraku atau cara jalanan terrence, dan sebaiknya kau percaya bahwa kau serius dengan kata kataku. (page 70 line 15)

(49)

26 Chill out, will ya?

Explanation of slang term: Chill out: Shut up, relax, and calm down. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) akeelah. (page 71 line 3)

Explanation of slang term: the cut: describing the awesomeness of a person, place, event or thing. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

28 Big time. (page 70

line 18) Sangat betul. (page 77 line 1)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: Big Time: 1. Usually used at the end of a statement, summing up the subjects extremity. 2. Used to describe something that is definitely going to happen, or has already happened that had a big impact, or even a small impact. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) Valley berlagak lagak. (page 78 line 26)

Explanation of slang term: traipsing off: A type of physical movement similar to walking but involving large amounts of gay. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

30

So if this spelling thing means

sneakin off to the

suburb by yourself, then you

can forget about it. (page 72 line 28)

Jadi jika soal mengeja ini artinya menyelinap sendirian ke pinggir kota, kamu harus melupakan itu. (page72 line 8)

Explanation of slang term: sneaking off: moving around quietly and sneakily. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Tidak usah aja kalau kau

gagal disekolah. (page 72 line 16)

Explanation of slang term: Flunk out: student who has failed a course or been expelled for; academic failure. (Lighter, 1994)

32 bagaimana anak anak itu dihabisi. (page 86 line 29)

Explanation of slang term: chew up and spit out: to treat savagely, destroy utterly. (Lighter, 1994)

(50)

be filthy rich (page 80 line 23)

banget. (page 88 line 12) an idiom of similar

Explanation of slang term: filthy rich: to have an abundance of money and wealth. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) permainan ini berhasil. (page 92 line 9)

Explanation of slang term: up and up: Getting better, actively rising above, coming in to your own, living large and getting larger. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

35

Saya pembawa acara, Javier “the Ganteng” Mendez, yang merayakan ulang tahun. (page 92 line 14)

meaning but

”Gila bener!” teriak Javier. (page 93 line 9)

Explanation of slang term: holy cannoli: an expression that usually accompanies shock or excitement. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

37

A Bingo right off the bat! (page 85 line 12)

Semua huruf disikat habis! (page 93 line 10)

Explanation of slang term: right off the bat: Instantly, immediately. (Source:

38 Them’s the break (page106 line 19)

- Translation by

omission

Explanation of slang term: Them's the breaks: Possibly short for "that is the breakdown". It means "that's just how it is". (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

39

Explanation of slang term: wild: out of control; amazingly out of this world; an unrestrainable amount of coolness; an adjective that means "very". (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Lalu, jika gagal, paling tidak kita sudah memberikan yang terbaik. (page 137 line 14)

(51)

effort. (Spears, 2000)

41

Why you sound all

bent outta shape?

(page 125 line 2)

Kenapa kamu kayak lagi ga beres begitu? (page 143 line 28)

Explanation of slang term: bent outta shape: comes from ‘bent out of shape’ that means agitated, upset. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

42

Ketika kamu bersama ku dan teman temanku, kamu bicara biasa. (page 144 line 2)

Explanation of slang term: down home adj American rustic, ethnic or (agreeably) simple and neighbourly. (Thorn, 2007)

43

Explanation of slang term: Yo, dat girl’s dope: comes from ‘Yo, that girl is dope’ means an enthusiasm expression that show someone is really good, satisfying, or great. (Source: Urbandictionary.com) similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: da best: comes from ‘the best’. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

45

I’m sick of the whole thing (page 128 line 9)

Aku muak pada semua ini.

(page 146 line 9)

Explanation of slang term: sick of the whole thing: a phrase that one says when everything they try to do ends up in complete failure. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

46

So why y’all punkin out on the spellin bee? (page 135 line 1)

Jadi kenapa kamu mau

mundur dari lomba mengeja? (page 153 line 3)

Explanation of slang term: y’all punkin out (you all punking out): someone who behave in a cowardly manner. (Thorn, 2007)

47 Suburban kids (page 135 line 3)

Bocah bocah tajir dari pinggiran kota. (page 153 line 6)

Explanation of slang term: Suburban kids: kids who have rich parents and living with no difficulties in getting money. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

48

Since you was a little bitty thing

(page 138 line 11)

Sejak masih aku kecil banget. (page 156 line 20)

(52)

Explanation of slang term: a little bitty thing: A small amount or it can mean anything that you want it to mean. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

49

Explanation of slang term: give me a five: To hit the inside of someone's hand with your hand to show that you're very pleased about something. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Explanation of slang term: aim high: A slogan or motto which can be changed to 'IM HIGH' and then 'I'M HIGH' to try and get delinquent chives to aim higher in life. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

51 No biggie. (page 151 line 10)

Ga pentinglah. (page 169 line 19)

Explanation of slang term: No Biggie: not something to worry about. Shortened from the phrase "no big deal.” (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

52 watanabe (page174 line 7)

Explanation of slang term: Back Rub: The process of rubbing/massaging someone’s back. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Terkadang baik juga untuk sedikit beristirahat, bersantai

sebentar sebelum peristiwa besar, ya kan? (page 175 line 2)

Explanation of slang term: Veg out: to relax luxuriously and do nothing; vegetate. (Lighter, 1994)

54

Break two for a luck. (page 158 line 20)

Hentakkan dua kali demi keberuntungan. (page 178 line 2)

Explanation of slang term: Break Two for a luck: good luck, have a good performance. (Lighter, 1994)

Wow, mereka dari Pantai

Timur benar benar

menguasai, bukan begitu? (page 185 line 10)

Equivalence Strategies In Translating Slang In The Novel “Akeelah And The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE