IMPACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN BOGOR MUNICIPALITY ON THE LOCAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

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ISBN: 978-979-99046-5-2

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IC S R D

ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2013

P R O C E E D IN G S

"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"

E d i t o r i a l B o a r d s :

1. Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia

University,

USA

2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute

of Technology, USA

3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural

University,

INDONESIA

4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura

/ The University

of Tokyo, JAPAN

5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA

6. Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN

7. Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University

of Tokyo, JAPAN

8. Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University

of Agriculture

and Technology, JAPAN

COLLABORATIVE:

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r---ISB N 978-979-99046-5-2

"Sustainable-R ural D evelopm ent - Tow ards a B etter W orld"

vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013

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IC S R O

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P R O C E E D I N G S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N

S U S T A I N A B L E R U R A L D E V E l O P M E N T 2 0 1 3

E d i t o r i a l B o a r d :

1.

Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE. / West Virginia University, USA

2.

Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute of Technology,

USA

3.

Prof. Dr. Sudi Indra Setiawan / Sogor Agricultural

University, INDONESIA

4.

Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN

5.

Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA

6.

Or. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University, JAPAN

7.

Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University of Tokyo, JAPAN

8.

Dr. Yosei Oikawa / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

JAPAN

P R O C E E D I N G S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S U S T A I N A B L E R U R A L

D E V E L O P M E N T 2 0 1 3

"Sustainable

Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

Published by:

Department of Agricultural

Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University

JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal,

Purwokerto 53123

Phone/Fax. +62281

638791

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

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,-ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS

OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013

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IC S R D 2013

Preface

iii

List of Contents

vii

A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS

1.

Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation

cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

L iju a n H e , M a s o u m e h A m in z a d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g 1 2.

Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and

Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan

H id e to U E N O .. 11

B. INVITED SPEAKERS

1.

Homegarden

Intensification

through

Cooperation

among

Different

Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam

Y o s e i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a s a a k i Y A M A D A 15 2.

Field Evaluation of Infiltration

Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow

and Throughfall Areas

M . A s k a ri, F .A . A h m a d , A .M . M o h d S a y u ti, C .B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito , Z.

Y u s o p , a n d K . W ija y a 21

3.

Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia

A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n

31

4,

Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability

in Rice Production, A Rice

Breeding Perspective

S u p ra y o g i

43

C. SUPPORTING PAPERS

1st

Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies

1.

Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System

of Rice Intensification (SRI)

C h u s n u l A rif, B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n , H a n h a n A h m a d S o fiy u d d in , L o lly M a rtin a

M a rtie f, M a s a ru M iz o g u c h i, a n d A rd ia n s y a h 73 2.

Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture

Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level

N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l ,. 83

3.

Modeling Water Movement

in Limited

Strip-Tillage

with

Strip Shallow

Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept

Y . I. In ta ra a n d

A.

S a p e i

89

4.

Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency

S a ty a n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i

R.

D . M u s ta n in g s ih , a n d C h u s n u l A rif

97

5.

Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate

S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n s y a h

103

6.

Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil

Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification

Rice Fields in the Cilacap District

W in d i H a ry a n to , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d Is m a n g il

109

7.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application

using Zigbee for Monitoring

Displacement Object

D w i K u m ia w a n , Im ro n R o s y a d i, a n d A z is W is n i W id h i N 115

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vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

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PROCEEDINGS

OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT

2013

"Sustainable R ural D evelopm ent - Tow ards a B etter W orld"

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, Aug~;t 25-26, 2013

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

8.

Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to

Construct

Instrument

for

Nondestructively

Measuring

Optical

Characteristics of Golden Banana

cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

(M u s a a c u m in a ta )

A . M a rg iw iy a tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d

R.

E d ia ti

121

2

nd

Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security

1.

Mathematical Model for Estimating Staple Food Stock in Temanggung

Regency

A n to n T lm u r

133

2.

Application

of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile

Evaluation of Solidified Coconut Sugar

K a rs e n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a ry a n ti, a n d R e tn o S e ty a w a ti 141

3.

Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main

Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java

S y a fi'i M ,M e la ti R , W a lu y o B , a n d R u s w a n d i 0 147

4.

Improving

Beef

Cattle

Production

System

for

Sustainable

Rural

Development in Central Java

A k h m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i

155

5.

Biotic Investigation on

A c a c ia S p e c ie s

in Kordofan Region Sudan Against

Climate Change

M a y m o o n a A . E is a , Z e in a b

M.

H a m m a d , a n d

Osman

E . A . A b d e lk a re e m

163

6.

Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch

Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko

..

169

7.

Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar

Eigenheimer and Granola

C . W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l 177

8.

Dimensional

Analysis

for

Measuring

Coefficient

of

Unit

Surface

Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application

S is w a n to ro , S id h a rla S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iy a tn o 187

3

rd

Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development

1.

A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level

Current-Source Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power

S u ro s o , D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in a s is , a n d T o s h ih ik o N o g u c h i

195

2.

A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as

Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing

C0

2

E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table

A d ria n u s A M H E K A , Y o s h iro H IG A N O , T a k e s h i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R

203

4th

Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development

1.

Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:

Opportunities at Community Level

U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l... 2 1 9

2.

Hydrothermal

Synthesis

of

AG

3

P0

4

Photocatalyst

for

Phenol

Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation

U y i S u la e m a n , E v a V a to n a h , A n u n g R ia p a n itra , P o n c o Is w a n to , S h u Y in , a n d

T s u g io S a to

225

viii

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ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2013

"Sustainable ~ural Development - Towards a Better World"

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013

ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

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rC SR D 2013

5th Topic: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Rural Development Proqrams

1.

Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java for Sustainable Rural Development

M o c h . S u g ia rto

235

2 . In S itu Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using T ric h o d e rm a V irid e Strain FRP 3

N o v i A rfa rita , B u d i P ra s e ty a , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T s u y o s h i Im a i

241

3. A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private

Company and Local Communities

M u h a m m a d R id w a n s y a h

247

4. Agricultural Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure in

Central Java

T im o tiu s S e tia w a n

253

5. Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia

P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u s s a J im

M

..

259

6. Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and

Local Community Adaptation

S u d a rm a d ji

275

7. Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse Gas Emission

A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o

287

8. Comparative Study Agriculture Development Programs for Poverty Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China

M u h a m a d R u s J iy a d i

295

9. Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects of Sustainable Rural Development)

N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riy o n o

305

10. Application of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and

Water Conservation Measures to Simulate Realistics Waterhed Management

S a h id S u s a n to , C h a n d ra S e ty a w a n , a n d S u k irn o

311

6th Topic: Community Health

1.

Criterias Identification of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma

R e tn o S u p riy a n ti, G u ru h S y a h ro n i, S ri W is n u R e s p a ti, Y o g i R a m a d h a n i, a n d

T u tik Id a R o s a n ti

321

2. The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain P la n ta g o m a jo r L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rv e g ic u s ) Model

E S u tris n a , A A F itria n i, I A S a J im , A M M a s k o e n , M S u je tn o , a n d H S.

S a s tra m ih a rd ja

331

3. Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro

G a m a l a n d E frik o S e p ta n a n d a

339

4. Wareness and Willingnes to Health Policy: An Empirical Study with

Reference to Malang Indonesia

G a m a l

345

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ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

rcS R O 2013

~

PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2013

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

5 . N ig e l/a s a tiv a

Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of

Diabetic Rats

Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h y u K , S a ry o n o , A rin g to n /G , a n d N a k a ta n i T o s h io ... 355

Posters

1.

Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor

Y u w a n a 363

2.

Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines

and Sub

1 Gene

Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance

U n tu n g S u s a n to , R in a H e p s e r! W e n in g , M a d e J a n a M e ja y a , a n d J a u h a r A Ii 373

3.

Climate

Variability:

Need for

Collective

Action

in

Conserving

Agro-Biodiversity

K .C .S iv a b a /a n , B . S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila 379

4.

Application

of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into

Early Maturing

Rice

Variety

(90-104 Day) for

the

Development

of

Improved

Agronomic

Performance-Ultra Early Maturing «

90 Days) Rice Variety

M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u s a n to 385

5.

On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed

Lowland Areas of Indramayu

M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u s a n to , a n d M a d e J a n a M e ja y a 389

6.

Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption

for

Production

of

Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil

in Indonesia

K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u / K . /rw a n to , S o n i S. W ira w a n , a n d

T e ts u y a A ra k i 393

7.

Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil

N u ru / R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i

407

8.

Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in

Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations

B a y u R u d iy a n to , T s a ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n 415

9.

Biodiesel

Production

Based

Coconut

Oil

by

Esterification

and

Transesterification Process

N u ru / R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i 425

10.

Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community

Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District

D .M .C .S . M im ro s e , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a y a k a k o ra /a 431

11.

Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction

E v i N u rifa h J u lita s a ri

437

12.

Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation

A rd ia n s y a h , S h o S h io z a w a , a n d B u d i /n d ra S e tia w a n 443

13.

Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,

Purwokerto

P u tri R ie s k i /m a n d a , R e z a K u s u m a N , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to 455

14.

Isolation

and

Identification

of

Indigenous

Microbe

for

Production

of

Bioethanol from

N y p a F ru tic a n s

W iJ u d je n g T ris a s iw i, G u n a w a n W ijo n a rk o , a n d M e lis a R is k a P u tri 461

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PROCEEDINGS .

International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013 "Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Setter World"

Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

5

th

TOPIC'

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

IMPACK OF DEVELOPMENT

IN BOGOR MUNICIPALITY

ON THE LOCAL

GREENHOUSE

GAS EMISSION

Arief Sabdo Yuwono

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sogor Agricultural University (IPS), Indonesia

e-mail: arieCsabdo_yuwono@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT

A decade development in.Boqor Municipality of West Java Province and its impact on the local greenhouse gas emission covering carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) as well as nitrous oxide (N20) were assessed quantitatively by using their relevant emission factors. A ten years period of development was indicated by growth of population, increasing energy consumption and change of AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and land use) sector as well as by increase of solid waste generation. Assessment on the generated local greenhouse gas emission was based on IPCC (Inter-Govemmental Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. There was a strong correlation between population growth and the emitted greenhouse gas emission. A similar correlation was also found between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission. Result of the analysis showed that yearly local greenhouse gas emission increased from 6.0E+07 to 7.3E+07 ton C02-e within ten years period (2002-2011). It indicated that development of Sogor Municipality affects directly on the local greenhouse gas emission.

Keywords: Sogor Municipality, development, emission, greenhouse gas, impact

INTRODUCTION

Impact of the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases [1]-[2] concentration has been studied worldwide intensively since the last decades. A number of researchers have indicated generally that global climate change maybe the most serious environmental challenge ever faced by mankind [3]-[4]. This is as a result of devastating impact both on the climate and the environment [5].

Mitigation and adaptation actions to cope such global phenomenon are therefore important to be concerned by national and local authorities. Consequently, study on trend of greenhouse gas emission could be a basis to plan strategic measures to deal with the global warming locally. Some municipalities have tried to respond the global warming phenomenon locally by simply greening the open area such as urban forest [6].

Other municipalities started to mitigate the global warming without any strategic calculation on the budget and effectiveness of the implemented action [7]. Consequently, some mitigation measures were not effective and the greenhouse gases concentration remains high. On the other side, mitigation measures should be focused on the main contributors of the greenhouse gas emission. Here, impact of development on environment was viewed more specifically on the "negative" aspects, Le. greenhouse gas emission, rather than on its "positive" effects such as growth of economy, better infrastructures and so forth.

An estimation of local scale greenhouse gas emission [4] carried out in a Portuguese municipality, called Oeiras, showed clearly that electricity sector accounts for about 75% of the municipal emissions. It indicated that local greenhouse gas estimation highly depends on the electricity consumption. The objectives of the research were firstly to estimate the amount of sector and total greenhouse gas emissions generated by Sogor Municipality. Secondly is to assess the impact of development in Sogor Municipality during ten years period (2002-2011) on the local greenhouse gas emission.

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TOPIC

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS 'International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013

"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World" Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

METHODOLOGY

Estimation on amount of the sector and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was based on IPCC (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change) Guideline 2006. It is classified into three sectors, namely sector of energy, AFOLU (agricultural, forest land and other land use) sector and solid waste sector. Each of sector emission was calculated by using its corresponding emission factor which was adopted from IPCC Guideline 2006 and its database. Greenhouse gas emitted by each sector was firstly expressed in their responding unit, i.e. [ton CO2/year], [ton CH4/year] and [ton N20/year] and

subsequently converted into a single common unit namely [ton CO2-equivalenUyear] or simply

expressed in [ton CO2-e/year] by using conversion factor, i.e. Global Warming Potential (GWP). The

development indicators were population growth, energy consumption (electricity, kerosene, gasoline, "pertarnax", LPG and diesel oil) as well as solid waste generation as a consequence of the population growth.

The GWP for CO2 is 1, CH4 is 25 and N20 is 298 according to IPCC Guideline 2006. A flowchart of the

research steps is depicted in Fig. 1.

Sector and total yearlyGHG emission estimation Start Emission source

Inventory

Impact assessment of development on

[image:8.620.66.533.257.464.2]

GHGemission End General assessment

Fig. 1. Flowchart of the research steps.

The amount of emitted greenhouse gas was estimated by using basic equations according to their sector and the necessary data as indicated in Table I. Hence, for instance, energy sector covers GHG emission resulted from small, medium as well as large scale industries that consume various fuels such as diesel oil, natural gas (LPG) and others.

[image:8.620.68.620.482.836.2]

The electricity consumed by each industry was also taken into account in the calculation. In AFOLU (agricultural, forest land, and other land use) sector the emitted GHG was mainly generated by paddy field and animal husbandry activity. Therefore, the calculation was based on these components.

Table 1. The Basic Equation And Necessary Data

Sector Basic equa.tion ~ Data

Energy • GHG emission

=

(fuel consumption)*(net calorific value )*( emission factor). AFOLU • Paddy field GHG emission

=

(area)*(planting day)*(emission factor). • GHG emission

=

(number of

livestock)*( emission factor) • GHG emission

=

(population)*( emission factor).

Number of small, medium and large scale industry; Diesel oil, gas and electricity consumption; Emission factor (e).

Area of paddy field; Days of planting per year; Number of livestock (ruminants and poultry); Emission factor (e).

Solid waste

Municipal population; Daily solid waste generation; Organic fraction; Emission factor (e).

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P R O C E E D I N G S

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n S u s t a i n a b l e R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t 2 0 1 3

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"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World" Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

5th T O P I C

ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2

Paddy field is concerned as a source of GHG (i.e. methane) [8] due to anaerobic condition of the inundated paddy field normally practiced by the farmers in Indonesia. The anaerobic condition is a precursor for the methanogenic bacteria producing methane (CH4). Animal husbandry which is also

regarded as a source of GHG in AFOLU sector is based on the fact that feces emitted a lot of methane during the first days of their dispatch.

R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

Analysis of data showed that total greenhouse gas emission has been growing about 17% from 6.0E+7 [ton COre] in 2002 to be 7.3E+7 [ton CO

ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2-e] during ten years period (Fig.2). Population

growth, however, has changed much faster, i.e. 68% within the same period as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Population Growth And Emission Per Capita

Year Population Growth Total emission [million] [%] [ton CO-2e]

Emission per capita [ton CO-2e/capita]

2002 2011

2.9 6.0E+7

68

4.8 7.3E+7

20.7

15.2

It indicated that a fast growth of population does not always imply on fast growth emission per capita directly as well. Contrary, emission per capita has decreased significantly from 20.7 to be merely 15.2 [ton CO2-e/capita]. However, total emission growth was in line with the population growth.

Total greenhouse gas emission in Bogor Municipality consisted of mostly nitrous oxide (N20) and then

followed by methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (C02) as indicated in Fig. 2. This is in line with the

result of the data analysis where source of the emitted greenhouse gas was from AFOLU sector (Fig. 3). There is a strong relationship between AFOLU sector and the relevant emitted greenhouse gas, i.e. nitrous oxide (N20).

A factor that might contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emission from AFOLU sector is the decrease of the forest land area where during 2002-2011 the forest land has decrease more than nine thousands hectares. It is clearly known that forest land roles as an important agent to offset atmospheric CO2 emission [9]. Moreover, biomass resources such as forests, is known as an

attractive strategy to reduce GHG emissions [10].

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T O P I C · ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS 'International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013 "Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World" Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

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Fig. 2. Yearly (a) and proportion (b) of total greenhouse gas emission.

A strong relationship was also indicated between methane (CH4) emission (Fig. 2) and solid waste

sector (Fig. 3). It is recognized that methane can be generated during solid waste decomposition. During the decomposition process organic fraction of solid waste would be converted to be a number of gaseous compounds including methane [11].

IIISolid waste IAFOlU • Energy

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Fig. 3. Greenhouse gas emission per sector.

Population growth as an indicator of development shows a positive correlation with the total emission as indicated in Fig. 4. The coefficient correlation is 0.985 (Fig. 5) which means that those parameters are strongly correlated.

The more population the higher solid waste generated in the society which in turn will increase the amount of the emitted greenhouse gas. A research conducted by Indonesian State Ministry for Environment in 1996 indicated that average solid waste generation in Indonesia was ±0.8 [kg/capita/day]. It is predicted that the solid waste generation could reach 2.1 [kg/capita/day] by 2020.

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"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

5th T O P I C ISBN 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2

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Fig. 4. Population growth and the total greenhouse gas emission

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Fig. 5. Relationship between population and total GHG emission.

Data analysis on the AFOLU sector in terms of paddy field area, settlement area and forest land area demonstrated that forest land area has decreased about 8.5% within ten years (Fig. 6) whereas settlement area has increased 32% during the same period. Paddy field area, in contrary, has increased almost 3%. The latest roles as double agent in the atmospheric greenhouse gas turnover, i.e. firstly as methane source [12] in the environment and secondly as carbon sink where during photosynthesis paddy absorbs CO2 as one of main substances beside water to form carbohydrates.

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Fig. 6. Area change of forest land, settlement and paddy field.

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5

th

MLKJIHGFEDCBA

_{T O P I C} ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS 'International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013 "Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World" Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

Relationship between AFOLU sector and total greenhouse gas emission change is depicted in Fig. 7 where it is obvious that the growing total GHG emission was in line with the increase of settlement area, decrease of forest land and a slight increase in paddy field area. Settlement area is a kind of GH~ source as it emits CO

2 from its various activities. The diminishing forest land area is also

concerned as a source of GHG emission due to its decrease in carbon stock or carbon sequestration capacity. There are a number of estimations by independent researchers pertaining on carbon stocks, carbon sequestration capacity or primary production of Indonesian forest land such as follows:

• Net sequestration is -0.95 to 0.84 ton CO2 hal.year" [13]

• Above- and below-ground net primary production was 6.7 Mg C hal.year" [14] • Carbon stocks in the A-horizon were 18.70 ton C ha-1[15].

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Fig. 7. Relationship between AFOLU sector and total emission change.

In energy sector a remarkable change on consumption of gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil has occurred in 2009 in Indonesia as a consequence of the governmental decree to convert kerosene fuel mainly consumed by households to natural gas (LPG). Since then the consumption of kerosene has significantly decreased by almost 87 million liter during the last three years. The change of consumption amount of these fossil fuel types is described in Fig. 8.

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Fig. 8. Change of fossil fuel consumption in energy sector.

The significant decrease of kerosene supply in the market was Simultaneously followed by increase of LPG, diesel oil and gasoline consumption during period of 2009-2011. The environmental impact, i.e. air quality change, of such condition itself was unclear due to the complexity of the atmosphere

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5

th

TOPIC

ISB N 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2

.

PROCEEDINGS

International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013 "Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

system. In fact, the total greenhouse gas emission showed a stabile growing tendency along the study period.

Relationship between solid waste generation and total greenhouse gas emission is almost linear since one of the estimation bases of the total GHG emission was the quantity of the generated solid waste. Hence, as indicated in Fig. 9, the increasing amount of the generated solid waste in Bogor Municipality was always followed by increase of total GHG emission. Between the amount of generated solid waste and total GHG emission there is a strong correlation as indicated by its correlation coefficient accounts for 0.975 (Fig. 10).

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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Fig. 9. Trend of solid waste generation and total GHG emission.

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Fig. 10. Correlation between solid waste generation and total GHG emission.

The above description indicated that it is important to take into account the management of municipal solid waste in order to minimize the production of greenhouse gas from the solid waste bulk into ambient air and then to the atmosphere. Once it is released into the ambient air. a global and local mitigation measures should be planned and taken in action.

REFERENCES

[1] K. J. van Groenigen, C. W. Osenberg, B. A. Hungate. Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2,

L e tte r R e s e a rc h , vol. 475, pp. 214-217.

July 2011.

[2] O. Ashrafi, L. Yerushalmi, F. Haghighat. Greenhouse gas emission by wastewater treatment plants of the pulp and paper industry - Modeling and simulation. In te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l o f

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,

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vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

th

MLKJIHGFEDCBA

T O P I C

: ISB N 978· 979· 99046· 5· 2

i

PROCEEDINGS International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013

"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

G re e n h o u s e G a s C o n tro l, vol. 17, pp. 462-472. June 2013

[3] K. R. Mackie and C. D. Cooper. Landfill gas emission prediction using Voronoi diagrams and importance sampling. E n v iro n . M o d e lin g a n d S o ftw a re , vol. 24, pp. 1223-1232. 2009.

[4] J. Gomes, J. Nascimento, H. Rodrigues. Estimating local greenhouse gas emissions - A case study on a Portuguese municipality. In te rn a tio n a l J o u rn a l o f G re e n h o u s e G a s C o n tro l, vol. 2, pp.130-135. 2008

[5] O. Anomohanran. Determination of greenhouse gas emission resulting from gas flaring activities in Nigeria. E n e rg y P o lic y , vol. 45, pp. 666-670. March 2012

[6] A.S. Yuwono, A. Kurniawan, R. Fatimah. "A quantitative approach on the role of urban forest in a local carbon cycle" P ro c e e d in g o f In te rn a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o f In d o n e s ia n F o re s try R e s e a rc h e rs (INAFOR), pp. 518-526. December 2011

[7] A.S. Yuwono. "Assessment on tree planting effectiveness to reduce greenhouse gas emission" presented in In te rn a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e o n S u s ta in a b le A g ric u ltu re a n d E n v iro n m e n t (IC S A E ).

Solo, June 26-29. 2013

[8] E.T. Epule, C. Peng, N. M. Mafany. Methane emissions from paddy rice fields: Strategies towards Achieving a Win-Win Sustainability Scenario between Rice Production and Methane Emission Reduction. J o u rn a l o f S u s ta in a b le D e v e lo p m e n t, vol. 4, No. 6, pp.188-196. December 2011

[9] T. L. Daniels. Integrating Forest Carbon Sequestration into a Cap-and-Trade Program to Reduce Net CO2 Emissions. J o u rn a l o f th e A m e ric a n P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n , vol. 76, No. 4,

pp.463-475. Autumn 2010

[10] C. Kayo, T. Aramaki, K. Hanaki. Effect of Change of Forest Carbon Storage on Net Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Use for Energy in Japan. J o u rn a l o f In d u s tria l E c o lo g y , vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 122-136. 2010

[11] Anonymous. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from waste disposal as a result of implementation of the proposed New Zealand Waste Strategy. Ministry for the Environment. April 2002

[12] S. S. Yang, C. M. Lai, H. L. Chang, E. H. Chang, C. B. Wei. Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy fields in Taiwan. R e n e w a b le E n e rg y , vol. 34, pp. 1916-1922. Jan. 2009

[13] M. van Noordwijk, D. A. Suyamto, B. Lusiana, A. Ekadinata., K. Hairiah. Facilitating agro-forestation of landscapes for sustainable benefits: Tradeoffs between carbon stocks and local development benefits in Indonesia according to the FALLOW model. A g ric u ltu re , E c o s y s te m s a n d E n v iro n m e n t, vol. 126, pp. 98-112. March 2008

[14] D. Hertel, G. Moser, H. Culmsee, S. Erasmi, V. Horna, B. Schuldt, Ch. Leuschner. Below- and above-ground biomass and net primary production in a paleotropical natural forest (Sulawesi, Indonesia) as compared to neotropical forests. F o re s t E c o lo g y a n d M a n a g e m e n t, vol. 258, pp. 1904-1912. July 2009

[15] J. van der Kamp, I. Yassir, P. Buurman. Soil carbon changes upon secondary succession in

Im p e ra ta grasslands (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). G e o d e rm a , vol. 149, pp. 76-83. January 2009.