ASSESSMENT ON TREE PLANTING EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

(1)

PROCEED.ING

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Ed"tors :

Dr. Prabang Setyono, S.Si., M.Si

Komariah, STP., M.Se., Ph.D

Dr. Ir. W idyatmani

Sih Dewi, MP

June

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Central Java, IndoJ

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Sebelas Maret University {

INDONESIA

(2)

tation:

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abang

Setyono,

Komariah,

Widyatmani

Sih Dewi

(Ed.).

2013.

Proceeding

of

t

International

Conference of Sustainable Agriculture

and Environment.

Surakarta,

ne 27th-29

th,

2013.

!sign cover:

ief Noor Rachmadiyanto

ibllshed

by:

)T Penerbitan dan Pencetakan UNS (UNS Press)

Ir. Sutami No.36A Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia 57126

lephone. 0271-646994 Ext. 341

ebsite :

http://www.unspress.uns.ac.id

mail address: unspress@uns.ac.id

BN 978-979-498-838-1

Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University:

)PVRIGHT:

I right of the papers in this book are reserved to the individual authors, and all rights of

e other parts to Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University.

SCLAIMER:

rpers are published here unedited, as submitted by their authors. The conference does

rt necessarily endorse their contents.

(3)

PROCEEDINGS

of the

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

1s tI n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n / e t 'r ! n c e onS u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t

A

P R E F A C E

We would like to thank Allah SWT has guidance so that all preparatory activities 1

s

ICSAE conference can be conducted successfully. 1

st

ICSAE International

Conference

(International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment) aims to

disseminate

the results of research in the field of sustainable agriculture and environment.

The conference areas are:

1.

Tropical Agriculture

2.

Biodiversity

3.

Biotechnology

4.

Horticulture

5.

Climate Change

6.

Environment·

7.

Local Ecological Knowledge

8.

Agriculture Social Economy

9.

Water Management and Soil Conservation

10. Hydraulic Structure, Maintenance and Operation

11. IPM / Integrated Pest Managament

12. Integrated Agriculture Managament

13. Food Sovereignty and Food Security

Results of this 1

st

ICSAEconference proceedings will be included ISBN proceeding, ISS~

journal and best paper will be submitted to journals that indexed in Scopus. We hope thi:

activity will continue on a regular conference once every 2 years with the results of

tht

advance research in agriculture and environment again.

This conference was a success because it is supported by the Directorate General

0

higher education ministry of Education and Culture Republic Indonesia as well as sponsor

that we can not mention one by one. The committee would like to thank to all those whc

have helped this conference.

In closing I wish to express my gratitude to all participant for their full cooperation aru

contribution to t is conference. Lastly, I wish you all a fruitful conference and may we a

could gain positive outcomes and conclusion from this conference.

Very Sincerely Yours,

Dr. Prabang Setyono, M.Sc

Chief of Conference 1

st

ICSAE

(4)

PROCEEDINGS

of the

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

1s tI n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e onS u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t

A

F O R E W O R D

.

Sustainable is the keyword in agricultural

and environment

management

to assure the

global food security and maintain high quality of human life. The world population

explosion

has resulted

in natural resources exploitation

and degradation

drastically

to meet the daily

life

demand.

Food

production

through

agricultural

technology

improvement

in

soil

amelioration,

various

fertilizer

productions,

plant

breeding,

seed production,

livestock

production,

pest management,

human

empowerment,

horticulture

production,

irrigation

technology,

food security,

and etc plays the main role to feed the population

that grows

double

in the recent century.

However,

researches on the identification

of unsustainable

agricultural

activities and the studies on reducing negative environmental

and social impacts

of farming

as well

as develop

new ways to farm

profitably

while

conserving

natural

resources must be improved and shared.

Together

with

sustainable

agricultural

management,

biotechnology

has successfully

contributing

and controlling

the sustainability

of providing

foods through

cross breeding,

genetic manipulation,

insect tolerant

crop, drought tolerant

crop, remove toxin from plants,

etc. But desertification,

water

scarcity and global warming

are some of the

impacts

of

natural resources exploitation

for food production.

In the same way, biotechnology

also has

negative side impacts on bioresources

such as unpredictable

and unexpected

results during

genetic

alterations,

more

infectious

virus resulting

from

gene combinations

of infecting

virus, cancer risk by eating the genetically

modified

(GM) food, highly costly, and farmer

dependency

on

commercial

seed

industry.

We

must

consider

our

bioresources

and

environment

sustainability

by employing

the environmental-friendly

methods to guarantee

the availability

for our future generation

through a sustainable management.

We must properly

protect,

develop

and manage the technologies

to reduce energy

consumption,

to support

the renewable

energy resources, such as solar and wind power,

also other

natural

assets for a sustainable

utilization.

This conference

offers a very good

opportunity

for experts,

researchers,

practitioners

and stakeholders

to discuss the most

recent issue in agriculture

and environment.

Best Regards,

Prof. Or. Ahmad Yunus

Director of Post-Graduate

School of Sebelas Maret University

(5)

PROCEEDINGS

of the 1

kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

st

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

_{I n t e r n a t i o n a l} _{C o n f e r e n c e} _on _{S u s t a i n a b l e} _{A g r i c u l t u r e} _{a n d} _{E n v i r o n m e n t}

A

T A B L E O F C O N T E N S

PREFACE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii FOREWORD •••••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• iv PROGRAM ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v TABLE OF CONTENS •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••vii

Invited Speakers Papers

ADAPTED TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY IN

EMERGING COUNTRIES-EXPERIENCESOF THE JOINT- PROJECTIWRM INDONESIAnmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Prof. Franz Niezsman ...•...•.•... 3

Conservation and utilization of tropical crops genetic resources

Dr. Liu Guodao :... 38

SMALL FARMS AS STEWARDS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES:EMERGING TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH]

Krista Li a c o b s e n ' 58

SUSTAINABILlTY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ZERO

Michael Goodin*, ...•... 65

RURAL WOMEN IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ACCESSIBILITY TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ACTIVITY; THE CASE STUDY YAYLACIK VILLAGE OF KONYA IN TURKEY

Prof. Dr. Cennet OGUZ 70

CLOSING A GAP IN THE SCALE OF AGRICULTURE'?MID-SIZE FARMERS' PARTICIPATION IN THE STATE-SPONSORED BRANDING:THE CASE OF KENTUCKY

Alicia Fishel and Keiko Tanaka2

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85

Exploration of Local Knowledge to Conserve Biodivesity of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Agriculture

Dr. Usman Siswanto... 94

Tropical Agriculture

i"ICSAE/Tag004 ,

PATTERN OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN PINEAPPLE ESTATE AFTER ROTATION WITH CASSAVA AND KING GRASS UNDER MARGINAL TROPICALSOIL OF LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Afand/, Priyo Cahvono', And Purwito2

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 133

1skSAE/TAg006

EFFECTS OF SEVERAL TYPES OF ROTATED CROPS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN PINEAPPLE CULTIVATION IN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Priyo Cahyono', PurwitoJ, Didik F. Pangarso1, and A/andr ...•...•... 137

lstICSAE/TAg007

THE EFFECTOF REFUGIATOARTHROPOD'S DENSITYAND DIVERSITY ON PADDY FIELD

Retno Wijayanti and Supriyadi... 140

1stICSAE/TAg008

THE USE OF CONSORTIUM FORMULA TlON BACTERIAAS DISEASECONTROL FORRhizoctonia solani

Syarifah Utamt', Nisa Rachmania Mubarie, Iman Rusmana3• • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 145

Biodiversity

lstICSAE/BIODIV006

SPECIES RICHNESS ESTIMATION OF GROUNDOVER VEGETATION IN SOME PARTS OF 2010 PYROCLASTlCFLOWS AREAS OF MT. MERAPI USINGESTIMATES

I' 2

Sutomo and d. Fardila ...•.. 153

lstICSAE/BIODIV007

IDENTIFICATION OF MYCORRHIZAL ENDEMIC ON SEVERAL HABITATS OF RARE MEDICINAL PLANTS Rauvolfia serpentina BENTH. WITH ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION AND RESERPINA

(6)

PROCEEDINGS

of the 1st

nmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

International Conference"on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Sulandjari

1.2',

WS. Dewi

1.2,

E. Yuniastuti

1.2...

158

Horticulture

lstICSAE/HORTOOl

TOMA TO YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AS AFFECTED BY COW MaNURE COMPOST IN TWO SEASONS Darwin H.

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

P a n q a r i b u a n " , And Rizka Novi Sesanti··... 167

Biotechnology

lstICSAE/BIOTECHOOl

SCREENING OF BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCERSFROM LOCALLYISOLATED ACTlNOBACTERIAL

Nor Sya/irah Zambry, Adilah Ayoib, Latiffah Zakaria, And Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya ...•...•... 177

lstICSAE/BIOTECH002

IMPROVEMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE FROM SELECTED FUNGAL STRAIN USING TAGUCHI DOE METHODOLOGY

F. Fibriana, A.Upaichit, and T. Hongpattarakere 186

lstICSAE/BIOTECH003

PRELIMINARY DETECTION OF IMMUNOMODULA TORY MOLECULES FROM Carica papaya EXTRACT FOR TREATMENT OF DENGUE FEVER

Y. Mat-arip,vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAA. A. Amirul, and A.M.N. Zatil...•... 192

lstICSAE/BIOTECH004

PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATlON OF ISOLATED PHAGES SPECIFIC TO ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FOR POTENTIAL PHAGE THERAPY DEVELOPMENT

W. IRA ARYANI, and M.A. YAHYA•... 196

1 stICSAE/BIOTECHOOS

THE RESEARCH OF SLOW RELEASE NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN TWO VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum)

M.C. Tri Atmodjo...•... 201

lstICSAE/BIOTECH006

THE USE OF SORGHUM STEM-WASTE AS BIOENERGY RAW MATERIAL

HARDOYO... 207

1 stICSAE/BIOTECH007

THE POTENTIAL BIOMASS WASTE ASASUSTAINABLE BIOENERGY RESOURCES

HARDOYO...•... 212

lstICSAE/BIOTECH008

THE RESEARCHOF SOME I..ASSAVA VARIETYAS RAW MATERIALS FOR GREEN ENERGY BIOETHANOL

M.C. Tri Atmodjo ...•...•...•..•..•. 218

l'tICSAE/BIOTECH010

RAPD CLUSTERING BASED ON TANNIN CONTENTOF VARIOUS SALAK (Salacca zalacca Gaertner Voss) ACCESSIONS

Nandoriyoh', H a r t a t i . S : ', Wartoyo3, And Pardono4

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ; . . . . 224

Integrated Pest Managament

lstICSAE/IPMOOl

SUB-LETHAL TOXICITY SECONDARY POISONING OF CHLOROPHACINONE ANDBROMADIOLONE TO CAPTIVE BARN OWLS, TYTO ALBA JAVANICA

Hasber sattm', Hafidzi Mohd Noor', Dzolkhifli o m o r ', Noor Hisham Hamicr And Azhar Kasim3 231

lstICSAE/IPM003

UPDATING RECORD OF OPIINAE PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH BACTROCERA SPP. (DIPTERA: TEPHRITfDAE) USING MOLECULAR DATA

Shariff, s ' t,Ibrahim, N. J.1,Md-Zain, B. M.l, Suhana, y . 2 ,Norsiah,M. J.2,&Yaakop, S. • ...•. 242 lstICSAE/IPM004

EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR MOLECULAR MARKERS IN IDENTlFlCA TlON OF OPIINESSPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: OPIINAE), AS PARASITOIDS OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Ibrahim N. J.1,Shari/f S.1,Md-Zain B. M.l, Suhana y .2 , Norsiah M.J.2,And Yaakop s .' 249

(7)

PROCEEDINGS

of thenmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA1

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

s t

International Conference onSustainable Agriculture and Environment

Climate Change

lsksAE/CCh007

EMISSIONION OF C02 AND CH4 ON VEGETABLES, RICE AND SOYBEAN LAND CASE IN KARANGANYAR DISTRICT

Sun toro, Mujiyo, Jauhari Syamsiyah, Rahayu 261 lstICSAE/CCh008

STUDY OF CO2 EMISSION BY EARTHWORMS ACTIVITY IN MESOCOSM ON VARIOUS LAND USES IN

GONANDGREJO, KARANGANYAR

Widyatmani Sih Dewi1), Mujiyol), Jauhari Syamsiah1), Nukhak Nufita Sa".2)... 266

\

1 stICSAE/CCh009

EFFECT OF CLlMA TE CHANGE ON WATER YIELD IN CENTRAL JAVA, EAST JAVA, AND EAST BALl

I.B.Pramono and E.Savitri 273

lstICSAE/CChOl0

IS HUMAN HEALTH DEPENDS ON THE HEALTH OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? PERSPECTIVE ON TEMPERA TURE-RELA TED DEA TH AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

T.A. Wanahari1

, A. K u s u m o w a t i ', B. Murthi3

, P. Dirgahayu", B.A. Mappakaya1• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 8 7

lstICSAE/CChOll

ASSESSMENT ON TREE PLANTING EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION Arief Sabdo Yuwono1

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 294

Water Management and Soil Conservation

lstICSAE/WMS003

APPLlCA TlON OF WETLAND TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCTlNG PLUMBUM (Pb) ON FARM IRRIGA TlON AT JENGGOLO VILLAGE, KEPANJEN, MALANG REGENCY

Freta Kirana Balladona1

) , Mahindra Dewi Nur Aisyah 1

) , Muhammad Nawab AI-Hasan 1

) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 303

lstICSAE/WMS004

MODEL CONTROL OF WA TER QUALITY DECREASE GAJAH MUNGKUR RESERVOIR WITH DYNAMIC SYSTEMS APPROACH

Pujiastuti, r e n t " , Pranoto2

) ; Ismail Bagui... 309

1 stICSAE/WMSOOS

IRRIGA TION AND FERTlLlZA TlON OF MERAPI VOLCANO ERUPTION SAND AS NA TlVE PASPALUM VAGINATUM TURFGRASS GROWING MEDIA

Rahayu, Widyatmani Sih Dewi, Parjanto, AIi As'ad... 322

lstICSAE/WMS006

CONTRIBUTION OF SOIL HORIZONS AS CARBON POOLS UNDER VARIOUS LAND COVERS

Tyas Mutiara Basuki1) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 328

lstICSAE/WMS007

THE EFFECT OF TEAK FOREST WATERSHED ON WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN BLORA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

I.B. Pramono and N. Wahyuningrum 334 1 skSAE/WMS008

ADAPTED TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY IN EMERGING COUNTRIES-EXPERIENCES OF THE JOINT-PROJECT IWRM INDONESIA

D. Stoffet', P.o b e r t e ', M. lkhwon', Solichin2 And F. Nestmann1•.•.•.•.••.••.••.••...••.•••.•.•.•.••.•.••••.••.•••••.••••••••.• 342

Agriculture Social Economy

lstICSAE/ ASEOOl

ANALYSES OF AGRICUL TURAL STA TUS AND INVESTMENT POSSIBILITIES IN TURKEY

1DR. Mithat Direk 353

lstICSAE/ ASE002

BIO-FERTlLlZER APPLlCA TlON ON SOYBEAN FARMING TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY AND FARMER INCOME

(8)

PROCEEDINGS

of the 1

kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

st

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on . s u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t

358

IRAWAN1 ...•.•...•...•...•.•..•...•..••...•.

l.5tICSAE/ ASE003

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ON AFFECTING LAND CONSERVATION TOWARDS AVAILABILITY OF FEED AND FOOD ON DRYLAND FARMING IN TlMOR ISLAND

B_.M_urd I 1 1}H '1 1} 2} W 112}

0e ono, . Da S, va ,Fred L.Benu Dan .1.1 Me a ...•...•...••...•...•..•...•..•...

1 stICSAE/ ASEOOS

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING FARMER'S DECISION TOWARDS ADOPTION OF DRY LAND CONSERVATlON AT HIGHLANQ, DRY CliMATE, TlMOR ISLAND, NTT

Helena Da Si/va Dan Bambang Murdo!elono ...•...•....•.•...•...•••..•...•.

1 stICSAE/ ASE008

Puffer Fish Crackers: SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF PUFFER FISH LEATHER (Tetra od on lunaris) IN RAISING ECONOMICAL RATE AMONG PEOPLE IN GEBANG MEKAR REGION, INDONESIA

W. E. Kiyat, A. Homzott', And Y. Munibah3

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Food Sovereignty and Food Sec,urity

lstICSAE/FSOOl

GOVERNMENT ASA DRIVER TO AGRICUL TURAL LAND USE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

Nina Novira ...•...•.•...••...•...

1 stICSAE/FS002

TOXIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION RISK ANALYSIS OF LEAD (Pb) AND CADMIUM (Cd) ON LIVESTOCK CATTLE AT THE END OF THE GARBAGE DISPOSAL PUTRI CEMPO SURAKARTA

Kafiar, F.P., Ramelan, A.H., Setyono. P., And Sukrorini, T ...•...•.. 1 stICSAE/FS003

MEDICINAL VALUES, ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS, MARKET ACCEPTABILITY AND PROFITABILITY OF THE GINGER TEA(ZINGEBER OFFIClNALE) IN DIFFERENT VARIANTS

Dr. Elena P. Leal ...•...••..•.•....•...••..•...•.•..••

1 stICSAE/FS004

ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS, SHELF-LIFE, MARKET ACCEPTABILITY AND PROFITABILITY OF SELECTED HEALTHY EXOTIC FRUIT AND VEGETABLEJUICES

Dr. Elena P. Leal '" ...•...

1 stICSAE/FSOOS

INCREASING RICE YIELD BY UTILIZING SUGARCANE WASTE AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER Oktavia S. Padmini", R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo, and Sri Wuryani ...•...•....

Local Eco'logical Knowledge

1 stICSAE/LEK002

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES:THE CASE OF UPLAND FARMERS WITHIN THE SCHOOL RESERVEOF WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY, PHILIPPINES

Dr. Noemi G.Laspiiias ...•.••.•..•...•.•...••...••...•..

lstICSAE/LEK003

ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AMONG THE BUKIDNON TRIBAL GROUPS, ILOILO, PHILIPPINES

Dr. Noemi G.taspiiias ...•....•.•..•...•...••.••..••....••...•...

1 stICSAE/LEKOO~

THE EeO-CUL TURE DYNAMICS OF CITY COMMUNITIES IN YOGYAKARTA

Tasdiyanto and Prabang Setyono ...•.

Environment

lstICSAE/ENV006

IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSFROM SHALE GAS EXPLOITATION

Hani/ Indra Wicaksana. Ponco Agung Wibowo, Aula Ri/qi Alam ...•...•...•..•...•...

lstICSAE/ENV007

PERCEPTION ON ENVIRONMENT CONCERN IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

Agus Suyanto :...•...•...••...

x

364

379

395

405

411

419

425

432

441

448

454

471

(9)

P R O C E E D I N G S

o f t h e

1

st

International Conference

o n

Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

1 stICSAE/ENV008

MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER NATURAL RESOURCES IN DISASTER AREA TO ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUISTAINABILlTY

Setya Tantra Nur Buana ;...vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA489

lstICSAE/ENV009

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Ari/

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s u s a n t o ', Edi Putro', Roro Nawang Wu(an1And Wiliam Y o c n u ' 496

lstICSAE/ENV010(A} "'

SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT MODEL; CASE STUDY YOGYAKARTA PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, INDONESIA

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THE CHARACTERISTICSAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESOF SPRINGS AT NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GUNUNGKIDUL, 0.1. YOGYAKARTA: RELATED TO THE TYPE OF VEGETATlON IN ITS SPRINGS RECHARGE AREA

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ASTRATEGY OF THE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF ROADS IN CENTRALJAVA WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OFA MODEL OF MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT INVOLVES PUBLIC PARTlClPA TlON

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W.

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1st

ICSAElCChO 11

ASSESSMENT ON TREE PLANTING EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE

GAS EMISSION

Arief Sabdo Yuwono

114

1

Department

of Civil and Environmental

Engineering,

Bogor Agricultural

University

(lPB),

Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas emission problem is nowadays an international issue that tends to grow

more and more important worldwide. It is also a national concern of which Government of

Indonesia has taken a. number of important mitigation and adaptation measures to counter

the issue. However, at municipal or local level, mitigation and adaptation strategy is

occasionally ineffective due to the lack of inventory data and bias scenario. Therefore,

appropriate and effective mitigation measures are enormously important to improve the local

strategy to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. The objective of this paper is to assess the

effectiveness of tree planting to reduce greenhouse gas emission

generated by a

metropolitan municipality, namely Depok, located in West Java Province, Indonesia. The

local emission reduction scenario consists of three measures, i.e. tree planting, reduction of

municipal solid waste generation as well as reduction of electricity consumption. Greenhouse

gas emission quantity was calculated according to the general classification of the sources,

i.e. energy sector, AFOLU (agricultural, forest land and other land use) sector as well as solid

waste sector. The total greenhouse gas emission during 2011 was estimated about 1.1*10

7

ton COre whereas the total sequestered carbon by one million trees planting program was

merely 5.2*10

3

ton Care

per year. Reduction of greenhouse gas emission by 5% solid

waste generation and 5% electricity consumption were about 2.0*10

4

ton CO

2

-e and 4.5*10

4

ton CO

2

-e, respectively. The result of the analysis indicated that if effectiveness of one million

trees planting scenario to reduce greenhouse gas emission is scored as one (1), then the

effectiveness of GHG emission reduction by 5% solid waste generation reduction could be

scored as four (4) and the effectiveness of those by 5% reduction of electricity consumption

would be scored as nine (9). Furthermore, GHG reduction measure by one million trees

planting would reduce no more than 0.05% of total municipal GHG emission. It indicates that

a choice of local greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy should be based on a

comprehensive inventory data, rather than based on any popular action of local authority.

Keywords: greenhouse gas, emission reduction, tree planting, solid waste, electricity.

INTRODUCTION

Greenhouse gas emission problem is nowadays an international issue that tends to grow

more and more important worldwide. The greenhouse gas emission rise has been recorded

by a number of researchers (Bilgen et al. 2007; Couwenberg et al. 2010; Dinsmore et al.

2010). The global warming phenomenon, as a consequence of the greenhouse gas emission

rising (Anshari 2012; Ganesh 2011) has therefore become an important global environmental

issue since the last decades.

14Corresponding author: Email: arieCsabdoj.uwono@yahoo.co.id

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It is also a national concern of which Government of Indonesia has taken a number of

important mitigation and adaptation measures to counter the issue. However, at municipality

or local level, mitigation and adaptation strategy is occasionally ineffective due to the lack of

inventory data and bias scenario. Some municipalities set up a local level global warming

mitigation measures without any scientific study on the aspect of identification

and

quantification of the emitted greenhouse gas by the locality.

Some municipalities try to locally respond the global warming phenomenon by simply

greening the open area such as urban forest (Yuwono et al.

2011)

without any strategic

calculation on the budget and effectiveness of the implemented action. As a consequence,

the total greenhouse gas emission remains high due to ineffective action plan. Improvement

on mitigation measures is therefore paramount important in order to make the local

greenhouse gas emission scenarios better.

The first objective of this paper is to quantify total GHG emitted by Oepok municipality in

2011.

The second objective is to calculate the sequestration of the emitted GHG whereas the

last objective Is to assess the effectiveness of tree planting program to reduce GHG emission

in comparison with the effectiveness by reduction of solid waste and reduction of electricity

consumption.

A

M E T H O D S

The effectiveness of tree planting to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is assessed

quantitatively by calculating the total amount of GHG emitted by the Oepok municipality per

year, total amount of the sequestered carbon by one million planted trees, as well as the

percentage of the sequestered carbon to the total amount of the emitted GHG under

concern. Assessment method is started by emission source inventory which is then followed

by emission quantity calculation. The inventory step involves emission sources identification

and calculation of the emission quantity. By using corresponding emission factors, emission

generated by the each sector can be found. Flowchart of the assessment methods is given in

Figure 1.

.•..

he amount of emitted GHG is classified into three sectors, i.e. energy, AFOLU (agricultural,

forest land and other land use), and solid waste. Each of sector emission is calculated by

using its corresponding emission factor which is adopted from IPCC (Inter-Governmental

Panel on Climate Change) Guideline

2006

and the database. Greenhouse gas emitted by

each sector is firstly expressed in their responding unit, i.e. [ton CO

2

/year], [ton CHJyear]

and [ton N

2

0/year]

and then converted into a single common

unit of [ton CO

2-equivalent/year] or simply expressed in [ton COre/year] by using conversion factor, namely

Global Warming potential (GWP). The GWP for CO

2

is

1,

CH

4

is

25

and N

2

0 is

298

according to IPCC Guideline

2006.

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I

~

Emission Start source Inventory Correspondlng~

~

emission factor Emission Effectiveness

I

quantity I-- of tree planting

calculation

I

End

Figure

1:

Flowchart

of the assessment

method.

Basic data was mainly obtained from database of a number of governmental

bodies such as

Municipality

Agency

for

Development

Planning

(Bappeda),

Office

of Agricultural

and

Fisheries

Affairs

(DKP),

Office

of Industry

and Trade

Affairs

(Disperindag),

and

Depok

Branch

of State

Owned

Electricity

Company

(PLN).

Table

1 shows

the compiled

data

necessary for calculation

item. The set of equations to calculate the GHG emission quantity

is presented in Table

2.

Aspect

Sector

Table

1:

Compiled

data necessary

for calculation

item

Calculation item

Emission

(Sources)

Energy

Data

• Number

of

small,

medium, and large scale

industry

• Corresponding

emission

factor (e)

• Diesel

oil,

gas,

and

electricity consumption

AFOLU

• Area of paddy field

• Number

of

livestock

(ruminants and poultry)

• Emission of CO2, CH

4,

and N20 of

each energy source.

• Equivalent

calculation

of CH

4

and

N20 in term of CO2 or [C02-e].

• Carbon emission from paddy field.

• Equivalent

calculation

of CH

4,

and

N20 in term of CO2 or (C02-e].

Solid

waste

• Municipal population

• Solid

waste

generation

quantity

• Organic

and

inorganic

fraction

• Corresponding

emission

factor (e)

• Emission of CO2, CH

4,

and N20 of

each solid waste fraction.

• Equivalent

calculation

of CH

4

and

N20 in term of CO2 or [C02-e).

Total

• Equivalent

calculation

of CH

4,

and

N20 in term of CO2 or [C02-e].

. • GWP

(global

warming

potential CO2=1; CH

4

=25;

N

2

0=298

Sequestration

AFOLU

(Sinks)

• Area

of forestland,

crop

• Carbon

stock in forest,

crop land,

land,

estate

crop,

estate crop, grassland,

and paddy

grassland, paddy field

field in term of C0

2

or [C02-e].

• Area

of

lakes

and

the

• Carbon

stock

in lakes

in term

of

~ __ ~~~

~p~r~im~a~ry~p~ro~d~u~ct~iv~it~y

__ ~

C~O~2~o~r~[C~O~2~-el~:~

__ ~ __ ~~

__

Tree

planting

-

• Total GHG sequestered

• GHG

reduction

by tree

planting,

Effectiveness

• Total GHG emission.

reduction of electricity

consumption

and solid waste generation.

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International ConferenceonSustainable Agriculture and Environmenl

Table 2: Basic equations to calculate emission (sources) and sequestration (sinks) of

GHG

Sector

Basic eguation

Remark

Aspect

• GHG

emission

(fuel

consumption)

* (net calorific

value) * (emission factor)

Emission

(Sources)

Energy

,/Including

diesel

oil, gas

and

electricity

<

Catcutated

for

each

GHG

(C0

2,

CH

4

and N

2

0)

and then

converted into CO

2

-e.

AFOLU

• GHG emission

=

(number of

livestock) * (emission factor)

,/Including

poultry

and

ruminants (large and small).

'/Calculated

in term of CH

4

and

then converted into CO

2

-e.

Solid

waste

• GHG

emission

=

(fuel

consumption)

* (net calorific

value) * (emission factor)

'/Calculation

for each

of GHG

(C0

2,

CH

4

and N

2

0)

and then

converted into CO

2

-e.

Sequestration

AFOLU

(Sinks)

• Carbon

stock

in biomass

-(forest

area)

*

(conversion

factors)

• Carbon

stock

in

lakes

=

(lakes

area)

*

(primary

prod uctivity)

'/Including

forest,

crop

land,

estate

crop,

grass

land

and

paddy field.

,/Only for freshwater

lakes.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result of the calculation

on the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is presented

in Figure

2. It shows that GHG from solid waste sector accounts for 8.8*10

6

ton CO

2

-e which equals

with 82% of the total GHG emission during 2011. As a comparison,

energy sector in India

accounted for 69% of the total emission (Sharma et al. 2011). The rest of the emitted GHG is

generated

by energy sector (17%) and AFOLU sector (1 %). Total GHG emission

in 2011

accounts

for 1.1 *1 0

7

ton CO

2

-e. Figure 2b shows a strong correlation

between solid waste

sector

domination

(see Fig 2a) and CH

4

emission.

It is clear nowadays

that solid waste

emitted

methane

as a result of organic fraction decomposition

of the waste

(Mackie

and

Cooper 2009; Aronica et al. 2010).

1,OE+08

8,8E+06 1,1E+07

qil,OE+07 ...• 81,oE+06

~,OE+OS

•....

•§l,oE+04

'"

~,OE+03

~,OE+02

III

~

~,OE+01

1,OE+OO

Energy AFOLU Solidwaste Total

Sector

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: GHG emission per sector (a) and their respective proportion of GHG gas (b).

297

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The sequestered

GHG is presented

in Figure 3 where most of the sequestered

amount was

carried out by crop land followed

by forest land and lakes. The minor contribution

of forest

land to sequester carbon, i.e. 93 ton CO

2

-e, might be due to the limited forest area in Depok

municipality.

Depok Municipality

is known as a sub-urban

area of the Jakarta

Metropolitan

City where availability of forest land in such municipality is now rare to find. In the US, forests

already offset about one eighth of the nation's annual CO

2

emissions (Daniels 2010).

The finding that lake contributes

small portion of the GHG is in accordance

with research

result of McGuire

(2010)

where

terrestrial

region

was a source

of atmospheric

carbon

whereas the ocean sequesters carbon from both the atmosphere and the land.

Figure 3 (b) illustrates that the sequestered

GHG is also very small (5.4*10

3

ton CO

2

-e) in

comparison

with the emitted amount (1.1*10

7

ton COre).

It means that the GHG emission is

ca. 2023 times higher ~han the sequestered

amount. It indicates that Depok is a net emitter

municipality since the emitted GHG amount is higher than those sequestered.

1,OE+OS -,---, _{1,OE+08 -,---.,1~,1::-;E=-+=07:;---...,}

c:

iOE+04

c:

o

~,~3 +

----~

...

G lO

~0i!+02

~

i,OE+Ol

~

1,OE+OO

1,OE+06

~

_u _1,OE+04 c:

o

~

1,OE+02

1,OE+OO

Forest land Crop Land Lakes Total _Emission _{Sequestration}

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: The GHG sequestration

by forest land, crop land and lakes (a) and the

co

parison between GHG sequestration and emission (b).

Another result of analysis as depicted

in Table 3 indicates the effectiveness

of one million

trees planting in comparison

with other measures

in the scenario for Depok municipality

in

order to mitigate

GHG emission,

i.e. 5% reduction

of the municipal

solid wastes

and 5%

reduction of electricity

consumption.

If the tree planting measure

is scored as one (1) then

the other measures

would be scored as four (4) for 5% reduction

of solid waste whereas

score for 5% electricity reduction would be nine (9).

It means that 5% reduction

of solid waste generation

is four (4) times

more effective

to

reduce

GHG

emission

than that by one million

trees

planting.

It also means

that 5%

reduction

of electricity

consumption

would be nine times more effective

than the reduction

measure

by planting

as much as one million trees.

Some simple

solid waste

reduction

measures

could

be avoidance

of any plastic

bags or packaging

materials,

small

scale

household composting

of organic fraction of the solid waste and recycle of inorganic valuable

fraction carried out by scavengers.

The result of the calculation

indicates that any local mitigation

measures

to respond global

warming

phenomenon

should be considered

first on quantitative

analysis

of the amount of

emitted GHG, local GHG sources, reduction target as well as on appropriate

particular and

298

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potential

reduction

measure.

It should also be fit with the relevant environmental

condition

such as land availability intended for tree planting area.

Table 3: Effectiveness

of tree planting

in comparison

with other mitigation

measures

Tree planting

Reduction

of solid waste

Reduction

of

electricity

consumption

Number

of

tree

1.0E+06

Reduction

5%

Reduction

5%

Itrunkl

[%/capita.davl

Planting

area

250

Waste

generation

0.56

Reduction

quantity

0.10

Ihal

fkQ/capita.day]

[kwh/capita.day]

Ratio

Electricity

cons.

(below/above

0.2

Total

municipal

370

after

reduction

675

ground) biomass,

solid waste [Gg]

[kwh/capita.day]

R

Specific

biomass

.

Emission factor [kg

Total

consumption

growth (Gw) [ton

10

1.09

1.2E+09

dm/ha.yearl

C0

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2

/kg

waste]

[kwh/year]

Carbon

fraction

Municipal

waste

Consumption

of

dry

matter,

0.47

generation

after

351

difference

6.4E+07

[ton

C/ton

drnl

reduction

rGQ/year]

fkwh/vearl

Carbon

stock

of

Emission

after

Emission

from

biomass

(~CG)

1.4E+03

reduction [ton CO

2-

3.8E+05

electricity

[ton

8.5E+05

[ton

Cl

e/vearl

C02-e/vearl

Emission

-Emission

reduction

Emission

reduction

[ton

5.2E+03

[ton

CO

2

-elyear]

2.0E+04

[ton CO

2

-e/year]

4.5E+04

CO

2

-elyear]

Total

GHG

Total

GHG

Total

GHG

emission

in 2011

1.1E+07

emission

in

2011

1.1 E+07

emission

in

2011

1.1E+07

Iton

CO

2

-elyearl

[ton CO

2

-elvearl

[ton COre/year]

%

total

GHG

0.048

%

total

GHG

0.186

%

total

GHG

0.420

reduction

Effectiveness

[-]

1

Effectiveness [-]

4

Effectiveness

[-]

9

..

The above table also indicated that one million trees planting scenario would reduce no more

than 0.05%

of total municipal

greenhouse

gas emission.

It means that a choice of local

greenhouse

gas emission reduction strategy should be based on a comprehensive

analysis

on the municipal

data inventory,

rather than based on any popular measures

such as city

greening,

urban reforestation

and so forth. On the other side, however,

some unpopular

measures

such as solid waste reduction

and electricity

consumption

reduction

have been

proven quantitatively

as effective GHG reduction measures.

Additionally,

for a metropolitan

municipality,

land provision for a greening

program such as

one million trees planting might not be a simple problem to deal. A comprehensive

mitigation

measures

with some accurate and effective alternatives should be considered

first and well

designed prior to any popular action plan.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions

that can be drawn from the assessment are as follows:

a.

In 2011 Depok municipality emitted GHG totally as much as 1.1 *1 0

7

ton CO

2

-e consisting

of 8.8*10

6

ton CO

2

-e contributed

by solid waste sector, 1.9*10

6

ton CO

2

-e

by energy

sector and 9.7*10

4

ton CO

2

-e by AFOLU sector.

b.

The

total

sequestration

of GHG

in 2011 was

merely

6.0*10

3

ton

COre

that was

contributed

by crop land

(5.3*10

3

ton COre),

forestland

(93 ton CO

2

-e)

and lakes

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(6.8*10

2

ton CO

2

-e). The emitted GHG is ca. 2023 times higher than the sequestered

amount.

.'

.

c.

Effectiveness

of one million tree planting program to reduce GHG emission accounted for

merely

0.05%

of the emitted

GHG.

If the effectiveness

of one million trees

planting

program to reduce GHG emission is scored as one (1), then the score for 5% solid waste

reduction is four (4) and the score for reduction of 5% electricity consumption

is nine (9).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The field activity of the research was fully supported

by many governmental

institutions

in

Depok

Municipality.

We would

like to convey

our gratitude

to Head

and the

Staffs

of

Bappeda, DKP, Disperindag,

and PLN for their valuable assistance,

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S, Bonanno

A, Piazza V, Pignato

L, and Trapani

S (2009), Estimation

of biogas

produced

by the landfill of Palermo, applying a Gaussian

model. Waste

Management,

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S, and Kaygusuz

K (2007).

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Gurney KR, McCleland JW, Melillo JM, Peterson BJ, and Prinn RG (2010). An analysis

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Indonesian

Forestry Researchers

(lNAFOR). pp. 518-526.