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L U S I ~ ~ i n d a w a t ~ . F 24 0 3 8 7 . M e r n p e l a j a r ~ Cara P e r n b u a t a n M ~ n u m a n B u b u k Jamou B I j I ( P S I ~ I urn g u a j a v a L D I b a w a n

b ~ r n b ~ n g a n H ~ z a l S y a r ~ e f d a n S u g l y o n o .

P e n e l ~ t ~ a n C a r a P e r n b u a t a n ~ l n u r n a n B u b u k J m b u B I J I ( P s i d l u r n g u a j a v a

L . )

d e n g a n r n e n g g u n a k a n a l a t p e n g e r ~ n g s e r n p r o t ( s p r - a y d r - i e r - ; I n I d l l a k u k a n u n t u k r n e n g o l a h l e b l h

l a n j u t b u a h jarnbu b i j ~ y a n g b a n y a k d ~ h a s l l k a n d l l n d o n e s ~ a . D i s a r n p ~ n g i t u j u g a u n t u k rnernudahkan d ~ s t r i b u s i d a n k o n s u r n s ~ s e r t a r n e n l n g K a t k a n d a y a s ~ r n p a n d a n n ~ l ag u n a ~ d a r ~ b u a h ~ a r n b u ~ I J I ,k h u s u s n y a jarnbu b i j e n ~ s ~ ~ s u s u .

D a i a r n p e n e l i t l a n I ~ d i p e l a j a r 1 b a g a i r n a n a l k o n d i s ~ b a h a n I

y a n g d l k e r l n g k a n ( j e n i s d a n j u m l a h b a h a n p e n g ~ s ~ y a n g d l g u n a l c a n , j u r n l a h a ~ p e n g e l t s t r a k , g u l a , f l a v o r d a n r asam a s k o r b a t y a n g U ~ t a r n b a h K a n ) d a n k o n d l s ~ a l a t p e n g e r ~ n g SemPrOt ( s u h u d a n k e c e p a t a n p u t a r a t o r n ~ z r r - ) .

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p e n g a r u h ~ u m l a h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r l n p a a a t i n g k a t G % , 9 % a a n

1 2 % s e r t a ~ u m i a h p e n a m b a h a n asam aSKOr'bat p a d a t ~ n g ~ a t 3 0 0 , 4 5 0 d a n 6 0 0 m g / 1 0 0 g p r o d u k t e r h a d a p r e n d e m e n , K a c i a r a i r ,

k a d a r a b u , d e n s i t a s k a m b a , d e r a j a t p u t i h , K a a a r a s am

a s k o r b a t , n 1 1 a t

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asam t e r t ~ t r a s ~ t o t a l , k a d a r g u l a

p e r e c l u K s I d a n U J I o r a n o l e p t ~ k y a n g m e l t p u t i K e s u k a a n

t e r h a d a p warns, a r o m a , r a s a , ~ e l a r u t a n d a n p e n e m m a a n umum d a r ~ prOduK i a n g U i h a s i l K a n .

S e m a K ~ n b a n y a k j u m l a h d e K S t r t n y a n g d l t a m b a h k a n , k a d a r

a ' n l l a ~ pH, n l l a i k e s u k a a n t e r h a d a p a r o m a d a n r a s a aKan

m e n u r u n . T e t a p l s e b a l ~ K n y a , re n d e m e n , d e r a j a t p u t ~ n , n t l a ~

k e s u K a a n t e r h a d a p w a r n a s e m a k ~ n m e n i n g k a t . N i l a i p e n e r i m a a n

umum t e r t l n g g t d l b e r i k a n p a d a penambahan 9 % d e k S t P l n .

P e n ~ n g K a t a n j u m l a h asam a s K o r b a t y a n g d i t a m b a h K a n

m e n g a k ~ b a t k a n p e n i n y k a t a n k a d a r asam a s k o r b a r , asam

t e r t l t r a s i t o t a l d a n n i I a i IkesuKadr? te,'.nadap r a s a ,

S e b a l l K n r a n l l a i pH s e m a k i n m e n u r u n .

D a r t p e r t l m b a n g a n s k o r U J I o r g a n o l e p t t k , h a s 1 1 t e r b a i k

M E M P E L A J A R I CARA P E M B U A T A N

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p a d a J u r U S a n TEKNOLOGI PANGAN D A N G,IZI F a K u l t a S T e K n o l o g ~ P e r t a n ~ a n

l n S t I t u t P e r - t a n I a n B o g o r

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KATA PENGANTAR

P u j i s y u k u r p e n u l i s p a n j a t k a n k e p a d a Tuhan Yang Maha E s a , y a n g t e l a h rnelirnpahkan r a h r n a t dan k e k u a t a n s e h i n g g a s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t t e r s e l e s a i k a n .

Dalarn k e s e r n p a t a n i n i p e n u l i s rnengucapkan t e r i r n a k a s i h y a n g s e b e s a r - b e s a r n y a k e p a d a :

1 . D R . I r . R i z a l S y a r i e f , DESS s e b a g a i d o s e n p e r n b i m b i n g utarna y a n g t e l a h rnernberikan b i m b i n g a n dan p e n g a r a h a n selarn3 p e n e l i t i a n h i n g g a t e r s u s u n n y a s k r i p s i i n i

2 . I r . S u g i y o n o , s e b a g a i d o s e n p e r n b i r n b ~ n g pendarnping y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k rnernberikan p e t u n j u k , b i r n b i n g a n dan d o r o n g a n selarna p e n e l i t i a n h i n g g a t e r s u s u n n y a s k r i p s i i n i .

3 . D R . I r . Y a d i H a r y a d i , MSc y a n g t e l a h t u r u t r n e n g u j i dan rnernberikan s a r a n - s a r a n u n t u k rnenyernpurnakan t u l i s a n

i n i .

4 . Sernua p i h a k y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k rnernbantu dalarn r n e n y e l e s a i k a n p e n e l i t i a n dan s k r i p s i i n i .

A k h i r k a t a , p e n u l i s r n e n y a d a r i bahwa s k r i p s i i n i r n a s i h j a u h d a r i sernpurna, o l e h s e b a b i t u k r i t i k dan s a r a n y a n g rnernbangun s a n g a t p e n u l i s h a r a p k a n dan sernoga s k r i p s i i n i

d a p a t b e r m a n f a a t .

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Gambar 1 .

Gambar 2 . Gambar' 3 .

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j anibu b t J t

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Ciambar 5 .

Gambar 6 .

H i s t o y r a m p e n g a . . d n p e n a m b a h a n d e K s t r - i n

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p e n a m b a h a n d e k S t r i n t e r h a d a p k a d a r 5 < r -

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Gambar 7 .

Gambar 8 .

H I s t o g r a m pel- ? - , . , . : t i p e n a m b a h a n d e l < s t r I n t e r h a d a p dera.,;: o u t i n

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H I stoyr-art1 pen,,. - 3 p e n a m b a h a n asam a s k o r b a t ter-h,;;; K a d a r asam a s k o r b a t Gambai' 9 . H l s t o y r a r n pet-to;- ,>n p e n a m b a h a n a e k s t r i n

t e r n a a a p n l i a . 2-

. . .

Gambar- 1 0 .

Gambar 1 i

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H I s t o g r a m pengk.-s.jn p e n a m b a h a n asam a s k o r b a t t e r l i c 3 : 3 p n i i a I p ~

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H i s t o y r a m pen,z8r-~:t p e n a m b a h a n asam a s K o r b a t t e i ! ' a t o t a l asam

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Gambar 1 2 .

Gambar- i 3

Gambar i 4 .

Gambar 1 5 .

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Mekan I sme r e a l ' = . ~ e r u b a h a n g u l a m e n ~ a d l 2 - f u r a i d e h i d e

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H I s t o g r a m p e n < j j - . ~ h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r I n

t e r h a d a p n ! l a - . e s u k a a n w a r n a

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t i I s t o g r a m p e n % ; 5 r - ~ n ipenambahan d e k s t r - l

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H I S t o g r b m pea,. :I? p e n a m b a h a n asani

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

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m i n u m a n b u b u k ~ a m b u b i ~ t

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5 9 A n a l l s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l i s a r e n d e m e n

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minumar? b u b u k jambu b i ~ t 6 0

U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n d e K s t r i n

t e r h a d a c r e n d e m e n

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6 0

A n a l i s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l ~ s a K a d a r a l r

m i n u m a n b u b u k ~ a m b u b ~ J I

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6 1 U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n d e l < s t r i n

t . e r h a d a p l t a d a r a i r

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6 1 A n a l i s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l i s a K a d a r a b u

. . .

m i n u m a n b u b u k jambu b i j i 6 2 A n a l l s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l l s a d e r a ~ a t P u t i h m i n u m a n b u b u k j a m b u b i j l

. . .

6 2 U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r l n

t e r h a d a p d e r a j a t p u t l h

. . .

6 3 A n a l i s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l l s a d e n s l t a s

k a m b a m i n u m a n b u b u k j a m b u b i j l

. . .

6 3 A n a l i s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l i s a K a d a r asam

a s k o r b a t m l n u m a n D u b u k , ~ a m b u ~ I J I

. . .

6 4 U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n asam

a s l c o r b a t t e r h a d a p k a d a r asam a s k o r b a t 6 4 A n a l i s a r a g a m d a t a a n a i i s a n l i a l p ~

minum, b u b u k j a m b u b i j l

. . .

6 5 U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r ~ n t e r h a d a p n i l a t PH

. . .

6 5 U J I BNJ P e n g a r u h penambahan asam

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. a s k o r b a t t e r h a d a p n t i a i pH 6 6 A n a l i s a r:agam d a t a a n a l l s a t o t a l

asam t e r t l t r a s l m l n u m a n b u b u k ~ a m b u

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a s k o r b a t t e r h a d a p t o t a l asam

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L a m p t r a n l l a .

L a m u i r a n f 2 .

Lamp t r a n 1 2 a .

L a m u I r a n 1 3 .

Lampt r a n 1 3 a .

L a m p i r a n 1 3 D .

L a m p t r a n 1 4 .

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L a m p t r a n 1 7 .

Ana I t s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l I s a ~ a d a r g u i a p e r e d u K S t m l n u m a n b u b u K j a m b u ~ I J I

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A n a l l s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l l s a n i l a l k e s u k a a n w a r n a m ~ n u m a n b u b u k j a m b u b t J l

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U j t BNJ p e n g a r u h Penambahan d e K s t r l n t e r h a d a p n t l a l k e s u k a a n w a r n a

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A n a l t s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l t s a n l l a 1 K e S u K a a n a r o m a m ~ n u m a n b u b u K j a m b u b t J I

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U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r ~ n t e r h a d a p n l l a i k e s u k a a n a r o m a

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. . .

U J I BNJ p e n g a r u t - Penambahan d e K s t r t n t e r h a d a p n 1 1 a 1 k e s u k a a n r a s a

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U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h p e n a m b a h a n asam a s k o r b a t t e r h a d a p n l l a l K e s u K a a n r a s a

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A n a l t s a r a g a m d a t a a n a l i s a n l l a l k e s u k a a n K e l a r u i a n m t n u m a n b u b u k

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j a m b u b l ~ i

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U J I BNJ p e n g a r u h Penambahan d e k s t r l n t e r h a d a p n i l a l p e n e r ~ m a a n umum

. . .

I . PENDAHULUAN

A . LATAR BELAKANG

Jambu b i j i ( P s i d i u r n g u a j a v a L . ) m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u j e n i s b u a h y a n g b a n y a k d i h a s i l k a n d i I n d o n e s i a . M e n u r u t d a t a d a r i D i r e k t o r a t B i n a P r o g r a m Tanarnan P a n g a n , p r o d u k s i jarnbu b i j i s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 8 a d a l a h s e b e s a r 2 0 5 7 3 3 t o n .

Jambu b i j i m e r u p a k a n k o r n o d i t i p e r t a n l a n y a n g rnudah mernbusuk j i k a d i b i a r k a n t e r l a l u lama Uan t i d a k d i o l a h l e b i h l a n j u t . S e h u b u n g a n d e n g a n h a 1 t e r s e b u t , p e r l u d l l a k u k a n S u a t u u s a h a s e h i n g g a p r o d u k s i y a n g c u k u p b e s a r i t u d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n d e n g a n m a k s i r n a l .

Jambu b i j i rnempunyai k a n d u n g a n v i t a m i n C y a n g t i n g g ~ d a n c i t a r a s a y a n g m e n y e n a n g k a n . H a l i n i r n e n j a d i k a n j a m b u b i j i b a n y a k d i p i l i h k o n s u m e n s e b a g a i a l t e r n a t i f k o n s u m s i b a i k d a l a m b e n t u k s e g a r maupun b e n t u K o l a h a n n y a .

B . MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN

S e c a r a urnurn, p r o d u K b a r u i n i d i b u a t u n t u k r n e n g a t a s i r n a s a l a h y a n g b e r l < a i t a n d e n g a n s i f a t - s i f a t jarnbu b ~ j i s e p e r t l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , y a ~ t u m e n i n g K a t K a n d a y a s i r n p a n d a n n i l a i g u n a jarnbu b i j i s e r t a rnernperrnudah p r o s e s p e n d i s t r i b u s i a n n y a .

S e d a n g k a n t u j u a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i y a i t u :

1 . n e n e n t u k a n k o n d i s i b a h a n y a n g a k a n U i K e r i n g K a n , rnel ~ p u t i :

a . J u r n l a h a ~ p e n g e k s t r a k y a n g d i g u n a k a n r

u .

J u r n l a h g u l a y a n g d i t a r n b a h k a n

c . J u r n l a h f l a v o r ' y a n g U i t a r n b a h K a n

d . J e n i s d a n j u r n l a h b a h a n p e n g l s i y a n g d i t a r n b a h k a n e . J u r n l a h asarn a s k o r b a t y a n g d l g u n a k a n

2 . M e n e n t u k a n k o n d i s i p e n g e r i n g s e r n p r o t ( K e c e p a t a n p u t a r a n a t o m i z e r ' d a n s u h u p e n g e r i n g a n )

C . MANFAAT P E N E L l T l A N

H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t rnernberi p e l u a n g i n d u s t r i p a n g a n t e r u t a r n a d a l a m h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o d u k b a r u s e r t a b a g i p e n i n g k a t a n

I I . TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

A . BUAH JAMBU B l J l

N e g a r a a s a l j a m b u b ~ j i a d a l a h B e n u a A r n e r i K a b a g i a n t r o p i s a n t a r a M e x ~ c o d a n A m e r i k a S e r ~ K a t . D a l a m b e l a n t a r a d l P e r u d a n B r a z i l , j a m b u b i j ~ m e r u p a k a n P e n g h u n i a s 1 I p u l a ( R ~ s m u n a n d a r , 1 9 8 6 ) .

M e n u r u t R i s m u n a n d a r ( 1 9 8 6 ) , j a m b u b i j i t e r m a s u k f am1 I i M y r - t a c e a e , K I a s D y c o t y l e d o t i e ~ e d e n g a n nama b o t a n i P s i d i u m g u a j a v a . Jarnbu b i j i d i s e b u t j u g a j a m b u K l u t u K ( d i Jawa B a r a t , Jawa T e n g a h , J a w a T i m u r ) , g l i m a b r e u r e h ( d l A c e h ) , g o j a w a s ( d i M e n a d o ) ,

l i b u a t a u n y i b u ( d i K a l i m a n t a n ) , j a m b u p a r a t u l a g a ( d i S u l a w e s i S e l a t a n ) .

D i I n d o n e s i a t a n a m a n j a m b u b i j i d i j u m p a i s a m p a i K e t i n g g i a n 1 2 0 0 rn d i a t a s p e r m u k a a n l a u t . B i a s a n y a t umbuh d i d a e r a h - d a e r a h t e r b u k a ( b e k a s l a d a n g , P a d a n g a l a n g - a l a n g ) d a n semak b e l u K a r ( A n o n y m o u s ,

1 9 8 0 )

.

Jambu b i j i b e r b u a h s e t e l a h b e r u m u r d u a s a m p a i t i g a t a h u n ( T o h i r , 1 9 8 1 ) . Tanaman i n i b e r b u n g a t e r u s m e n e r u s s e h i n g g a p a d a s a t u tanarnan t e r d a p a t b u n g a - b u n g a d e n g a n b e r b a g a i u m u r . M e s k i p u n d e m i K i a n , m u s i m b e r b u n g a y a n g t e r l e b a t a d a l a h p a d a s a a t m u s i m k e m a r a u . J u m l a h b u a h t i a p p o h o n m a K s i m a l 3 6 7 9 b u a h

M e n u r u t Wilson (1980), tanarnan jarnbu b i j i turnbuh b a i k p a d a d a e r a h t r o p i s d a n s u b t r o p i s h i n g g a rnencapai t i n g g i 10 rn. U k u r a n d i a m e t e r b u a h jarnbu b i j i a d a l a h 3 - 8 crn. D e n g a n t e K . n i k p e m u l i a a n , d i a m e t e r jarnbu b i j i d a p a t rnencapai 13 crn dengan b e r a t p e r b u a h lebih d a r i 7 0 0 gram. Jurnlah b i j i p e r b u a h d a r i 153 h i n g g a 6 6 4 b u t i r ( P a l a n l s w a r n y d a n S h a n r n u g a v e l u , 1 9 7 4 ) .

Urnur b u a h s e j a k b e r D u n g a hingga rnasak k u r a n g l e b i h 110 h a r i . B u a h jarnbu b i j i p a d a w a k t u rnuda k u l i t n y a b e r w a r n a h i j a u p e k a t d a n b i l a r n e n d e k a t i t a h a p rnasak, buahnya b e r u b a h w a r n a rnenjadi h i j a u rnuda s a m p a i k e K u n i n g - k u n i n g a n . K u l i t b u a h ada y a n g licin d a n a d a p u l a y a n g b e r b i n t ~ k k a s a r d e n g a n s e d i k i t b e r l a p i s lilin. W a r n a d a g t n g b u a h n y a b e r v a r i a s i , a d a y a n g p u t i h , k u n i n g d a n rnerah. S e d a n g k a n b e n t u k b u a h n y a a d a y a n g b u l a t d a n a d a y a n g i o n j o n g . Pernanenan b u a h jarnbu b i j i y a n g rnasak d i l a k u k a n dalarn P e r i o d e 2-3 bulan ( C o o p p a c k dan Brown, 1983).

M e n u r u t Risrnunandar (19861, jarnbu b i j i c u k u p b a n y a k rnengandung z a t b e s ~ , f o s f a t d a n k a p u r . Z a t b e s i n y a 0.8 b a g i a n t e r d a p a t dalarn b i j i y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i c e r n a o l e h manusia a t a u hewan.

b i j ~ t e r g a n t u n g p a d a d a e r a h a s a l n y a / t u r n b u h n y a a t a u v a r i e t a s jarnbu b i ~ i (Palan~swarny d a n Shanrnugavelu. 1974).

A s e n j o e t a l . (1948) r n e n y a t a k a n , r a t a - r a t a K a n d u n g a n t h i a m i n dalarn jarnbu b i j ~ a d a l a h 0 . 0 5 3 miligram p e r 100 g r a m daging buah.

C h a n d a n Kwok (1375) r n e n y e b u t k a n , d a r i dua v a r i e t a s jarnbu b i j i y a n g dianalisa y a i t u Bearnount dan Wild d i d a p a t k a n bahwa j a m b u b i j i mengandung asarn o r g a n i k n o n v o l a t i l y a i t u asarn l a k t a t , rnalat, s i t r a t dan asam a s k o r b a t . Jambu b i j i rnengandung f r u k t o s a 3.4 p e r s e n , D - g l u k o s a 2.08 p e r s e n , s u k r o s a 0.31 p e r s e n d a n t o t a l g u l a 5.82 p e r s e n .

Kornponen f l a v o r jarnbu b i j i t e r d i r i d a r i 12 rnacarn h i d r o k a r b o n , 14 macarn a l k o h o l , 19 rnacarn k a r b o n i l s e r t a b e n z o t i a z o l ( W i l s o n , 1980).

Kornposisi kimia b u a h jambu b i j i s e l e n g k a p n y a d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a T a b e l 1.

B. PEMBUATAN MlNUMAN BUBUK

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P r o t e i n ( 9

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T o t a l a s a m K a d a r a b u

K a d a r g u l a p e r e d u K s i D e r a j a t K e a s a m a n ( p H ) R e n d e m e n d a g i n g b u a h

( m s ) ( m s ) ( S I )

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( g a s a m s i t r a t )

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a

D i r e K t o r a t G i z i D e p a r t e m e n K e s e h a t a n R I ( 1 9 7 9 ) b~ i h a r m a w a n ( 1 9 9 0 )

K o n t a k dengan u d a r a yang b e r l e b i h a n selama e K s t r a K s i buah yang enzirnnya rnasih a K t i f h a r u s d i h i n d a r i s e b a b k e r u s a K a n v i t a m i n C d a n p e r u b a h a n o K s i d a t i f s a n g a t c e p a t t e r j a d i p a d a b e b e r a p a j e n i s buah. Perubahan-perubahan t e r s e b u t t e r u t a m a d i K a t a l i s i s oleh adanya b e s i dan ternbaga dalam l a r u t a n s e h i n g g a p e r a l a t a n yang d i g u n a k a n s e b a i k n y a t i d a k t e r b u a t d a r i KedUa logarn t e r s e b u t . S e d a n g p e n g e p r e s a n urnurnnya d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n rnenggunakan Kain k a t u n (Cruess, 1958).

P a s t e u r i s a s i p e r l u dilaKukan u n t u k rnernbunuh rnikroorganisme yang dapat rnenyebabkan f e r r n e n t a s i dan a g a r enzirn-enzirn rnenjadi tidaK a k t i f ( F r a z i e r , 1979). Urnurnnya s a r i buah d i p a s t e u r i s a s i pada suhu 175 O F

0

(79.44 C)

,

t e t a p i j i k a Kandungan asamnya t i n g g i ,

0

p a s t e u r i s a s i d a p a t dilakuKan pada suhu 160-165 F (71.1-73.9' C ) ( C r u e s s , 1958)

P e n g e r i n g a n a d a l a h s u a t u r n e t o d e u n t u K r n e n g e l u a r K a n a t a u menghilangKan s e b a g i a n a t a u s e l u r u h a i r d a r i s u a t u b a h a n d e n g a n c a r a r n e n g u a p k a n a i r d e n g a n b a n t u a n e n e r g i , baiK

rnenggunakan pernanas ataupun tidaK.

a n t a r a l a ~ n t e r j a d ~ n y a p e r u b a h a n w a r n a , t e k s t u r d a n a r o m a (Wt n a r n o e t a l

.

,

1 9 8 2 ) .

P e n g e r ~ n g s e r n p r o t s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k b a h a n - b a h a n rnaKanan y a n g b e r b e n t u k c a i r a n , b u b u r b u a h a t a u p a s t a d e n g a n v i s K o s i t a s r e n d a h ( P o t t e r , 1 9 8 0 ) .

B u a h - b u a h a n y a n g b e r b e n t u k s a r i b u a h , b u b u r d a n p a s t a d a p a t d i k e r i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n g e r s n g a n s e m p r o t d a n b e b e r a p a d i a n t a r a n y a h a r U s d i b e r t K a n b a h a n p e n g i s i . Penarnbahan i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k r n e n i n g K a t K a n r e n d e r n e n Uan u n t u k rnernudahkan p r o s e s p e n g e r i n g a n

( M a s t e r s , 1 9 7 9 ) .

M e n u r u t M a s t e r s ( 1 9 7 9 ) , a d a t i g a e l e r n e n t e r p e n t i n g p a d a p e n g e r i n g s e r n p r o t y a j t u a t o m i z e r ,

r u a n g p e n g e r i n g d a n p e n g u r n p u l p a r t i k e l - p a r t i k e l K e r i n g y a n g d i h a s i l k a n . M a s i n g - m a s i n g e l e r n e n t e r s e b u t r n e r n e r l u k a n K o n d i s i t e r t e n t u y a n g s a n g a t t e r g a n t u n g d a r i s i f a t b a h a n y a n g a k a n d ~ K e r i n g k a n .

P e n g e r i n g s e r n p r o t i n i d a p a t r n e n g h a s i l K a n p r o d u k b e r k u a l i t a s t t n g g i , t e r u t a r n a u n t u K b a h a n - b a h a n y a n g s e n s l t i f t e r h a d a p p a n a s . H a l i n i d ~ s e b a b k a n o l e h p r o s e s a t o r n i s a s i n y a y a n g rnenggunakan s e l u r n l a h u d a r a d e n g a n s u h u s e k , t a r 2 0 4 ' ~ d a n p a r t i k e l y a n g K e l u a r S e t e l a h d i k e r i n g K a n rnernpunyai s u h u s e k i t a r 8 2 O ~ ( P o t t e r , 1 9 8 0 )

.

s u h u pengeringan yang umum digunaKan berkisar antara

1 3 5 - 1 8 0 ~ ~

( M a s t e r s ,

1979).

C . B A H A N T A M B A H A N

G u l a yang digunakan dalam pembuatan minuman bubuk

~n

i

ada

1

ah

gu

l

a pas

i

r

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.

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merupakan

oligosakarida

yan mempunyai

peran

penting

dalam pengolahan makanan dan

banyak

terdapat pada tebu, bit, siwalan dan

kelapa

k o p y o r .

Untuk

industri-industri makanan biasa

digunakan sukrosa dalam bentuk k r ~ s t a l

tialus atau

k a s a r dan dalam jumlah yang banyak dipergunakan

dal am bentuk cairan sukrosa

(sirup)

(Winarno,

1984)

.

Gula ditambahkan pada produk

pangan

untuk

meningkatkan kemanisan. Menurut Junk dan Pancoast

(1973), lebih banyak orang yang menyukai rnakanan

yang lebih m a n i s d a r ~ p a d a

s e b a l ~ k n y a .

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gula dapat mencegah pengerasan

("caking") d a r ~

produk

kering

selama penyimpanan, melindungi

flavor dan meningkatkan daya larut produk.

Pada pembuatan s i r u p , gula pasir

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d ~ l a r u t k a n dalam

air dan dipanaskan, sebagian

sukrosa

akan

terurai

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dan

i n i t ~ d a k d a p a t b e r b e n t u k k r ~ s t a l k a r e n a I c e l a r u t a n f r u k t o s a d a n g l u k o s a y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r

( W i n a r n o , 1 9 8 4 ) .

P a d a s a a t p e n g h i l a n g a n a i r d e n g a n p e n g e r i n g a n b e k u a t a u p u n p e n g e r i n g s e r n p r o t , g u l a d a p a t r n e r n p e r t a h a n k a n w a r n a d a n kornponen f l a v o r y a n g rnudah rnenguap, d e n g a n rnengubah i n t e r a k s i a n t a r a g u l a d a n a i r r n e n j a d i i n t e r a k s i a n t a r a g u l a d a n k o m p o n e n f l a v o r ( W h i s t l e r d a n D a n i e l , 1 9 7 6 ) .

G u l a - A i r

+

Kornponen f l a v o r

- - -

>

G u l a - K o r n ~ o n e n f l a v o r + A i r

2 . D e K s t r i n

D e K s t r i n r n e r u p a k a n h a s i l r n o d i f i k a s i p a t i y a n g d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n rnernecahkan i k a t a n g l i K o s i d i k p a d a r a n t a i r n o l e k u l n y a ( F u r i a , 1 9 6 8 ) . M e n u r u t W i n a r n o e t a l . ( 1 9 8 2 ) , d e K s t r i n r n e r u p a k a n b e n t u k o l i g o s a k a r i d a y a n g r n e r u p a k a n p r o d u k p e n g u r a i a n p a t i y a n g t i d a k s e r n p u r n a .

i k a t a n

-

( r

, 6 ) - D - g l u k o s a ( W i n a r n o , 1 9 8 4 ) . S t r u k t u r K i m i a m o l e k u l a m i l o s a d a n a m i l o p e k t i n d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a Gambar I .

K o n v e r s i p a t i m e n j a d ~ d e k s t r i n d a p a t d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a k i m i a d a n S i s i k a . M e n u r u i F u r i a

( 1 9 6 8 )

,

k o n v e r s i p a t i t e r s e b u t m e n g a k i b a t k a n t e r j a d i n y a p e n u r u n a n v i s k o s i t a s p a t i a s l i n y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n h a s i l y a n g d l p e r o l e h d a p a t d i g u n a k a n p a d a k o n s e n t r a s i y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i d i b a n d i n g d e n g a n p a t i a s l i n y a .

M e n u r u t S u j a n a ( 1 9 8 5 1 , k o n v e r s i p a t i m e n j a d i d e k s t r i n m e l i b a t k a n pernecahan d a n p e n y u s u n a n k e m b a l i s e r t a k o m b i n a s i i k a t a n m o l e k u l p a t i . G u g u s f u n g s i o n a l p a t i m u n g k i n p u l a b e r u b a h . P r o s e s k o n v e r s i i n i m e l i b a t k a n e n z i r n , asam, a l k a l i , o k s i d a t o r a t a u p a n a s .

3 . CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE

k e r n u d i a n d i t a r n b a h k a n N a - k h l o r o a s e t a t (Fennerna, 1 9 7 6 )

.

i k a t a n H - 1 , 4

Arni l o s a

i k a t a n

$ - l e a

A r n i l o p e k t i n

Garnbar I . S t r u k t u r k i r n i a r n o l e k u l a r n i l o s a d a n a r n i l o p e k t i n ( W h i s t l e r d a n D a n t e l ,

1 9 8 5 )

Ganz ( 1 9 7 7 ) r n e n y a t a k a n bahwa g a r a r n K , Ca d a n NHq d a r t CMC d t b u a t u n t u k i n d u s t r i s e l a i n p a n g a n . Na-CMC rnernpunyat kernarnpuan u n t u k r n e n g e n t a l K a n d a n , m e r u b a h t e k s t u r y a ~ t u d e n g a n r n e n g i k a t a i r d a n

K a r e n a CMC m e m p u n y a ~ g u g u s k a r b o k s i l , m a k a v i s k o s i t a s l a r u t a n CMC d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h a d a n y a pH l a r u t a n , d i m a n a pH o p t i m u m s e k i t a r l i m a d a n b i l a pH k u r a n g d a r i t i g a maKa CMC a k a n m e n g e n d a p

( W i n a r n o , 1 9 8 4 )

.

K e n a i K a n k e k e n t a l a n l a r u t a n CMC t i d a k b e r b a n d i n g l a n g s u n g d e n g a n K e n a i k a n k o n s e n t r a s i n y a s e b a b p a d a K o n s e n t r a s i r e n d a h m o l e k u l CMC d a p a t d e n g a n s e m p u r n a m e n g i K a t a i r d i s e k e l i I i n g n y a . Pemanasan b e r p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p p e n u r u n a n l k e k e n t a l a n l a r u t a n CMC. T u r u n n y a k e k e n t a l a n i n k b e r s i f a t r e v e r s i b e l a s a l p e m a n a s a n t i d a k t e r l a l u t i n g g i a t a u t e r l a l u lama ( G a n z , 1 9 7 7 )

.

G l i c k s m a n ( 1 9 6 8 ) . r n e n y a t a k a n bahwa CMC s u d a h d i g u n a k a n p a d a b e b e r a p a p r o d u k m i n u m a n r i n g a n d a n s u d a h d i b u k t i k a n e f e k t i f s e b a g a i p e n s t a b i l k o l o i d d i d a l a m e m u l s i f l a v o r m i n u m a n r i n g a n .

4 . Gum A r a b

M e n u r u t M e y e r ( 1 9 6 0 ) , gum a r a b m e r u p a k a n p o l i s a k a r i d a n e t r a l a t a u a g a k asam, s t r u k t u r u t a m a m o l e k u l n y a a d a l a h r a n t . a i s a t u a n " - g a l a k t o p i r a n o s a

Gum d a p a t d l l a r u t k a n a t a u d i d 1 s p e r s ~ k a n da!am a i r p a n a s a t a u a i r d i n g i n u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n v i s k o s i t a s l a r u t a n ( F u r i a , 1 9 6 8 ) .

G l i c k s m a n d a n S c h a c h a t ( 1 9 5 9 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a gum a r a b d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m p e r b a i k i v i s k o s i t a s , t e k s t u r d a n b e n t u k d a r i s u a t u p r o d u k . S e l a i n i t u , gum a r a b d a p a t m e m p e r t a h a n k a n f l a v o r d a r i m a k a n a n y a n g d i k e r i n g k a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n a l a t p e n g e r i n g s e m p r o t . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n gum m e m b e n t u k l a p i s a n y a n g d a p a t m e l a p i s i p a r t i k e l f l a v o r , s e h i n g g a t e r l i n d u n g d a r i o k s i d a s i , a b s o r b s i d a n e v a p o r a s i a i r d a r i u d a r a t e r u t a m a u n t u k p r o d u k y a n g h ~ g r o s k o p i s .

Gum a r a b t e r m a s u k g o l o n g a n G e n e r a l l y R e c o g n i z e d As S a f e ( G R A S ) , t i d a k b e r a c u n d a n t i d a k b e r b a h a y a u n t u k d i k o n s u m s i o l e h m a n u s l a ( D a v i d s o n ,

19803

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.

D-g l u c u r o n i c

Gambar 2 . S t r u k t u r gum a r a b i k ( G l i c k s m a n d a n S c h a c h a t , 1 9 5 9 )

vitamin C s e b e s a r 80-100% ( C o o k e dan Moxon,

1974). S t r u k t u r Kimia L-asam a s K o r b a t dan L -

asam d e h i d r o a s k o r b a t dapat dilihat pada GamDar 3.

Asam a s k o r b a t s a n g a t l a r u t dalam a i r ,

mempunyal s i f a t mengasamKan dan seKaligus sebagai

p e r e d u K s i (Tannenbaum, 1976). Bila asam a s k o r b a t

t e r o k s i d a s i maKa a k a n t e r b e n t u K a s a m

d e h i d r o a s k o r b a t . L-asam a s K o r b a t d a n L - a s a m

d e h i d r o a s k o r b a t mempunyai K e a K t i f a n s e b a g a i

vitamin C, sedangKan D-asam a s k o r b a t dan D-asam

d e h i d r o a s k o r b a t tidaK (Winarno, 1984).

H a r p e r e t al. (1980) m e n y a t a k a n bahwa

vitamin C rnerupakan vitamin yang paling mudah

l a r u t dalam a i r , r u s a K oleh panas, udara, alkali

dan enzim. Asam d a p a t m e m p e r t a h a n k a n a t a u

menghambat d e g r a d a s i vitamin

.

C selama pengolahan

ataupun p e n y i m p a n a n , s e d a n g K a n t e m b a g a

mempercepat degradasi vitamin C selama pemasakan.

[image:27.547.123.498.50.710.2]

L-asam asKorbat L-asam d e h i d r o a s k o r b a t

1 1 1 . BAHAN DAN METODE PENELlTlAN

A . BAHAN DAN ALA7

1 . Bahan

Bahan baKu y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m P e n e l i t i a n i n i i a l a h buah jambu b i j i j e n i s jambu s u s u y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i P a s a r B a r u , B o g o r , dengan t i n g K a t k e m a t a n g a n

p e n u h .

Bahan p e n g i s i y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h CMC, d e K s t r i n dan gum a r a b i K y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i t o K o S e t i a Guna, B o g o r . G u l a d i p e r o l e h d a r i P a s a r B a r u , B o g o r d a n

f l a v o r jambu b i j i d i p e r o l e h d a r i PT E s s e n c e I n d o n e s i a , J a K a r t a .

S e l a i n bahan b a k u t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , d i g u n a K a n j u g a b e b e r a p a bahan K i r n i a u n t u K K e p e r l u a n a n a l i s i s . Bahan- bahan K i m i a t e r s e b u t d i p e r o l e h d a r i L a b o r a t o r i u m J u r u s a n T e K n o l o g i Pangan dan G i z i , F a k u l t a s T e K n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n , l n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r .

A l a t - a l a t y a n g d i g u n a K a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h p e n g e r i n g s e m p r o t y a n g d i r a n c a n g o l e h N i r o ~ t o m i z e r , G I a s a X e v e j 305, OK-2860 Sobong, Copenhagen,

C - l , pH m e t e r , k o m p o r pernanas s e r t a a l a t - a l a t g e l a s u n t u k k e p e r l u a n a n a l i s i s .

3 . T e r n p a t P e n e l i t i a n

P e n e l i t i a n d i l a k u k a n d i L a b o r a t o r i u r n B a n g s a l P e r c o n t o h a n d a n P e n g o l a h a n H a s i l P e r t a n i a n , F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n , l n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r d a n L a b o r a t o r i u m J u r u S a n T e k n o l o g i P a n g a n d a n G i z i , F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n , I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r

6 . METODE P E N E L l T l A N

P e l a k s a n a a n P e n e l i t i a n d i b a g i d a l a m d u a t a h a p . P e n e l i t i a n t a h a p p e r t a r n a d i l a k u k a n s e l a r n a t u j u h r n i n g g u d a n p e n e l i t i a n t a h a p k e d u a d i l a k u k a n s e l a r n a enarn r n i n g g u .

P e n e l i t i a n t a h a p p e r t a r n a d i l a k u k a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n p e r b a n d i n g a n d a g i n g b u a h d a n a i r p e n g e k s t r a k , j e n i

s

b a h a n p e n g i s i y a n g a k a n d i g u n a k a n b e s e r t a k i s a r a n j u r n l a h

i

p e n a r n b a h a n n y a , j u r n l a h g u l a y a n g d i t a r n b a h k a n s e b e l u r n d a n s e s u d a h p r o s e s p e n g e r i n g a n , j u r n l a h

f l a v o r

y a n g d i t a r n b a h k a n , ~ i s a r a n j u r n l a h asam a s k o r b a t y a n g a k a n d i t a r n b a h k a n s e r t a k o n d i s i p e n g e r i n g s e m p r o t

.

t e r - h a d a p w a r n a , at-orna, t - a s a , Ice1 a t - i t t a n d a n p e n e r ~ r n a a n s e c a r a urnurn).

A d a p u n p r o s e s P e r n b u a t a n rntnuman b u b u k Jarnbu L ~ I . , : d a p a t d I I I h a t p a d a Garnbar 4 .

C . PERLAKUAN

B e r d a S a r K a n h a s 1 1 F e n e i t t i a n t a h a p p e r i d m a , p e r - l a k u a n y a n g d ~ b e r - t k a n p a d a P e n e I t t ~ d n t a h a p K e d u a y a : t u :

A

=

j u m l a h b a t i a n p e n y l s l [ d e k s t r - ~ n ) y a n g d : t a m b a l i h a n A ,

=

6 % d e k s t r t n

A2

=

9 % d e k s t r l n A3

=

1 2 % d e k s t r i n '

B

=

J U m i a h asam a s k o r b a t y a n g d ~ t a m b a h k a n B 1

=

3 0 0 m g / 1 0 0 g p r o d u K

B 2 : 4 5 0 m g / 1 0 0 g p r G d U h B3

=

6 0 0 m g / 1 0 0 g p r o d u k

D . PENGAMATAN

: .

Rendemen

B e s a r n y a r e n d e m e n p r o d u k d ~ h ~ t u n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e n t a s e b e r a t mlnurnan b u b u k y a n g d i h a s t ~ k a n t e r h a d a p b e r a t j a m b u ~ I J ~ a n g I d t g u n a ~ a n d ~ t a m b a h d e n g a n b e r a t

b a h a n p e n g ~ s i .

a

Rendemen

=

- - -

x 1 0 0 %

B u a h jambu b i j i

1

A m b i l d a g i n g buahnya

.1

P o t o n g - p o t o n g

1

a i r P e n g e K s t r a K

3

H a n c u r K a n d e n g a n w a r i n g b l e n d e r

S a r i n g d e n g a n K a i n s a r i n g

1

S a r i b u a h jambu b i j i

-1

P a s t e u r i s a s i

,

1

O

O

'

C

5 men i

t

+ g u l a , bahan p e n g i s i dan f l a v o r

I

P e n g e r i n g s e m p r o t

+

g u l a h a l u s

+

asam a s K o r b a i [image:32.547.85.497.84.591.2]

---id

_{"Minuman bubuK jambu b i j i "}

d i m a n a , a

=

b e r a t rninuman b u b u k y a n g d i h a s ~ l k a n ( g r a m ) b

=

b e r a t b u a h j a m b u b i j i y a n g d i g u n a k a n

( g r a m ) t b e r a t b a h a n p e n g i s i ( g r a m )

2 . K a d a r a i r (AOAC, 1 9 8 4 )

K a d a r a i r m i n u m a n b u b u k jarnbu b i j ~ d i u k u r d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e o v e n v a k u m . S e j u m l a h c o n t o h d i t i m b a n g d a l a m c a w a n a l u m i n i u m y a n g t e l a h d i k e r i n g k a n d a n d ~ t i m b a n g . K e m u d i a n c o n t o h d i k e r i n g k a n d a l a m o v e n v a k u m p a d a s u h u 7 0 ° c d a n t e k a n a n vakum

<

100 mmHg s e l a m a enam j a m . S e t e l a h i t u , c o n t o h d i d i n g i n k a n d a l a m d e s i k a t o r s e l a m a 1 5 m e n i t d a n d i t i m b a n g

K a d a r a i r p r o d u k d i h i t u n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e n t a s e K e h i l a n g a n b e r a t c o n t o h t e r h a d a p b e r a t c o n t o h a w a t .

a - b

K a d a r a i r ( % b b )

=

- - -

x 1 0 0 % a

d i m a n a , a

=

b e r a t c o n t o h a w a l ( g r a m ) b

=

b e r a t c o n t o h a k h i r ( g r a m )

3 . K a d a r Abu (AOAC, 1 9 8 4 )

K a d a r a b u p r o d u k d i u k u r d e n g a n m e t o d e t a n u r . Cawan p o r s e l i n d i k e r i n g k a n d a l a m t a n u r s e l a r n a 2 0 m e n i t d a n d i t i m b a n g . S e j u m l a h c o n t o h d i t i m b a n g d a l a m c a w a n , d i p a n a s k a n h i n g g a c o n t o h b e r b e n t u k a r a n g d a n d i a b u K a n

0

d i t i m b a n g . K a d a r a b u d i h ~ t u n g s e b a g a i p e r s e n t a s e b e r a t a b u d a r i b e r a t c o n t o h ( b e r a t b a s a h ) .

b

K a d a r a b u ( % b b )

=

- - - x 1 0 0 % a

d i m a n a , a

=

b e r a t c o n t o h ( g r a m ) b

=

b e r a t a b u ( g r a m )

4 . D e n s i t a s k a m b a

D e n s t t a s kamba p r o d u k d ~ u k u r d e n g a n m e n i m b a n g c o n t o h s e b a n y a k 5 g r a m , k e r n u d r a n d i m a s u k k a n k e d a l a m g e l a s U k U r 1 0 m l , d i K e t u k - k e t u k s e b a n y a k 2 5 k a l i , d a n

B e r a t c o n t o h ( g r a m ) D e n s i t a s karnba :

- - -

V o l u m e c o n t o h ( m l )

5 . D e r a ~ a t P u t i h

D e r a j a t p u t i h minurnan b u b u k d i u k u r d e n g a n

1

N i l a l pH p r o d u k d i u k u r d e n g a n rnenggunakan r n e t o d e

e k s t r a k s i . S a t u g r a m c o n t o h d i r n a s u k k a n k e d a l a r n g e l a s

p i a l a , d i t a r n b a h 2 0 rnl a k u a d e s d a n d i k o c o k d e n g a n s t i r e r

s a m p a i b a s a h s e r n p u r n a . K e r n u d ~ a n d i l a k u k a n penarnbahan

5 0 rnl a k u a d e s , d i h o r n o g e n k a n d a n d i b i a r k a n s e l a r n a s a t u

j a m . S e t e l a h I ~ L I pH s u p e r n a t a n U i u k u r d e n g a n

menggunaKan p H - m e t e r . S t a n d a r i s a s i p H - m e t e r d i l a k u k a n

d e n g a n rnenggunakan b u f f e r pH 4 .

7 . Asarn T e r t i t r a s i T o t a l

S e ~ u r n l a h c o n t o h d i r n a s u k k a n k e d a l a r n l a b u t a k a r 2 5 0

r n l , d i b e r i a k u a d e s s a m p a i t a n d a t e r a . S e t e l a h d i k o c o k

s a m p a i r n e r a t a , c o n t o h d i s a r i n g . Kernudian l irna rnl

f i l t r a t d i p i p e t d a n d i t i t r a s i d e n g a n NaOH 0 . 1 N.

I n d i k a t o r y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h f e n o l f t a l e i n . T i t r a s i

d i l a k u k a n sarnpai w a r n a f i l t r a t b e r u b a h r n e n j a d i m e r a h

m u d a .

L a r u t a n NaOH y a n g d i g u n a k a n U i s t a n d a r i s a s i

t e r l e b i h d a h u l u d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n asarn o k s a l a t .

T o t a l asarn t e r t i t r a s i d i n y a t a k a n h a s i l n y a s e b a g a i

rnl NaOH 0 . 1 N / 100 g b a h a n .

8 . K a d a r Asam A s k o r b a t

S e p u l u h g r a m c o n t o h UirnasuKkan k e d a l a m l a b u t a k a r

1 0 0 rnl d a n d i t a m b a h k a n a k u a d e s sarnpai t a n d a t e r a .

f i l t r a t n y a . F i l t r a t d ~ a r n b ~ l 25 rnl d e n y a n p i p e t d a n d i r n a s u K k a n k e d a l a r n e r l e n m e y e r 1 2 5 rnl d a n d i t a r n b a h k a n l a r u t a n arni lurn s a t u p e r s e n . S e t e l a h i t u , d i l a k u k a n t i t r a s i d e n g a n 0 . 0 1 N s t a n d a r Y o d i u m .

P e r h i t u n g a n :

1 rnl 0 . 0 1 N Y o d i u r n

=

0 . 8 8 rng asarn a s k o r b a t

9 . K a d a r G u l a P e r e d u k s i

K a d a r g u l a p e r e d u k s i rninurnan b u b u k d i u k u r d e n g a n r n e n g g u n a k a n r n e t o d e S h a f f e r - S o r n o g y . S e j u m l a h c o n t o h d i t i r n b a n g , d i r n a s u k k a n k e d a l a r n g e l a s p i a l a . Kernud i a n d i t a r n b a h k a n 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 rnl a i r d a n 2 g CaC03, d i d i d i h k a n s e l arna 3 0 men i t . S e t e l a h d i d t n g ~ n k a n , l a r u t a n d i p i n d a h k a n d a l a r n l a b u u k u r 5 0 0 rnl

,

k e r n u d i a n d i t a r n b a h k a n l a r u t a n P b - a s e t a t j e n u h s e c a r a p e r l a h a n - l a h a n sarnpai l a r u t a n r n e n j a d i j e r n i h . V o l u m e l a r u t a n d i t e p a t k a n s a m p a i t a n d a t e r a d e n g a n a k u a d e s d a n

1

d i c a r n p u r sarnpai r n e r a t a . L a r u t a n k e m u d i a n d i s a r i n g d e n g a n k e r t a s s a r i n g Whatrnan N o . 2 . N a t r i u r n o k s a l a t k e r i n g s e b a n y a k k i r a - k i r a 1 g d i t a r n b a h k a n u n t u k r n e n g e n d a p k a n sernua P b , d i c a r n p u r r n e r a t a d a n d i s a r i n g k e r n b a l i

d i t u t u p d e n g a n c o r o n g , d i p a n a s k a n d a l a r n p e n a n g a s a i r b e r s u h u 1 0 0 ~ ~ s e l a r n a 1 5 rneni t , I a l u d i d i n g i n k a n d a l am a i r r n e n g a l i r s e l a r n a 4 r n e n i t .

C o r o n g d i a n g k a t d a r i g e l a s e r l e n m e y e r , 1 a1 u d i t a r n b a h k a n l a r u t a n i o d i d a o k s a l a t s e b a n y a k 2 rnl d i t a r n b a h k a n r n e l a l u i s i s i g e l a s e r l e n m e y e r . D i t a r n b a h k a n p u l a 3 rnl H2S04 2 N. G e l a s e r l enrney.er d i g o y a n g p e r l a h a n s a m p a i s e l u r u h C u 2 0 l a r u t , k e m u d i a n d i r e n d a m d a l a r n a i r s e l a r n a 5 r n e n i t s a r n b i l d i g o y a n g k a n d u a k a l i . T i t r a s i d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n r n e n g g u n a k a n Na2S203 0 . 0 0 5 N d a n l a r u t a n p a t i d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i i n d i k a t o r .

H a s i l t i t r a s i b l a n k o d i k u r a n g i d e n g a n h a s i l t i t r a s i c o n t o h

,

k e r n u d i a n v o l u m e t i t a r b e r s i h i n i d i g u n a k a n u n t u k r n e n e n t u k a n j u m l a h d e k s t r o s a d a l a r n 5 m l

l a r u t a n c o n t o h

mg d e k s t r o s a

=

( 0 . 1 0 9 9 ) (rnl Na2S203 0 . 0 0 5 N ) + 0 . 0 4 8 rng d e k s t r o s a

x

a

x

1 0 0 % K a d a r g u l a p e r e d u k s i : . . .

5 x b x 1 0 0 0

a

=

v o l u m e t o t a l f i l t r a t c o n t o h ( m l ) b

=

b e r a t c o n t o h ( g r a m )

5

=

v o l u m e f i l t r a t c o n t o h y a n g d i g u n a k a n ( m l )

1 0 . S i f a t O r g a n o l e p t i k

p e n i l a i a n s i f a t o r g a n p l e p t i k t e r h a d a p k e l a r u t a n d a r i p r o d u k b u b u k . P e n g u j l a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h u j i h e d o n i K d e n g a n t u j u h t i n g k a t K e s u K a a n , y a i t u : 1

( S a n g a t t i d a K s u k a ) . 2 ( T i d a K s u K a ) , 3 ( A g a k t i d a K s u k a ) , 4 ( N e t r a l ) , 5 ( A g a k s u k a ) , 6 ( S u K a ) d a n 7 ( S a n g a t s u k a ) . C o n t o l l d a f t a r i s i a n p e n g u j i a n s i f a t o r g a n o l e p t i k d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a l a r n p i r a n 1 6 .

E . RANCANGAN PERCOBAAN

M o d e l r a n c a n g a n p e r c o b a a n a d a l a h R a n c a n g a n A c a k L e n g k a p d e n g a n P e r c o b a a n F a k t o r i a l . U l a n g a n d l l a k u k a n s e b a n y a k d u a k a l i ( H i c k s , 1 9 7 3 ) .

Y i j k

=

U + A i + B j

+

AB, j

+

E k ( i j )

Y i j k

=

R e s p o n P e r c o b a a n k a r e n a p e n g a r u h b e r s a m a t a r a f k e - i f a k t o r A d a n t a r a f k e - J f a k t o r B p a d a u l a n g a n K e - 1

i

u : P e n g a r u h r a t a - r a t a

A i

=

P e n g a r u h f a k t o r A t a r a f k e - I

j

=

P e n g a r u h f a k t o r 8 t a r a f k e - j

ABi j

=

P e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s ~ f a k t o r A t a r a f K e - i d a n f a k t o r B t a r a f k e - j

E K ( ~ ~ )

=

P e n g a r u h k e s a l a h a n p e r c o b a a n p a d a u l a n g a n k e - 1 K a r e n a p e n g a r u h k o r n b i n a s i p e r l a k u a n

A n a l i s a r a g a m d i h i t u n g d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n p r o g r a m k o r n p u t e r ( M i n i t a b ) .

s e l a n j u t n y a a d a l a h U j i B e d a N y a t a J u j u r , y a n g b l a s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u j i n i l a i t e n g a h r e s p o n p e r l a k u a n . Rumus d a r i BNJ a d a l a h :

I V . H A S l L DAN PEMEAHASAN

A . P E N E L I T I A N TAHAP PERTAMA

P e n e l i t l a n t a h a p p e r t a m a d ~ i a k u k a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n ~ e n r s b a n a n p e n g ~ s i b e s e r t a % : s a r a n j u m a h p e n a m b a h a n n y a , p e r - b a n d l n g a n d a g i n g b u a h d a n a l r p e n g e k s t r a k , ~ u m l a h g u l a y a n g d l t a m b a n k a n s e b e l u m a a n s e s u d a n p r o s e s p e n g e r l n g a n . K I s a r a n j u m l a h a s a m a s k o r b a t , j u r n l a h f / ~ v o t - y a n g d i t a m b a h k a n , s e r t a k o n d t s t p e n g e r l n g s e m p r o t

( K e C e p a t a n p u t a r a n a t o r n ~ z e r d a n s u h u p ? n g e r i n g a n ) .

J e t i l s b a h a n p e n g l s i y a n g d ~ g u n a k a n a d a l a h gum a r a b d e n g a n j u m l a h p e n a m b a h a n 0 . 5 2 , I % d a n 1 . 5 % , C a r - b o x y m e t l i y I c e I l u l o s e (CMC) d e n g a n j u r n ' a n 0 . 5 % , 1 % clan

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7 % . P e n y g u n a a n gum ar-ab s e b a n y a k 0 . 5 % m e n g h a s l l K a n p r o a u k a k h l r d e n g a n r e n d e m e n y a n g K e c i l 1 3 . 2 4 % ) s e d a n g K a n p e n g g u n a a n s e b a n y a k 1 % a a n 1 . 5 % m e i ; ~ n a s i l k a n l a r u t a n y a n g t e r l a l u K e n t a i s e h ~ n g g a s u l i t d n t u k a i k e r i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n y e r i n g s e m p r o t .

P e n g g u n a a n CMC 0 . 5 % menghas i i k a n p r o d u k d e n g a n

r e n d e m e n 5 . 2 6 % s e d a n g CMC 1 % m e n g h a s ~ l ~ ~ a n p r - o d u k d e n g a n r-endemen 6 . 6 7 % . P e n g g u n a a n 1 . 5

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l a r u t a n y a n g s u ! i t d ~ ~ e r i n g ~ a n d e n g a n 3 e n g e r i n g s e m p r o t K s r e n a v ~ s ~ o s l t a s n y a t e r ~ a i u t ~ n g g i .

l e i > ~ h b a n y a n . H a l l n i m e m b e r i l < a n d u a K e u n t u n g a n y a i t u m r n i n g ~ < a t K a n r e n d e m e n y a n g d i l i a s ~ I ~ a n d a n mempermudah

p r o s e s p e n g e r i n g a n . Rendemen y a n y d i h a s i l ~ a n a d a l a h 1 1 . 5 9

% p a d a p e n y g u n a a n 5 % d e k s t r ~ n , 1 6 . 3 0 % p a d a 9 % d e K s t r ~ n , 1 8 . 7 6 % p a d a 13 % d e K S t r i n b a n 2 1 . 8 8 % p a d a

17 % c l e k s t r ~ n . Penambatlan 1 7 % d a n 13 % d e K s t r ~ n r n e n g a I t i b a t K a n p r o d u K r n e n j a d ~ p u c a t clan m e n y e r u p a ~ t e p u n g

set? I n g g a p e n a n i p a l i a n n y a l t u r a n g b a t K . Dengan a e m ~ k I a n her'dasar-Kan penampaKan f i s i K d a n j u m l a h r e n d e m e n , d i p i l 1 1)

t ~ n y K a t p e n a m b a h a n h % , 9 % d a n 12 % p a d a p e n e l i t i a n u t a m a . P e r b a n d ~ n g a n d a g i n ~ b u a h d a n a ~ rp e n g e K s t r a K y a n g d ~ g u n a ~ a n a d a l a h 1 : 1 , 2 : 1 d a n 3 : 1 . P e r b a n d i n g a n 3 : 1 m e n y h a s ~ l k a n h a n c u r a n d a g ~ n g b u a h y a n g t e r l a l u K e n t a l

s e l l i h g y a m e n y u l ~ t K a n p e n y a r i n g a n . P e n y a r ~ n g a n p a d a per'band i n g a n 1 : 1 l e b i 11 mudah d I l al<uKan d a r I p a d a 2 : 1 d a n r e n d e m e n r a n g d l h a s i l ~ a n ~ u g a l e b l h b e s a r . H a l i n 1 d 1 s e b a b ~ 3 n p a d a p e r b a i l d i n g a n I : ? , s a r i b u a h y a n g d i d a p a t ~ a r i d a r ~ b u a h d e n g a n b e r a t y a o a sama, I b a n y a K S e h t n g g a p a d a K o n s e n t r a s i d e k s t r ~ n y a n g sama, j u m l a h a e K s t r i n y a n g d i t a m b a h k a n l e b ~ h b a n y a k p u l a . Dengan d e r n i ~ i a n , P e r b a n d ~ n g a n d a g i n g b u a h d a n a ~ P e n g e K s t r a K y a n g r d i p 1 I ~ h U n t u K p e n e l i t i a n u t a m a y a l t u i : ~ .

Penambahan g u l a s e b e l u m p e n g e r i n g a n d l I a l t u l t a n p a d a K o n s e n t r a s t 0 % , 1 0 % , 1 5 % d a n 2 0 % . Penambanan g u l a 0 % a a n

m e r i g h a s 1 I I i a n p i - c ~ d u k a i i h

-.

y a n g t r r l a l u l e n g K e ? . p e n a m b a n a n 1 5 % g u l a m e n ~ n a s ~ I K a n p r o d u k a K n ~ r y a n y m e m u a s l i a n , r e l a t i f mudah I;.-ut d a n t I daK l e n g ~ e t

.

U n t u l c men I n y l i a r i i a n r a s a man 1s F2:Ya p r o d u k aKh I r , d I t a m b a n K a r l g u l a : ? a t u s s e a a n y a k 2 5 % . L b a w a h j u m l a n t e r s e b u t , p r c d u k r n e n j a d ~ a g a k h a m b a r j t k a d t l a r - u t k a n d a l a m a ~ d a n r d i a t a s ~ u m i a h t e r s e b u t , p r o d u l c m e n , a a I t e r l a1 u man 1 s .

S e r e l a h menga I an11 pr':ses p e n g e r I n g a n , f l a v o r p a d a

p i - o d u l i ai-:n I I- s u d a h s a n g a t ?man. u n t u k i t u , d I b u t u t i ~ a n p e l i a m b a h a n f l a v o r d a r t l u - . J u m l a h y a n g d ~ t a r n b a n ~ a n a d a l a l i C i . Z O % , 0 . 4 0 % , 0 . 6 0 ;:. Penambahan s e b a n y a K 0 . 6 0 %

f I ?m e n g h a s ! I K a n p r o d u i y a n g b e r a r o m a t e r l a l u k u a t , 5 e d a n g p a d a j u r i i l a h 0 . 2 0 % , 2:'oma m a s i h K u r a n g K u a t . Dar'i Ihas I I t e r - s e b u ? , f l s v a r d t t a r o a n K a n s e b a n y a K 0 . 4 0 %

~ . i r i t i r i i m e n t n g k a t k a n c 3 : a r a s a a a n m e n ~ n g K a t ~ a n n l I a t

J i Z I d3r' I p t ' ~ c i u P ~ ' , , d I t a m b a h k a n asam a s k o r b a t s e b a n y a!c 2 0 0 ,

4 5 0 Uari 7 0 0 m g i I 0 0 y p r o e ~ - . . P e ~ ? a m b a h a n asam a s K o r - b a t S S b a i l y a ~ 2 0 0 m y / 1 0 0 y p r o c d n t e r n y a t a b e I um member I

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v a s a asarn war-ena v e n a m b a n a i - s y a t e r l a t u s e d t ~ I t S e d a n g K a n P a d 3 p e n a m b a h a n 700 mg/ 10.: y p i - o d u k , r a s a s u d a h t e r l a l

u

a s a m . Peihambahan 4 5 0 m g / l u ~ 9 pi'oduK m e m b e r l k a n r a s a y a n g

CUI'\LIIS D a ~ i < . D e n y a n clemll.. ? . - , ~ l s a r a t i ~ u m l a h p e n a m b a l l a n ~ a d a p e n e l l t l a n u t a m a y a ( ? - 5 0 0 , 4 5 0 d a n 6 0 0 m g / 1 0 0 g p r - i ? a u k .

t . o n a t s ~ p e n g e r q r i y c t r n p r o t y a n g 0 1 t e n t u ~ a n d a l am p ~ i i e I I t i a i l p e n d a n u I u a n I I- a d a I a11 ~ e c e p a r a n p u t s r a n

r ~ i g u n a l i a n p a d a p e n e l i t I a n i n 1 a d a l a h

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t ~ p e M - O ~ / B , c i e n g a n a t o m ~ z e r - w l ~ e e l t i p e B - ~ T I Z ~ y a n g b e r l u b a n g 5 e b a n y a K 2 4 . B e r d a s a r k a n p e n e l tia an p e n d a h u I u a n 1 n i , p a d a t e k a n a n 4 . 8 k g / c m 2 I h a s I I K a n p r o d u k a k h i r t e r b a 1 1 ~ . B i I a , t e i c a n a n U i n a i K K a n a t a u d i t u r u n K a n al<an d i p e r o l e h p r o d u K y a n g agaK b a s a t i ( i e i i y k e t )

.

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a t o m i z e r , s e m a k i n b a n y a k d l - o p l e t y a n g t e r j a d i s e h i n g g a k e s e m p a t a n d r - o p l e t b e r s i n g g u n g a n d e n g a n u d a r a p a n a s Sem3Kit-I s e d ~ k i t . S e d a n g k a n S e m a K i n I a m b a t p u t a t - a n a t o m i z e r - , d r - o p l e t y a n g d i h a s i l K a n t e r l a l u b e s a r S e h i n g g a d r - o p l e r t i d a l < s e m p a t K e r i n g K e t i K a s a m p a i d l d ~ n d i n g r u a n g p e n g e r l n g s e m p r o t ( W a r d o y o , 1 9 8 7 ) .

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1 . Rendernen

Dar I h a s : a n a l i s a r a g a r n ( L a m p I r a n 2 ) , t e r - I i h a t

b a h w a p e r 1 a K u S p e n a r n b a h a n d e k s t r ~ n b e r p e n g a r u n n y a t a t e r h a d a p -endernen rnlnurnan b u b u k ~ a r n b u ~ I J I .

3 e r a a s a r k a . - ~ J IB e d a N y a t a ~ u ~ u r - ( B I ~ J ) p a d a

Lamp I r a n ? a , 2 : K e t a h u I b a l i w a r e n d e r n e n b u b u k m i nurnan jarnbu ~ I J S e r b i J a n y a t a u n t u k penarnbahan I Q e K s t r l r l 6 % d e n g a n penamDanan d e K s t r i n 1 2 7.. S e m a k t n t ~ n g g ~ j u r n l a h d e K s t r 3 y a n g d I t a m b a h k a n , r-endernen a K a n

SernaKln t l n g g i s u i a , s e p e r t i y a n g t e r - I ! h a t p a d a Garnbar 5 .

Rendernen b v o u k m ~ n u r n a n ~ a r n b u ~ I J p a d a I penarnbahan

U e K s t r l n 6 % , 9 % :]an 1 2 % b e r t u r u t - t u r u t a d a l a h 2 0 . 7 9 1 , 2 4 . 8 7 % d a n 2 6 . ! 5 % . Penarnbahan d e K s t r i n s e b a g a l D a h a n p e n g ~ s l a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n p e n i n g k a t a n t o t a l p a d a t a n . Penarnbahan d e k s t r - i n y a n g SernaKln t i n g g l m e n g a k l b a t k a n t o t a l P a d a t a n j a r 1 b u a h ~ a r n b u ~ I J I y a n g d ~ k e r l n g ~ a n

r n e n J a d , sernak113 i g n g g i p u l a . P e n l n g k a t a n t o t a l p a d a t a n ~ n i I a n y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n p e n i n g K a t a n renuernen p r O d U k a k n ~ i ' y a n g d ! h a s ! i K a n . H a l i n 1 s e s u a l d e n g a n a p a y a n g d l l a p o r k a n o l e n M a s t e r s ( 1 9 7 9 ) bahwa d e n g a n s e r n a k l n t ~ n g g ~ n y a t v t a i P a d a t a n p a d a b a h a n y a n g d ~ k e r ~ n g k a n rnaka r e n d e r n e n y a n g d ~ h a s ~ l k a n ~ u g a a k a n s e r n a k ~ n

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2 . K a d a r a i r

D a r i h a s 1 1 a n a l i s a r a g a m ( L a r n p i r a n 3 ) , t e r n y a t a k a d a r a I r p r o d u k d I p e n g a r u h I s a n g a t n y a t a o 1 e h p e r l a k u a n penambahan d e k s t r i n . P e r l a k u a n p e n a m b a h a n asam a s k o r b a t s e r t a i n t e r a k s i p e r l a k u k a n p e n a m b a h a n

1

d e k s t r i n d a n penambahan asam a s k o r b a t t i d a k m e m b e r i k a n P e n g a r u h y a n g n y a t a .

B e r d a s a r k a n U J I BNJ p a d a L a m p I r a n 3 a , t e r l i n a t bahwa penambahan d e k s t r ~ n s e b a n y a k 6 % d a n 9 % b e r b e d a s a n g a t n y a t a d e n g a n penarnbahan d e k s t r ~ n s e b a n y a k 1 2 % .

S e m a k ~ n b e s a r j u m l a h d e k s t r ~ n y a n g d i g u n a k a n , I k a d a r a i r p r o d u k a k a n s e m a k i n m e n u r u n . K e c e n d e r u n g a n

t n i d a v a t d i 1 i h a t p a d a Gambar 6 . K a d a r a i r p r o d u k pads

b u a h jarnil, S I J I y a n y aKan d ~ k e r ~ n y ~ t a n a k ~ b a t p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r i n . S e m a K ~ n t ~ n g y ~ j u m l a h d e k S t r

I n

y a n g d ~ t a m b a h k a n , t o t a l p a d a t a n j u y a aKan s e m a k i n t t n y y ~ d i m a n a h a ! r e r s e b u t d a p a t m e m p e r c e p a t p r o s e s p e n g u a p a n a ~ a a r - : i i a p - t t a p r d r - o p l e r . D e n y a n d e m l k ~ a n , s e m a k t n t ~ n y g i ' o r a l p a d a t a n a r o p l e t y a n g U ~ ~ e r ~ n g K a n , maKa ICaaar a , r ~ r o d u k y a n y d i h a s i l k a n aKan s e m a k t n r e n d a h

( M a s t e r s . 1 3 7 9 ) .

Kac!;!. a ~ d a r t s u a t u p r o d u k p a n y a n b e r k a t t a n r e r a t d e n y a n x e a w e t a n d a r ~ p r o d u k t e r s e b u t . P r o d u k - p r o d u K y a n y b e r P . a a a r a t r r e n d a h r e l a t i f l e b i h t a h a n l a m a b i l a d l b a n d i n $ E a n d e n y a n p r o d u k y a n y b e r k a d a r a i r t ~ n y y ~

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D a r I h a s 1 I a n a l i s a r a g a m p a d a ~ a m p ~ r a n 4 , t e r n y a t a p e r l a k u a n p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r l n , p e n a m b a n a n asam a s k o r b a t d a n i n t e r a k s l a n t a r a K e d u a p e r l a k u a n t e r s e b u t t t d a k m e m b e r i k a n p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p K a d a r a b u p r o d u k .

K a d a r a.bu p r o d u k b e r K I s a r a n t a r a 0 . 6 2

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0 . 7 9 % , l e b ~ h t l n g g ~ b i l a d ~ b a n d ~ n g k a n d e n g a n K a d a r a b u b u a h ~ a m b u ~ I J I ~ t s e n d i m . u ~ a d a r a b u b u a h ~ a m b u s u s u

a d a l a h 0 . 6 1 % ( w l h a r m a w a n , 1 9 9 0 ) . ~ a Il ~ Id l s e b a b ~ a n

o l e h p e n a m b a h a n d e k s t r l n d a n g u l a y a n g m e h g a K ~ b a t K a n p e n a m b a h a n k o m p o n e n a b u d a l a m p r o d u k a K h l r .

P o m e r a n z ( 1 9 7 8 ) m e n y a t a k a n bahwa a b u m e r u p a k a n r e s ~ d u a n o r g a n l k y a n g d ~ h a s ~ l k a n d a r ~ p e m b a k a r a n s e n y a w a o r g a n l k . K a d a r a b u b u a h - b u a h a n s e g a r D e r K i S a r a n t a r a 0 . 2 - 0 . 8 % . K a d a r a b u d a r l g u l a m u r n i , p e r m e n , madu d a n s ~ r u p a d a l a h 0 . 5 % . G u l a t e b u umumnya m e n g a n d u n g m i n e r a l - m l n e r a l s e p e r t i P, Fe d a n C u .

D e n g a n a d a n y a mineral-mtneral t e r s e b u t , k a d a r a b u d a r ~ p r o d u k y a n g d l h a s i l k a n a l t a n s e m a K i n b e r t a m b a h .

Dar- I h a s I I a n a l ~ s a r a g a m p a d a L a m p i r a n 5 ,

t e r l I t i a t b a h w a p e r l a k u a n penambahan a e ~ s t r i n b e t - p e n g a r u h s a n g a t n y a t a t e r h a d a p d e r a j a t p u r t t i p r O d U K , S e d a n g K a n p e r l a k u a n p e n a m b a h a n ' asam a s k o r b a t s e r t a

penarn: a n a n asam a S K O r b a t t l d a k m e m D e r t K a n p e n g a r u h ya11g :::25ta.

L a r i U J I 8NJ p a d a L a m P ~ r a n 5.3, d a p a t U i K e t a h u ~ bahW5 p e n a m b a h a n 1 2 % U e K s t r l n m e m b e r t K a n p e r b e d a a n y a n g s a n g a