LANGUAGE ATTITUDE OF INTER-ETHNIC MARRIAGE PAKPAKNESE
PEOPLE TOWARDS THEIR ETHNIC LANGUAGE
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
KRESNA NINGSIH MANIK
Registration Number: 8136112040ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
KRESNA NINGSIH MANIK, Reg. No. 8136112040. Language Attitude of inter-ethnic Marriage Pakpaknese People towards Their Ethnic Language. English Applied Linguistics, Pascasarjana Program, State University of Medan, 2015.
KRESNA NINGSIH MANIK, Reg. No. 8136112040. Language Attitude of inter-ethnic Marriage Pakpaknese People towards Their Ethnic Language. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Progrma Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2015.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks, praises and holiness be to God Almighty, Jesus Christ for enabling the completion of the thesis, for blessing every time and everywhere, for guiding in every single second of my life, and for not letting me down when the troubles struck and when a problem was too big for a man to enforce and to solve, and above all for being the foundation of my life. Thanks also as everything good comes to me by His allowance. It is a truth that along the completion of the thesis, aids, helps, and support physically and psychologically contributed by many other people.
For the first, the greatest attitude goes to Dr. Zainuddin, M. Hum, as the writer first thesis consultant and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A who have helped and contributed many things for the betterment and perfection of the thesis and for the administrative requirements. God always bless them.
Next, expression of thanks to my best lecturer and all at one my living inspiration and as the former Head of English Applied Linguistics, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, has given much understanding, abundant knowledge, outstanding science precisely about applied linguistics schools, and generally the phenomenon phenomena in social life. You always inspire every single of person who listens to you in order to be able to get in to the unloaded phenomena by intention to be able to present the new breakthrough to many sides of society. I sometimes think who will be the next you a head. God bless him.
The next abundant gratitude goes to the three examiners of mine, Dr. Siti Aisyah ginting, M. Pd; Dr. Thyrhaya Zein Sinar, M.A and; Dr. Sri Minda Murni , M.S. your critics and suggesstions really build my thesis betterment, your thought and every single of sentence comes out from you extremely contricutes to my thesis perfection. Thanks for your meaningful time serving for me checking and revising my thesis, hopefully you three always blessed by God Almighty in every single of your time.
every people who are thirsty at science and education. Quality is your brand and breakthrough is your motto. Someday, I wish I could be like you both, always delight, fabulous, and embrace the imperfections.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Brother Farid Ma’ruf, administrative staff at Applied Linguistics Study Program, it is undeniable that his help and supports in administrative department take care of the whole administrative affairs ease the students’ affairs successful, effective and efficient including the writer. God bless him.
Thankful also to staff in library of UNIMED that have helped and prepared many books and allowed the research of the study placed in the library. Thanks and God be with them forever.
Thanks abundant to my best friends forever the students of LTBI B3 on the deep togetherness during lectureship went on, sad and cheer we are always together, our togetherness inspire in order to always spirit in completing all assignment requirements. I miss you all, I would like to meet you all soon. Be always blessing to you
Forever thanks and abudance love to my family, my beloved Daddy (A. Manik) and my belover Mom (alm.M. Pakpahan), and especially to my preferential grandma, my living inspiration, my life and you are my everything, thanks for your love and support to me, you have done my things for the sake of making me happy everytime, especially my Grandma and Mom. Mom,,though you are not be with me anymore but your love will always attend me and I promise I will be the best for you and Dad, I will make real your dreams in me come true. I love you Mom. My endless love is their own.
Thanks also to all of my relatives, my Beloved Grand ma, uda Zippo, Uda Ayu, bou Rehap, bou Hetty, Bou Nando, bou Niko, bou Shanty, bou Lamty, for being a good family to me and for advices and love encouragement. God loves and blesses their heart and life.
God, and every our plan for the betterment of the future can be achieved by us agrees with the time runs its part.
Thanks for them that can not be written on this page. I do not mean to reduce my love and bless to them, but it’s a matter of limitation. Truly thanks for them and God be with them.
Medan, September 2015
The Writer
Kresna Ningsih Manik
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. The Problem of the Study ... 7
1.3. The Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 8
1.5. The Significances of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Attitude ... 10
2.2. Classification of Attitude ... 11
2.3. Formation of Attitudes... 12
2.3.1. Language Attitude ... 14
2.3.2. Positive Language Attitude ... 14
2.3.3. Language Maintenance ... 16
2.3.4. Negative Language Attitude ... 19
2.3.5. Language Shift ... 21
2.4. Intermarriage ... 29
2.5. Pakpaknese ... 29
2.5.1 Pakpaknese Pegagan ... 31
2.6. Pakpaknese Ethnic Language ... 32
2.7. Sumbul Pegagan ... 36
2.9. Conceptual Framework... 40
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. Reseach Design ... 42
3.2. Subject ... 43
3.3. The Technique of Collecting Data ... 43
3.4. The Technique of Analyzing Data... 44
3.5. The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Data Analysis ... 50
4.2. Language Attitude ... 51
4.2.1.Negative Language Attitude, Realization and Reason………. 52
4.2.1.1 Language Disloyalty ... 55
4.2.1.2 Language of Pride Lack………. 57
4.2.1. 3 Unawareness of the Norm………. 58
4.2.2 Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak men with Batak Toba Women………. 59
4.2.3 Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak women with Batak Toba men……… 61
4.2.4 Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak men with Simalungun Women………. 63
4.2.5 Attitude of Inter-ethnic Marriage Pakpak Woman with Simalungun Men.... 65
4.3 Findings……… 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion ... . 74
5.2. Suggestion ... . 75
REFERENCES ... . 76
List of Table
Table 2.1 Categories of Positive Attitude of Community
Member towards Language……… 15 Table 2.2 Categories of Negative Attitude of Community
Members towards Language………. 21
Table 2.3. Economic, Social, Politic, and Demographic
Factors Contributes to Language Attitude and Its Effect………. 28
Table. 2.4. This table shows the percentage of ethnic
group population in Sumbul Pegagan………. 32 Table 2.5. The percentage of ethnic group population in Sumbul Pegagan…… 33 Table 4.1. Positive and negative attitudes of inter-ethnic marriage
Pakpaknese people towards their ethnic marriage……… 44
Table 4.2. Language Disloyalty towards Pakpaknese ethnic language………… 44
Table 4.3. Language Lack of Pride towards Pakpaknese ethnic language……... 49
Table 4.4. Unawareness of the norms towards Pakpaknese ethnic language…… 53 Table. 4.5 Category of intonation use of Pakpaknese ethnic language…………. 54
Table 4.6. Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic
marriage Pakpak men with Batak Toba Women... 56
Table 4.7. Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic
marriage Pakpak women with Batak Toba men……… 59
Table 4.8. Attitude towards Pakpaknese ethnic language of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak men with Simalungun Women………. 61
Table 4.9. Attitude of Inter-ethnic Marriage Pakpak Woman with
Table 4.10. The Patterns of Language Attitude of Pakpaknese
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX 1 ……… 81
APPENDIX 2 ……… 82
APPENDIX 3 ……… 98
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
The effect of inter-marriage, including inter-ethnic marriage, the most-spoken language
use of dominant community’ in social interactions affect Pakpaknese social life in many aspects
especially to their attitude towards their ethnic language determining their ethnic language
survival. Attitude towards language completely determines language maintenance, language
shift, language loss or even language death.
The inter-marriage phenomenon is one of many challenges which examine the language
maintenance whether the language will maintain or shift by its speakers (Fishman, 1972).
Someone having intermarriage will face the condition in which she or he will decide what
language they are going to use as everyday delivery language at family domain, whether they are
going to keep using their language or their couple’s language, they are going to be more
confused if their couple’ language is the most dominantly and commonly spoken in which they
inhabit, for some people willing or unwilling they begin to study their couple’s language.
This phenomenon occurs to Pakpaknese people having inter-ethnic marrage tha it is
going to affect their attitude towards their ethnic language maintenance. If they would like their
ethnic language maintained, they have to have positive attitude to their own ethnic language by
way to keep using it in daily life. In fact, the marriage phenomenon including the
inter-ethnic marriage gives the great influence to the language shift or language maintenance of the
two people having ethnic marriage. If one of the languages of the two people having
inter-marriage is chosen as the leading language or because the language itself is the dominantly
2
spoken or commonly spoken then it is going to affect other ethnic language maintenance or even
brings it behind which is hard to control. On one side, it is actually leads the Pakpaknese
community to get positive, such as ease them to get closer to the clan of the couple with whom
they get married, in order to build a good relationship with other ethnics that will be able to ease
them tobe accepted in the clan of their couple, and in order can keep maintaining during live in
area of dominant community if the area they live is densely populated by the clan of their couple,
but on the other side, it also supports negative effect to Pakpaknese especially for Pakpaknese
who live in Sumbul Pegagan, they become apathetic to the use of Pakpaknese ethnic language,
and shows their life style which are not suitable anymore to Pakpaknese’ norms.
In Sumbul Pegagan, Bahasa Batak Toba actually is the most spoken language as Batak
Toba people are the dominant ethnic and automatically almost all people speak Batak Toba
language with no exception other sub-ethnic of Batak and even other ethnics. The influence of
this most-spoken language use affects action, awareness, and attitudes to some Pakpaknese
communities to use their ethnic language. This can be seen in the phenomena of less frequent of
using Pakpaknese ethnic language, where they tend to speak Batak Toba language rather than
their own ethnic language in daily life interaction, working place, family, and public places. For
instance, at home the indigenous Pakpaknese people who get married with other sub-ethnic of
Batak most speak in Batak Toba language to their children and their neighbors even they are
same Pakpaknese.
Furthermore, young generations of Pakpaknese people having intermarriage prefer using
Batak Toba language as delivery language in daily life. This indication is very risky for the
existence and maintenance of Pakpaknese ethnic language, they speak Batak Toba language on
3
language and speak Batak Toba in out of school, the adults speak Batak Toba language in
markets, the workers speak Indonesian language in working domain and sometimes speak Batak
Toba language in offices, and some other people in some places tend to speak Batak Toba
language rather than using their own ethnic language, this can be seen when someone asking
someone else about something in Pakpaknese; someone prefers to response by using Batak Toba
language to response by using Pakpaknese language.
Situation 1 (The conversation made by two women living neighborhood who are the same
Pakpak with the inter-ethnic marriage)
Berru Banurea: Berru Lembeng,,lot ngo jelma I roh mi pesta I we? (Pakpkanese)
/Berru Lembeng,,,banyak nya orang datang ke pesta itu tadi? (Indonesian)
Berru Lembeng: lumayan ma godang na nian,(Batak Toba) /lumayan banyak lah (Indonesia)
Berru Banurea: En mo oda kettoh we, lalap pellin merpestai sambing kidah jelma en, kepeng lako mendahi poda lot? (Pakpaknese Language)
/Aku enggak mengerti lah, terus aja ada pesta, sudah uang pun enggak ada (Indonesian Language)
Berru Lembeng: So hubotoi…(Pakpaknese)/entah lah (Indonesian)
The two women are Pakpaknese people, however the second speaker more interested to
respond the first speaker by using Batak Toba though the first speaker keeps talking in Pakpak.
From this conversation above can be assumed that the second speaker has disloyalty to her ethnic
language. The second speaker has tendency to use other language namely Batak Toba to respon a
certain language, Pakpak. This phenomenon refers to lack of awareness of speaker to their
4
Situation 2 (A conversation between husband and wife having inter-ethnic marriage at
home)
Husband : Ise ndai kitaruhken togu-togu roh en ma’e? (Pakpak)
(siapa tadi yang mengantar togu-togu ro ini mak’e?) (Indonesian) Wife : Sihotang nakking (Tobanese)/Sihotang tadi (Indonesian)
Husband : Ise mo laus kita mi pesta i? (Pakpak)/siapa lah dari kita berdua yang pergi ke pesta itu (Indonesian)
Wife : Bapak ma lao ateh!,,(Batak Toba)/Bapak lah yang pergi ya! (Indonesian)
Husband : I pe taho,,baen ma iddahan tai nungga male au (Batak Toba)/baiklah,,makan lah kita, aku sudah lapar (Indonesian)
(Husband; merga Mataniari, wife; berru Sipahutar). For the first time husband makes
effort to talk Pakpaknese however her wife keeps answering by using Batak Toba, and then her
husband also speaks in Batak Toba. From the conversation made by the couple above shows that
husband shifts using Batak Toba language namely his wife language. This phenomenon shows
that he is not able to preserve his language and even affected to use his couple language. On the
other hand, this also shows that the husband dominantly speak his couple language or has more
frequency speak Batak Toba language at home domain.
Sneddon (2003) says that the pressure of Indonesian language as the official language is
very great and leads their endangerments to other languages. Indonesian language is the
most-spoken language as it is official and national language in Indonesia and so is Batak Toba
language in Sumbul Pegagan. It means that Batak Toba language as the local language in
Sumbul has the great influence to the endangerment of Pakpkanese language. It implies that the
5
that using the national or local language could be viewed as a mark of good citizenship. It
implies that there is a high pressure to use Batak Toba language as local language and as a mark
of good citizen in Sumbul Pegagan and as the effect of it is decreasing the use of Pakpaknese
ethnic language.
To this, there are two indications of Pakpaknese ethnic language usage can be taken into
consideration; when they have high loyalty to their ethnic language, it means they maintain their
ethnic language but when their attitude shows negative or less respectful to their ethnic language,
it means their language may be altered by another one.
Moreover, there is a lack of eagerness from the children or students of Pakpak generation
at school age to use Pakpaknese ethnic language in their interaction, for instance in some schools
in Sumbul Pegagan, the students disagree to use Pakpaknese ethnic language because it will
constrain their knowledge, difficult to reach the development or progress in education and use
Pakpaknese will only limit their perception on regionalism which lead to disintegration, so this
can consider that they have less positive attitude to Pakpaknese ethnic language, whereas
attitudes are crucial in language growth or decay (Batang, 2010). Consequently, to make sure the
language or ethnic language is maintained, it is needed to have positive attitude from its own
speakers.
Furthermore, parents seldom guide their children to speak Pakpaknese ethnic language in
their family and they more feel proud when their children are able to other language especially
speak Indonesian or foreign language fluently since the beginning or early age. At school, starts
6
level, the students use Indonesian language dominantly in their interaction and learn foreign
language eagerly and dominantly compared to Pakpaknese ethnic language.
In addition, Sumbul Pegagan is dominantly populated by Batak Toba. It allows choosing
any code or variety in social interactions. These choices may have potential longer-term effects
on the language existing in a community namely Pakpaknese ethnic language. Nowadays, there
is an indication that Pakpaknese ethnic language is sidelined from Pakpaknese community daily
life especially from its young generation due to young speakers are easy to adopt or apply new
things, and Pakpaknese ethnic language is signaled unable to fulfill the need of its speaker for the
life in a nation.
The above description is about behavior of Pakpaknese community especially inter-ethnic
marriage Pakpaknese people towards their ethnic language which it is assumed that attitude is
one of the factors contributes to do so. Though Pakpaknese ethnic language is an important
identity to determine a certain ethnic group, seems it is not always can be maintained, but it does
not mean that Pakpaknese ethnic language must be left behind. Pakpaknese ethnic language
precisely need to be made useful and maximized in use in order not to be shifted or lost.
Having strong and fast social change, it is going to be better and it is also as a significant
effort if maintenance of Pakpaknese ethnic language by its speakers in Sumbul Pegagan is
enforced. Zulfadli (2010) in Fakhrurrazi thesis states that Acehnenese ethnic language
maintenance is positive initiative by using Acehnese ethnic language to a better continuity in the
future, since language is a vital part of the development and expression of identity (Oriyama:
2010). In addition, Pakpaknese ethnic language is the identity for Pakpaknese people; Holmes
7
The writer is inspired from Fakhrurrazi thesis (2010) which conducts research to
Acehnese young people in Langsa, the research result acquired is the Acehnese young people
have the positive attitude towards their vernacular language through some contributions
presented by some sides, such as parents, environments, neighbors, and the members of family at
home domain. Suggestions recommended in Fakhrurrazi thesis can give the great contribution to
the writer of this research if the writer finally finds out the result of this research is negative in
which has potency to shift Pakpaknese ethnic language, by the recommendations given by
Fakhrurrazi in his thesis can prevent or avoid Pakpaknese ethnic language from shift, whereas if
the result of this research is positive, then it can strengthen the previous result of research in
order to be able to preserve the language.
The core for over all explanations above is Pakpaknese people having inter-marriage tend
to use their couple’ language, namely Batak Toba language. In some occasions, the writer
captures some moments in which the couple of inter-ethnic marriage namely Pakpaknese people
with Batak Toba people even never use their ethnic language but use couple’s language all the
time. Based on the conditions described above, the writer is interested in conducting her research
relates to the language attitude of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people towards their own
ethnic language in Sumbul Pegagan.
The writer herself determines Sumbul Pegagan as the location of her research as Sumbul
Pegagan shows the most phenomenons of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people among other
locations in Kecamatan Sumbul. Besides that, Pakpaknese ethnic consisting of many sub-ethnics
however the writer determines Pakpak Pegagan only as the subject of this research as in which
the writer lives most dominated by Pakpak Pegagan among other sub-ethnics of Pakpaknese. In
8
and Batak Toba people, Pakpak people and Simalungun are the most phenomenon found in the
location of the research conducted.
1.2Formulation of Problems
Based on the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the followings:
(1) What are the language attitudes of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people toward their
own ethnic language in Sumbul Pegagan?
(2) How is the language attitude realization of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people
towards their own ethnic language in Sumbul Pegagan?
(3) Why do they hold the attitude such the way it is?
1.3Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems of the study, the objectives of this research are:
(1) to elaborate the attitude of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people towards their ethnic
language.
(2) to describe attitude realization of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people towards their
ethnic language.
(3) to describe the reasons why the inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people have the attitude
just the way it is.
1.4Scope of the Study
This study will focus on the occurrence of Pakpaknese language attitude; factors affect
the language attitude of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpaknese people towards their ethnic language,
9
is a large area which consists of 15 sub-Districts with total of household is 14.578 households
from the population are 38.290 people.
1.5Significances of the Study
(1) Findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically.
(2) Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to justify or to refuse theories of
language attitude. The findings of this research are going to justify or refuse the theories
relates with language attitude of people having inter-ethnic marriage where the
phenomenon of inter-ethnic marriage will show whether it affects the other customs,
culture and also language maintenance of someone having inter-ethnic marriage or
doesn’t affect at all to customs, culture and especially to certain language maintenance.
(3) In addition, the findings are expected to add more horizons in language planning issues
can give contributions to governments in maintaining language through education
curriculum such as language cultural learning at society environment.
(4) Practically, the findings are expected to awaken awareness of Pakpaknese speakers in
multilingual contexts. In addition, the findings are expected to be relevant and useful to
language planners, language practitioners (linguists) and related institutions in efforts to
maintain endangered languages by conducting programs through organization intending
to give guidances to society the importance of maintaning the ethnic language as typical
83
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
The study concerned on the attitude of inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak people towards their
ethnic language in Sumbul Pegagan. The aim of the study is to describe how the attitude of
inter-ethnic Pakpaknese people towards their inter-ethnic marriage. After deliberately analyzing the data,
the conclusions are stated as follows:
1. The informants show negative attitude and negative attitude towards Pakpaknese
ethnic language in Sumbul Pegagan. There are 56.25 % informants show negative
attitude and 43.75 % informants show positive attitude.
2. The realization of negative attitude they have is by not having eagerness to keep using
Pakpaknese ethnic language with their couple and children at home in their living
state. However, they still use their own ethnic language at the certain domain namely
when they come back and communicate with their family; father, mother, siblings,
and cousins.
3. The negative attitude shown by informants is because the less frequency of
Pakpaknese ethnic language use in their daily communication such as at home when
communication with their couple and children. On the other word, they have the more
frequency in using other language which is considered as the medium of
communication making them easily accepted in their current environment and more
easily ‘get in’ on their couples’ scope life.
84
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusion, the following are suggested:
1. It is suggested that inter-ethnic Pakpak people should have positive attitude towards their
own ethnic language in themselves of every individual, by keep using Pakpaknese ethnic
language in their daily communication not only when talking to their parents, siblings and
cousins but also to their couple. In this case, it is expected inter-ethnic Pakpak can keep
maintaining their ethnic language by equalizing their ethnic language and their couple’
language, this case can be realized by using Pakpakese ethnic language when attending
Pakpaknese cultural ceremonies and communicating in Pakpaknese ethnic langauge,
communicating in Pakpaknese ethnic language when meeting their (Pakpakese) big
family.
2. It is suggested that language supervisor agency and the local government; head of
districts, head of villages should apply a program of revising, revitalizing and
maintaining Pakpaknese ethnic language shift to keep its maintenance by conducting the
cultural events or cultural festival which empower and compete Pakpak family,
inter-ethnic marriage Pakpak people which maximizes the existence of Pakpaknese inter-ethnic
language by conducting the traditional language itself such as theatre exhibition, musical
exhibition, the competition of creating the greeting or opening of cultural ceremonies in
Pakpaknese language, etc which can be conducted in memorial days such as independent
day, and other celebration days. In addition, it is also suggested to other researchers to be
more concerned on the research about Pakpaknese ethnic language maintenance and
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