Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
The Javanese People
’s
Attitude towards
Sundanese Language
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
SEPTIANI RAHMAWATI
(0801272)
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
The Javanese People’s Attitude
towards Sundanese Language
Oleh
Septiani Rahmawati
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
© Septiani Rahmawati Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
April 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language ABSTRACT
The present study entitled The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language aims to
find out the Javanese people’s attitude towards Sundanese language and their reasons to have such attitude. This research is a case study which involved five Javanese people working in a catering service company in Bandung as the respondents of the study. Data were collected from observations, questionnaires, and interviews. To analyze the data, some theories were applied; the theory proposed by Garret (2010) was utilized to analyze the components of language attitude that determine whether the attitude is positive or negative, whereas the theory from Holmes (2001) was employed to investigate the reasons why they have the attitude. Based on the data analysis result, it shows that the respondents tend to communicate in Sundanese language in their daily conversation. It also can be seen from the percentage of Sundanese language they used (28.06%) indicating that it is higher than the percentage of Javanese language used (3.96%). Regarding to the respondents’ attitude towards Sundanese language, the findings refer that most of them have positive attitude due to their approval to use Sundanese language in their daily conversation.
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap orang Jawa terhadap bahasa Sunda dan alasan mereka untuk memiliki sikap seperti itu. Penelitian ini adalah studi kasus yang melibatkan lima orang Jawa yang bekerja di sebuah perusahaan jasa katering di Bandung sebagai responden dari penelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan dari pengamatan, kuesioner dan wawancara. Untuk menganalisa data, beberapa teori telah diterapkan; teori yang diusulkan oleh Garret (2010) digunakan untuk menganalisa komponen sikap bahasa yang menentukan apakah sikap tersebut adalah positif atau negatif, sedangkan teori dari Holmes (2001) digunakan untuk menyelidiki alasan mengapa mereka memiliki sikap tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil data analisis, ditemukan bahwa para responden cenderung berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari persentase bahasa Sunda yang mereka gunakan (28.06%) menunjukkan bahwa itu lebih tinggi daripada persentase bahasa Jawa yang digunakan (3,96%). Mengenai sikap responden terhadap bahasa Sunda, temuan merujuk bahwa kebanyakan dari mereka memiliki sikap positif karena persetujuan mereka untuk menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
QUOTE OF SKRIPSI... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE ... iii
2.1 Brief History of Sundanese Language ... 10
2.2 Language Contact and Bilingualism ... 12
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2.4 Language Attitudes ... 17
2.4.1 Overt and Covert Prestige ... 20
2.5 Pevious Related Studies ... 21
CHAPTER III ... 24
RESEARCH METHOD ... 24
3.1 Statement of the Problems... 24
3.2 Research Method ... 24
4.1 Javanese People’s Attitudes towards Sundanese Language ... 30
4.1.1 Affective Component ... 32
4.1.2 Behavioral Component ... 36
4.1.3 Cognitive Component ... 43
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the general description of the present study. Section
1.1 presents the background of the study, section 1.2 discusses the research
problems, section 1.3 presents the aims of study, section 1.4 discusses the
significance of the study, section 1.5 presents the scope of the study, section 1.6
describes the research methodology, section 1.7 presents the clarification of terms
in the study, and section 1.8 discusses the organization of the paper.
1.1Background of the Study
Indonesia consists of many islands. Every island and even every city must
have different culture and language that differ one another as their identity. As De Kuthy (2001) states that “since language is a social phenomenon, it is natural to
assume that the structure of a society has some impact on the language of the speakers of that society.”
Java Island is one of the biggest islands in Indonesia that has varieties of
cultures and languages. The most well-known languages in Java Island that people
can easily notice are Javanese and Sundanese language. Bandung, as a part of Java
Island, has an important role to contribute the varieties in language. As a strategic
and popular place, it invites many people from different ethnics to live there. One
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The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
assume that Bandung is a good place to keep them survive. Many of them were
born in Java and yet they choose to spend their life time in Bandung. They live in
Bandung for years and because of that, they now can speak Sundanese even
though the use of its language is not always correct.
This fact leads the Javanese people to speak two languages which are
Sundanese and Javanese. This phenomenon is called as bilingualism. Generally,
bilingualism means being able to speak two languages. As in case above, the
Javanese people who are surrounded by most Sundanese people living for so long
in Bandung are used to speak both Javanese and Sundanese. They speak Javanese
and Sundanese language depending on where they are engaged to, for example
they use Sundanese language with their friends in their work environment while
they speak Javanese with their family at home.
According to Apple and Mysken (2005), language contact necessarily
leads to bilingualism. Therefore, bilingualism and language contact cannot be
separated because it connects each other. There are two types of bilingualism,
namely societal and individual bilingualism. Societal bilingualism occurs when
the people in a society are faced two or more languages, while individual
bilingualism occurs when there is only particular person who uses two or more
languages. In addition, language contact in the simplest definition is the use of
more than one language at the same time in the same place. For example, if two
people from different country meet in a place, there is a possibility that their
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The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
In relation to the case above, Garrett (2010) presents three components of
attitudes towards language. The first is the cognitive component which contains
beliefs about the world. The second is the affective component which involves
feelings about the object. The third is the behavioral component which concerns
on the predisposition to act in certain ways that are consistent with the cognitive
and affective component. The example of these three components can be seen to see someone’s attitudes towards Sundanese language. From the cognitive
component, it can be seen that he/she believes that learning Sundanese language
can give him deeper understanding of Sundanese culture. From the affective
component, he/she can be considered to have positive attitude towards Sundanese
if he/she is enthusiastic about being able to read literature written in Sundanese.
From the behavioral component, he/she spares his time to gather with Sundanese
community.
There are several previous studies related to this study. Taylor and Wright
(retrieved in http://www2.brandonu.ca/library/cjns/9.1/taylor.pdf on September 18th 2012) investigated the Anglophone, Francophone, and Inuit residents of
North America community in Nouveau Quebec through a survey about language
attitude, intergroup attitude, and threats to Inuit language and culture. The study
was conducted by distributing the questionnaire to all members of the community
who were fourteen years old and above and lived in that community for at least
six months. The results of the study lead to two conclusions. First, Inuit residents
give positive attitude to the use of Inuttitut language in their home and social
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lingua franca in their community. They prefer to use English as the second
language in the community because English is viewed as an important language to
communicate in the three groups of the community.
Another study comes from Anderback (2010) who examined language use and
attitude in two Jambi Malay communities near the capital city of Jambi Province.
The main goal of the study was to accept or reject the null hypothesis which stated
that the use of Jambi Malay (JM) is relatively high, at least in low domain, and the
attitude towards it is positive. The instruments used to get the data were
distributing questionnaires and matched guise method to 293 participants. The
findings show that the mesolect (Jambi Indonesian), together with the basilect
(Jambi Malay) and the acrolect (Indonesian) form a fairly stable diglossia
situation in and around the city. It is also found that each of the independent
variables significantly impacts either language use or attitudes, or both. Especially
the finding that the young and the educated generally have lower use of JM and
less positive attitudes towards it, while the women tend to have higher use of JM
and more positive attitudes towards it.
From the studies above, the aims of this study are to describe what attitudes
that the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language and the reasons why
they have such attitudes using Garrett theory (2010). The study is also expected to
enrich research on Language Attitudes.
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These research problems are formulated in the following research questions as
follows:
1. What attitude do the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language?
2. What reasons do the Javanese people have such attitude?
1.3 Aims of the Study
In line with the previous questions, the aims of this study are:
1. To investigate whether it is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese
people have towards Sundanese language.
2. To discover the reasons why they have such attitude.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is expected to enlighten some aspects. In terms of Sociolinguistics,
this study should contribute a clear description in language attitudes towards
Sundanese language from Javanese people living in Bandung. In terms of social
environment, this study is expected to give information to the Javanese people to
speak Sundanese appropriately according to the Undak Usuk Basa Sunda
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1.5 Scope of the Study
The study only reveals the attitudes of Javanese people living and working in
a catering service company in Bandung towards Sundanese language and the
reasons why they have such attitudes.
1.6 Research Methodology
1.6.1 Research Method
The present study is a case study that employs a qualitative research. As
Hancock (2001) states that a case study as a research design is used to describe
single or small numbers of units in depth. According to Wray (1998 in Lestari
2005), qualitative study involves description and analysis rather than counting
features. A case study that employs a qualitative research is applied in the present
study because it only involves five Javanese people working in a catering service
company in Bandung. This study investigates the language attitudes towards
Sundanese language shown by the Javanese people living in Bandung for years
through questionnaires, interviews, and observations.
1.6.2 Site and Subjects of the Study
The present study involves five Javanese people living and working in a
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1.6.3 Data Collection
To get the data completely, some information were gained from the
following sources:
Library studies which are organized by collecting theoretical
information related to the topic.
Preparing the questions needed for the questionnaire and interview. Recording the speech occur through the observation.
1.6.4 Data Analysis
After collecting the data from the questionnaires, interviews, and
observations, the data were started to be analyzed. The first step was to analyze
the questionnaires data to answer the research question number one. It was
analyzed based on the three components of language attitudes proposed by Garret
(2010) namely, affective component, behavioral component, and cognitive
component. From the affective component, it was then determined that whether it
is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese respondents have towards
Sundanese language. To support the data, the next step was to transcribe the
recorded data to cover the behavioral component. It revealed what language that
the Javanese respondents used the most. After that, the interview data was started
to analyze to discover the research problem number two asking why they use
Sundanese language in their daily conversation. The theory by Holmes (2001) was
applied to find out whether it is the social or political factor that influences them
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In the end of the analysis, the triangulation technique was used. According to Alwasilah (2002), “triangulation benefits the writer especially in decreasing the
risk of limited method and data resources, and to increase the validity of the result.” It is used because the present study only involved five respondents with
the limited data, so that the findings will be more accurate.
1.7 Clarification of the Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, some terms are clarified as follows:
1. Language attitudes are attitudes that members of a group have towards
language.
2. Javanese people living in Bandung in this study refer to people (male and
female) who were born and grown up in Java but then they live in
Bandung to work in a catering company for at least two years so they can
speak Sundanese.
1.8 Organization of the Paper
This paper is presented in five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction
of this paper that comprises nine subsections; background of the study, research
problems, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, research
methodology, organization of the paper, and clarification of terms. Chapter two
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the study. It also helps the researcher to discuss the findings in the following
chapter. Chapter three includes the research questions, research design and
method, subject of the research, data collection, and data analysis. Chapter four
focuses on the findings and discussion to answer the research questions gained
from the respondents through the observation and interview. Chapter five
provides the conclusions and suggestions of the research. Conclusions cover all
the main points which are discussed in this study, while suggestions give some
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter describes the research methodology used to provide the data
and explain the data. The chapter is organized as follows: 3.1 statement of the
problems, 3.2 research method, and 3.3 data analysis.
3.1 Statement of the Problems
The present study is limited to the case of Javanese people’s attitudes
living and working in a catering service in Bandung towards Sundanese language
in order to make the discussion focus on the problems. The problems are listed as
follows:
1. What attitudes do the Javanese people have towards Sundanese?
2. What are the reasons that the Javanese people have such attitudes?
3.2 Research Method
The present study was a case study that employs a qualitative method.
Hancock (2001) states that a case study as a research design is used to describe
single or small numbers of units in depth. Moreover, according to Wray (1998 in
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The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
counting features. In the present study, this research design was appropriately
used to find out the Javanese people’s attitudes toward Sundanese language and
their reasons to have such attitudes because it only involves five respondents with
limited data and sources.
3.2.1 Subject
The subject of the study involved 5 (five) Javanese people living for years
and working in a catering service company in Bandung.
3.2.2 Data Collection
The data for the study were in the form of language spoken by the
respondents, language which is dominantly used by the respondents. The data
were collected through observation taken from their daily conversation,
questionnaires, and interviews. The observation was needed to see what language
that the respondents used the most, while the questionnaire and interview were
needed to reveal what attitudes they have towards Sundaneseand the reasons why
they have such attitudes.
3.2.2.1 Instruments
Questionnaire
Questionnaire was the instrument that was needed to collect the data to
discover the first research problem whether it is positive or negative
attitude that the Javanese respondents have towards Sundanese language.
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The questionnaire consisted of two sections. Section one was needed to
collect the data on the social factors related to the respondents. The
questions began with general questions asking the participants and their
parents, the language that they used the most in different domain such as
family, friendship, and work environment. The main questions were placed in the section two which are viewed from Garret’s theory (2010)
about language attitudes. It is said that there are three structures in
language attitudes; cognitive, affective, and behavioral. From the affective
structure, it can be concluded whether it is positive or negative attitude
that the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language. Interview
Interview was the next instrument that was used to collect the data in
order to reveal the reasons why the Javanese respondents have such attitude towards Sundanese language based on Holmes’ (2001) theory.
The questions consisted of 12 questions. Tape Recording
The data were recorded through the daily conversation among the
Javanese respondents. The conversation occurred among Javanese people
and non Javanese people. The data were takenfrom September 2nd to
September 3rd in 2012. The recording of the conversation was
unconsciously conducted by placing the tape recording near the Javanese
respondents during their verbal interactions. It was used to support and
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3.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were then analyzed into what language that the
Javanese people used the most, what attitudes they have and why they have such
attitudes towards Sundanese language.
In analyzing the data, there were several steps that have been taken:
1. Listening to the recording result from the dialogue between the
respondents.
2. Transcribing the data recording from the dialogue into written form.
3. Quantifying the occurrence of language used by the respondents
(Sundanese, Javanese, and Indonesian language) to support the data. To
quantify the occurance of language used, the formula proposed by Sudjana
(1984 cited in Intan, 2012) was used.
P = Percentage
fo= Frequency
n = total conversation
4. Analyzing the data from questionnaires to discover the attitude that
Javanese respondents have towards Sundanese language using Likert
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Scale. According to Bertram, Likert Scale is used to see the respondents’
preferences with a set of statements (retrieved in
http://poincare.matf.bg.ac.rs/~kristina/topic-dane-likert.pdf on April 2013). In the present study, Likert Scale is used to see the respondents’ degree of
Sundanese language. The degree consists of stongly agree, agree, neither
agree not disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. In analyzing it, the
theory of Garret (2010) of language attitudes was used. Each component
of language attitudes (affective, behavioral, and cognitive) is presented in
form of statements so that they can choose whether they strongly agree,
agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. After
that, it can be determined whether it is positive or negative attitude that
they have from the total percentage of each component.
P = Percentage
fo= Total Respondents who answer an item
n= Total Respondents
The percentage was then used to describe the findings in some categories. The
categories of the percentage are made in the form of interval as follows:
00.00% = none
00.01% - 24.99% = a few of
25.00% - 49.99% = nearly half of
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50.00% = half of
50.01% - 74.99% = best part of
75.00% - 99.99% = nearly all of
100.00% = all of
(Suryadi, 1987 cited in Dewi, 2013)
5. Analyzing the data from the interview question number five to reveal the
reasons why they have such attitudes. The theory by Holmes (2001) was
used to categorize the reasons whether it is social or political factor that
influence them.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter sums up all details of the findings and discussions briefly into
some key points followed by some recommendations for further study related to
language attitudes research.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the results of the data analysis, there are two points that can be
concluded. Firstly, concerning the Javanese people’s attitude towards Sundanese
language, the majority of Javanese respondents tend to have positive attitude towards
Sundanese language. This attitude is represented by the three components of
language, namely cognitive component, affective component, and behavioral
component proposed by Garret (2010). Their positive attitude towards Sundanese
language was strongly determined by the affective component showing their feelings
to feel happy speaking Sundanese language. It is also supported by the behavioral
component which identified their action to use Sundanese language more often in
their daily communication. This statement is referred by the percentage of the use of
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use of Javanese(3.96%). In addition, the positive attitude of Javanese people can also
be seen as covert prestige because they mostly speak using informal Sundanese even
in a form of inappropriate words of Sundanese. In this case, the Javanese people tend
to use the non formal of Sundanese because their knowledge about Sundanese
language is still limited in accordance to their educational background that most of
them are only graduated from elementary school.
Secondly, their attitude towards Sundanese language is only influenced by the
social factor. They claimed that they used Sundanese language because they wanted
to show their solidarity and their respect to their friends in their environment who
mostly come from Sundanese.
5.2 Suggestions
The following are some suggestions given for further study related to
language attitude. Firstly, the suggestion deals with the object of the study which
focused on the Javanese attitude towards Sundanese. It is suggested that further
studies may focus on the attitude of Indonesian students who study abroad toward
their national language because they may be influenced by the foreign language.
Secondly, the suggestion concerns to the respondents of the study which only
consist of five Javanese people in a catering service company in Bandung. It is
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For researchers who want to conduct research related to language attitudes,
this study may be a reference providing useful information and can help them to do
the research. Furthermore, it is better for the researchers to allocate more time in
conducting the study and to find more theories that support the language attitudes in
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