JAVANESE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPEECH LEVELS OF VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN.

(1)

JAVANESE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPEECH LEVELS OF VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN

A Thesis

Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By

FARIDA ROMAITO POHAN Registration Number : 8136111021

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

i ABSTRACT

Pohan, Farida Romaito. Registration Number 8136111021. Javanese Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015

(6)

ii ABSTRAK

Pohan, Farida Romaito. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111021. Sikap Berbahasa Jawa Melalui Tingkat Tutur di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Tesis. Jurusan Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015

(7)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirahmanirahim,

Praises be to Allah SWT for His Great Blessing, Health and Luck that have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing her studies and this piece of academic writing. Praises are also addressed to our Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today. In the process of completing this thesis, the writer has to confess her profound thankfulness for the generous guidance and assistance which has been rendered to her by many people. It would be impossible to list all names but on this very special opportunity the writer would like to express her gratitude to the following people.

First of all, the writer deepest appreciation and gratitude is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., her first adviser for the guidance, comments, criticisms, encouragement, suggestions and special notes for the improvement of the thesis from the very beginning up to the end of this thesis.

Next, her deepest appreciation is addressed to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., her second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great supervision and full support in shaping this thesis. A sincere appreciation is especially directed to her for the full support and endless encouragement given as the former Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program.

(8)

iv

She would like to express her thanks to all lecturer who have given the valuable knowledge and the excellent performance in delivering the lectures during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study.

Thanks also to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., for their valuable inputs to be included in this thesis.

The writer endless gratitude should also go to her beloved parents M. Yusuf Pohan, S.Pd, M.Pd., and Siti Tamher, AMK., her lovely sister and brother Huda Nur Hidayah Pohan and Hafidz Rifai Pohan, who have patiently given moral and support their never ending love and pray. She also would like to express her thankfulness for her friends in class A1 LTBI for the support and help to finish this thesis.

Medan, August 2015 The writer,

Farida Romaito Pohan

(9)

v

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of Study ... 5

1.3 The Objectives of Study ... 6

1.4 The Scope of the study ... 7

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

2.1 Language Attitude ... 8

2.1.1 Definition of Language Attitude ... 8

2.1.2 Concept of Language Attitude ... 13

2.1.3 Component of Language Attitude ... 16

2.2 Attitude toward Language ... 17

2.3 The Characteristic Attitude of Language ... 22

2.3.1 Language Loyalty ... 22

2.3.2 Language Pride ... 23

2.3.3 Awareness of the Norm ... 23

2.4 Javanese Language ... 25

2.5 Javanese Speech Level ... 27

2.5.1 Ngoko ... 28

2.5.2 Madya ... 30

2.5.3 Krama ... 31

2.5.4 Krama Inggil ... 33

(10)

vi

2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 35

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH ... 37

3.1 The Research Design... 37

3.2 Source of Data ... 37

3.3 Data of Research ... 38

3.4 Instrument of data Collection ... 38

3.5 Technique of Data Collection ... 39

3.6 Technique of Data Analysis ... 39

3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 41

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 43 4.1 Data Analysis ... 43

4.1.1 Kinds of Speech Levels Used by Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan ... 43

4.1.1.1 Madya ... 44

4.1.1.2 Ngoko ... 48

4.1.2 The Characteristic of Javanese Language in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan ... 52

4.1.3 Javanese Attitude Toward Their Vernacular ... 54

4.2 Findings ... 56

4.3 Discussion ... 57

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 62

5.1 Conclusions ... 62

5.2 Suggestions ... 63

REFERENCES ... 64

(11)

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1 Characteristics Attitude of Language ………... 24

Table 2.1 Ngoko Speech Level ………. 30

Table 2.2 Madya Speech Level ………. 31

Table 2.3 Krama Speech Level ………. 32

Table 2.4 Krama Inggil ………. 33

Table 4.1 Javanese Speakers who used Madya Speech Level (MSL) ……. 44

Table 4.2 Javanese Speakers who used Ngoko Speech Level (NSL) …….. 48

(12)

viii

LIST OF TABLES APPENDICES

(13)

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Language is a cultural identity. Language and identity are inextricably linked each other and in order to save identity, language users must attempt to save their language. Norton (2000) states that every time language speakers speak, they are not only exchanging information with their interlocutors, they are also constantly organizing and reorganizing a sense of who they are and how they related to the social world. Language also contained the culture of the speaker including moral and ethical values. Sapir (in Blount, 1974) states that the content of each culture is embodied in the language. An aspect of the culture that closely related with the language is our knowledge and attitude about that language itself. It can be seen from our effort to keep our local language and appreciate it by doing good attitude toward the local language itself.

Indonesia is multicultural country. There are 1.128 ethnics group in Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. It means that every island even every city must have different culture and language that differ one another as their identity. As De Kunty (2001) states that “since language is a social phenomenon, it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some impact on the language of the speaker of that society”.

(14)

2

Javanese is one tribe that has a very rich culture including language, which has a significant influence to other parts of Indonesia. One of the reason why Javanese language has spread all over Indonesia is because of the migration of Javanese to other major island such as Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Sumatera. This due to the transmigration program held by the government or for many other reasons. Some of Javanese migrated to North Sumatera then well-known as Pujakesuma (Putera Jawa Kelahiran Sumatera). Because of the migration, Javanese come to live and work in Medan. As a new community in a new place, they have to speak Bahasa Indonesia to other people because Medan is a multiethnic and multilingual city as Siregar (1998) states Medan is a multiethnic city. Several ethnic groups lived in Medan such as Bataknese, Chinese, Mandailingnese, Minangkabau, Malay, Karonese, Acehnese, Tamil and others. This fact leads the Javanese speakers have to speak two languages which are Javanese and Bahasa Indonesia. This phenomenon is called bilingualism. Generally, bilingualism means being able to speak two languages.

(15)

3

and close relatives. (2) Madya is the intermediary form between Ngoko and Krama. Madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants

to be neither too formal nor too informal. (3) Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between person of the same status who do not wish to be informal. He also add another definition about speech level that have relationship with Javanese language ‘Speech levels in Javanese level constitute a system for showing 1) the degree of formality, and 2) the degree of respect felt by the speaker toward the

addressee. The greater the degree of respect and formality in an utterance, the

greater the politeness shown”.

In reality, the phenomena that researcher found in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan is some of Javanese speakers in that location still use Javanese language nicely and politely based on Javanese speech level even though they are came from different background and profession and also they live around some ethnic groups such as Mandailingnese, Bataknese, Padangnese, Acehnese, and Malay that force them to use Bahasa Indonesia in daily communication but some of Javanese speakers still use their vernacular with their family, speaker from same ethnic group in family gathering and for their job. The example that researcher found in Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan daily live is describe below:

1. Ngoko: Ojo ngono, kowe. Madya: Ojo ngono toh, ndok. English: Don’t do that.

(16)

4

English: Where are you going? 3. Ngoko: Piro, Bang

Madya: Piro, Mas/Mba yu? English: How much?

4. Ngoko: Kowe arek tuku opo?

Madya: Arek mangan opo, Mba yu/Mas? English: What do you want to eat?

Another example of language use that related to speech level is the conversation between two Javanese speakers that describe below:

Icha: Assalamu’alaikum Mba, lama gak jumpa ya. Pripun kabare?

Mba Wiwit: Wa’alaikumsalam dek. Alhamdulillah apik-apik wae. Lah kabare awakmu piye dek?

Icha: Ngapain mbak? Kabare orang bude karo pakde gimana mba?

Mba Wiwit: Alhamdulillah sehat kabeh dek. Iki baru siap nyuci. Entar lagi mau ke tempat bude. Kuliah ndek endi dek?

Icha: Kuliah di UMSU mba, jurusan bahasa Indonesia.

Mba Wiwit: Bagus-bagus kuliahnya ya. Ojo neko-neko, cek tercapai cita- citane. Jangan lupa sholat dan ngaji, biar tenang jiwane.

Icha: Iya mba, maturnuwun.

(17)

5

part of their identity, and their language reflect their valuable culture then their language behavior will also be very positive. In other words, they will maintain their language consciously even though there is no language policy that support their behavior.

According to Fasold (1984): “language attitudes usually entail attitudes to the speakers of a particular language or dialect”. Some language attitude studies are strictly limited to studies toward the language itself for example attitudes toward language maintenance and planning efforts. It means, the positive attitude applied by speakers of vernacular in their daily conversation through some component in themselves, namely cognitive, behavior and affection. This statement adopted by Baker’s Theory. According to Baker (1992), the term ‘attitude’ is valuable concept within the study of bilingualism. The attitudes of people toward the language interact with language changes such as restoration, preservation, decay or death. A survey of attitudes toward language can shed light on community beliefs, preferences and desires. The status, value and importance of language can be measured by looking at attitude toward the language. Attitude can be used to explain the direction and persistence of human behavior.

From the explanation above, the researcher conclude that language cannot be separated from the attitude, so that she choice Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat, Medan because most of Javanese speakers in that location still use their vernacular through Madya and Krama speech levels.

(18)

6

other. Based on the situation of Javanese speech level in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan, she interested in conducting her research about “Javanese Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan”.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

The problems of this study are formulated as the following:

1. What kinds of Javanese speech levels do the Javanese use in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan?

2. What characteristics of Javanese language do the Javanese practice when they use the dominant speech levels?

3. How do the attitude of the Javanese towards their vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are: 1) to describe kinds of speech level that Javanese use in Kelurahan Bandar

Selamat Medan.

2) to investigate the characteristics of language that the Javanese practice when they use the dominant speech level.

(19)

7

1.4 The Scope of the Study

There are many vernacular in Medan but this study only focus on Javanese language. This study only reveals the attitudes of Javanese people living and working in Medan toward vernacular and reason why they have such attitudes.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

Theoretically, this study is expected to enlighten some aspect. In terms Sociolinguistics, this study should contribute a clear description in language attitude toward Javanese vernacular language living in Medan.

(20)

63 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This thesis is about Javanese language attitude towards speech levels of vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. It was aimed to find to find out the Javanese speakers attitude in using speech level of vernacular. Based on the findings, the conclusion are stated in the following:

1. There are two kinds of Javanese speech levels found in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan, they are Madya and Ngoko speech level. They actually used Madya they actually used Madya speech level because their politeness toward their vernacular is high, it is shown by the way they use their vernacular in a good way to every Javanese speakers, even though they came from different position or degree and they still maintain Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) like people do in Java Island even though they live in another city. And they use Ngoko speech level because their awareness to Udhak-Usuk or speech level is low and they do not respect to their vernacular anymore, so they use Javanese language not in a good way in their daily life.

(21)

64

It is shown by the way they keep on using their vernacular wherever they go, in different place even city because their vernacular become their identity in a community.

3. Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan have positive attitude towards speech levels of vernacular. It is shown by their attitude in using their vernacular, and the way to use it to another people.

5.2 Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following:

1. Javanese speakers should have positive attitude towards Javanese speech levels of vernacular by implementing of Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) in their environment. 2. Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should loyal to their

vernacular, have pride to their vernacular and aware with their norms by respect to their vernacular and culture that well rooted in Java Island. 3. Javanese parents in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should teach and

(22)

65 REFERENCES

Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open

University Press.

Appel, R. & Mysken, P. (2005). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam:

Amsterdam University Press.

Bogdan, Robert dan Sari Knopp Biglen. 1998. Qualitative Research in Education:

An Introduction to Theory and Method. Boston: Allin and Bacon.

Baker, Colin. 1992. Attitude and Language. Clevedon, England.

Cooper, R. (1989) Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D.T.

Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New York: MacGraw-Hill.

Edwards, J.R. 1982. Language attitudes and their implications among English

speakers. In E.B. Ryan and H. Giles (eds.), Attitudes towards Language Variation. Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 20-33.

Emzir. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data. Jakarta: PT Raja

Grafindo Persada

Greetz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretaion of Cultures. New York: Harper

Torchbooks.

Geertz, Clifford. 1981. Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Masyarakat Jawa.

Jakarta: Pustaka Penterjemah: Aswab Mahasin.

Fashold, W.R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to

Sociolinguistics. Padstow, Cornwall, Great Britain.

Gardner, R. & Lambert, W. 1972. Attitude and Motivation in Second Language

Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Garrett, P., Coupland, N., Williams A. (2003) Investigating Language Attitudes

Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Garrett, P. (2007) ‘Language Attitudes’. In Llamas, C., Mullany, L., Stockwell, P.

(23)

66

Hogg, M.A and Vaughan, G. 2005. Social Psychology (4th_{ed). London: Prentice}

Hall.

Holmes, Janet. 1990. Apologies in New Zaeland English, Language in Society

19(2):115-119.

Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th_{edition. London:}

Pearson.

Katz, D., & Stotland, E. (1959). A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude

structure and change. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science.

Vol 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 423–475). New York: McGraw-Hill

Koentjaraningrat, R.M. 1984. Kebudayaan Jawa. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Krashen, Stephen. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language

Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Mahsun.2005.Metode Penelitian Bahasa.Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada

Matthew B Miles and A Michael Huberman, 1994. An Expanded Source Book,

Qualitative Data Analysis. London. International and Profesional Publisher.

Montano, D. and Kasprzyk, D. 2008. The Theory of Reasoned Action, The Theory

of Planned Behavior and Integrated Behavioral Model (4th_ed). _San

Fransisco, California: Jassey-Bass.

Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and

educational change. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education/Longman.

Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1968. “Javanese Speech Level” dalam Indonesia

6:54-81

Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1969. “Worldliest of Javanese Non-Ngoko

Vocabularies” dalam Indonesia 7:165-195.

Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. Et al. 1979. Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta:

PPPB, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1982. Javanese Influence in Indonesian. Canberra:

Pacific Linguistics.

Romaine, Susanne. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sachdev, I. (1995) “Language and identity: Ethnolinguistic vitality of Aboriginal

(24)

67

Sapir, Edward. 1974. “Language” in Blount, pp. 46-66. The Unconscious

Pattering of Behavior in Society. New York: Oxford University Press.

Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behavoiur.

Medan : USU Press.

Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Pemertahanan Bahasa Dan Sikap Bahasa . Medan:

USU Press

Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik.

Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta

Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: ALFABETA. 2012 (cet. 15)

Triandis, Harry C. 1971. Atttiude and Attitude Change, Illinois: John Willey and

Son.

Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1978. Studies in Javanese Morphology. The Hague: Martinus

Nijhoff.

Zanna, M.P and Rempel, J.K. 1998. Attitude : A new look at an old Concept. New

York : Cambridge University Press.

De Kuthy, Kordula. (2001). Language Contact. Retrieved in September 2012

from: http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/contact

JAVANESE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPEECH LEVELS OF VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN.