TRANSKRIP WAWANCARA DENGAN BAPAK MULA WARMAN

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TRANSKRIP WAWANCARA DENGAN BAPAK MULA WARMAN

Tempat : PT. Dirgantara Indonesia Waktu : Kamis, 21 Mei 2008 Pukul : 09.30 s/d 10.40

Apa itu GPS ?

Jawab :

GPS adalah alat penentu posisi. Teorinya adalah triangulation. Jika ada informasi ada jarak 1 km dari 1 posisi. Anda ditelepon dan ditanya posisi anda, dan anda menjawab bahwa posisi anda adalah 1 km dari sebuah mall, hal itu berarti bisa berada di 1 km sebelah utara, sebelah timur, sebelah barat maupun selatan. Tidak terhingga. Belum bisa menentukan posisi pastinya. Jika anda mempunyai 2 informasi, bisa didapatkan 2 posisi. Misalnya 1 km dari stasiun KA, bisa 1 km dr hotel A. Jika kita mempunyai 3 informasi, misalnya ada stasiun KA, mall dan satu lagi adalah hotel. Misalnya jaraknya 500 m. Posisi di sini (menunjuk pada gambar) adalah posisi kita. Dari 3 informasi ini didapat 1 posisi yang disebut triangulation.

GPS menggunakan minimal 3 satelit untuk dapat menentukan posisi suatu benda.

Satelit GPS terdiri 24 satelit dapat mencakup seluruh dunia. Satelit ini setiap saat berputar, dan kita di suatu tempat dapat menerima lebih dari 12 satelit. Dari 3 informasi saja, kita telah mendapatkan posisi. Dengan 4 informasi, kita mendapatkan posisi 3 dimensi. Yaitu, x, y, dan z. Apalagi jika menggunakan 12 satelit atau lebih, akurasi menjadi lebih tinggi. Masing – masing satelit mengirimkan informasi, dicompare dan disaring dipilih yang terbaik.

Keakuratan GPS memiliki kesalahan. Karena pengaruh cuaca karena menggunakan gelombang radio yang jika menembus awan akan terjadi pergeseran informasi.

Mengakibatkan terjadi kesalahan. Pada tahun 1990-an, GPS dibagi 2 akurasinya dapat mencapai akurasi hingga 10m. Kemudian oleh Amerika Serikat, akurasi ini dirusak hingga menjadi 100m. Mereka memberi kode bagi kedua akurasi ini.

Kenapa dirusak ?

Jawab :

Karena penggunaan satelit ini bersifat global. Amerika takut disalahgunakan. Jika kita bisa membuat receivernya, kita hanya dapat menerima posisi dengan akurasi hingga 100 m, dan Amerika dengan sistemnya dapat mencapai akurasi hingga 10 m. Namun karena Eropa (Rusia) membuat teknologi penentu posisi dengan satelit juga, maka oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat tingkat akurasi ini dibuka kembali hingga 10 meter untuk penggunaan sipil. Sekarang saya bisa menggunakan GPS di handphone bisa mencapai akurasi 6 meter bahkan pernah hingga 4 meter tergantung jumlah satelit dan kondisi satelit. Berdasarkan pengalaman yang terbaik adalah 4 meter. Rata – rata yang didapat adalah 7 meter. Biasanya 7 meter sudah cukup untuk digunakan untuk keperluan menyerang suatu sasaran misalnya gedung.

Pentingnya teknologi..., Dwi Arsawidanti, FISIP UI, 2008

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107

Apalagi jika menggunakan DGPS (differential GPS) merupakan alat bantu tambahan.

Yaitu berupa tambahan referensi lagi yang diketahui akurasinya untuk menunjang akurasi informasi dari satelit. Sehingga tingkat akurasinya turun hingga 1 meter.

DGPS terjadi di bumi. Yaitu terdapat 1 pemancar yang menerima data dari satelit dari angkasa, misalnya ini receiver menerima sinyal dari satelit misalnya 4. di bumi ada 1 pemancar yang menerima data dari satelit. Misalnya menerima data x1, y1. sedangkan si pemancar menerima data berupa x2, y2. Selisih data penerimaan data yang diterima satelit dengan yang diterima pemancar di bumi ini dikoreksi sehingga mendapatkan hasil akhir yang lebih akurat.

GPS juga dapat diganggu sinyalnya. Untuk mencegah gangguan sinyal satelit ini digunakan teknologi INS (Inertial Navigation System) prinsipnya berasal dari 1 titik, x1, y1 menggunakan accelerometer yang digunakan untuk menghitung percepatan yang diintegrasikan menjadi kecepatan dan diintegrasikan kembali jarak. Dengan menggunakan sensor accelerometer 3 arah yang menghasilkan jarak setelah diintegrasikan dari percepatan dan kecepatan. Ditambah dengan waktu maka akan menemukan jarak yang lebih akurat. Kelemahannya adalah sensor ini menggunakan laser Gyro yang jarak tembaknya terbatas namun memiliki kelebihan tidak dapat di- jam.

Untuk menentukan posisi sasaran diperlukan data intelejen. Misalnya dalam suatu kasus ingin meledakkan suatu tempat di sebuah gedung. Yang diincar adalah ruang arsip. Menentukan posisi ruang arsip, diperlukan intelejen untuk mengetahui posisi ruang arsip tersebut.

Kesimpulannya teknologi GPS ini mendukung untuk melakukan serangan terhadap terorisme di Afganistan. Dengan data intelejen, kemudian di dapat lagi data dari satelit, sebelum melakukan serangan terhadap sasaran, pesawat mengkonfirmasi data – data baik dari intel maupun satelit. Jika sudah yakin adalah sasaran yang dicari, barulah ditembakkan ke arah sasaran.

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108

TRANSKRIP WAWANCARA DENGAN BAPAK ROBERT MANGINDAAN

Tanggal : 26 Nopember 2008 Pukul : 16.00 s/d 16.45 Tempat : Blok M Plaza

Keberhasilan ataupun kegagalan GPS dalam perang diukur dari mana?

Jawab :

Untuk mengukur keberhasilan adanya metode Military Objective, Mobility, Fire Power, Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Survailance and Reconaisance (C4ISR). Dapat dilihat totalitas dan kinerja GPS-nya dari empat komponen ini. GPS dapat disebut gagal karena adanya military objective. Military objective ini terdapat di dalam politically objective. Tidak bisa langsung berkata berhasil atau tidak teknologi GPS. Di dalam perang terdapat rangkaian pertempuran- pertempuran. Ada pertempuran yang berskala kecil. Untuk mengukur keberhasilan suatu perang, dilihat dari Fire Power, Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Survailance and Reconaisance (C4ISR). Semua komponen ini tergantung dari GPS.

Apa perang Afganistan ?

Jawab :

Perang afganistan merupakan perang inkonvensional bukanlah perang konvensional.

Perang afganistan ini memakai kaidah – kaidah inkonvensional. Berhasilnya itu relatif. Tidak ada target yang menjadi ukuran keberhasilan sebuah perang. Banyak kepentingan yang menjadi keberhasilan. Sedangkan perang konvensional memiliki tujuan pasti, jika sudah kena sasaran maka dianggap perang tersebut berhasil. Dalam perang ini terdapat GPS berada di dalam Command, Computer untuk mengetahui gagal atau tidaknya, variannya tidak bisa diukur. Kapan itu kita tahu gagal atau tidak

?

1. Setelah 20 tahun dokumen perang itu baru bisa dibuka.

2. Dalam perang di Afganistan, terjadi suatu peristiwa dimana Amerika menyerang Inggris. Kasus ini ditutup. Tidak dapat diukur apakah kejadian tersebut disebut kegagalan atau hal yang lain. Kemungkinan terdapat military objective di dalam peristiwa ini.

Adanya "kesalahan" yang tidak dapat langsung disebut kesalahan, membuat perang di Afganistan ini disebut perang inkonvensional.

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Press Release - U.S. Global Positioning System Policy

Office of Science and Technology Policy National Security Council

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 29, 1996

Contact: (202) 456-6020

FACT SHEET

U.S. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM POLICY

The President has approved a comprehensive national policy on the future management and use of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) and related U.S. Government augmentations.

Background

The Global Positioning System (GPS) was designed as a dual-use system with the primary purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of U.S. and allied military forces. GPS provides a substantial military advantage and is now being integrated into virtually every facet of our military operations. GPS is also rapidly becoming an integral component of the emerging Global Information Infrastructure, with applications ranging from mapping and surveying to international air traffic management and global change research. The growing demand from military, civil, commercial, and scientific users has generated a U.S. commercial GPS equipment and service industry that leads the world.

Augmentations to enhance basic GPS services could further expand these civil and commercial markets.

The basic GPS is defined as the constellation of satellites, the navigation payloads which produce the GPS signals, ground stations, data links, and associated command and control facilities which are operated and maintained by the Department of Defense; the Standard Positioning Service (SPS) as the civil and commercial service provided by the basic GPS; and augmentations as those systems based on the GPS that provide real-time accuracy greater than the SPS.

This policy presents a strategic vision for the future management and use of GPS, addressing a broad range of military, civil, commercial, and scientific interests, both national and international.

Policy Goals

In the management and use of GPS, we seek to support and enhance our economic competitiveness and productivity while protecting U.S. national security and foreign policy interests.

Our goals are to:

1. Strengthen and maintain our national security.

2. Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific Page 1 of 4 Press Release - U.S. Global Positioning System Policy

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applications worldwide.

3. Encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GPS technologies and services.

4. Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fields.

5. Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposes.

6. Advance U.S. scientific and technical capabilities.

Policy Guidelines

We will operate and manage GPS in accordance with the following guidelines:

1. We will continue to provide the GPS Standard Positioning Service for peaceful civil, commercial and scientific use on a continuous, worldwide basis, free of direct user fees.

2. It is our intention to discontinue the use of GPS Selective Availability (SA) within a decade in a manner that allows adequate time and resources for our military forces to prepare fully for operations without SA. To support such a decision, affected departments and agencies will submit recommendations in accordance with the reporting requirements outlined in this policy.

3. The GPS and U.S. Government augmentations will remain responsive to the National Command Authorities.

4. We will cooperate with other governments and international organizations to ensure an

appropriate balance between the requirements of international civil, commercial and scientific users and international security interests.

5. We will advocate the acceptance of GPS and U.S. Government augmentations as standards for international use.

6. To the fullest extent feasible, we will purchase commercially available GPS products and services that meet U.S. Government requirements and will not conduct activities that preclude or deter commercial GPS activities, except for national security or public safety reasons.

7. A permanent interagency GPS Executive Board, jointly chaired by the Departments of

Defense and Transportation, will manage the GPS and U.S. Government augmentations. Other departments and agencies will participate as appropriate. The GPS Executive Board will consult with U.S. Government agencies, U.S. industries and foreign governments involved in navigation and positioning system research, development, operation, and use.

This policy will be implemented within the overall resource and policy guidance provided by the President.

Agency Roles and Responsibilities

The Department of Defense will:

Page 2 of 4 Press Release - U.S. Global Positioning System Policy

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1. Continue to acquire, operate, and maintain the basic GPS.

2. Maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the Federal Radionavigation Plan and the GPS Standard Positioning Service Signal Specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis.

3. Maintain a Precise Positioning Service for use by the U.S. military and other authorized users.

4. Cooperate with the Director of Central Intelligence, the Department of State and other

appropriate departments and agencies to assess the national security implications of the use of GPS, its augmentations, and alternative satellite-based positioning and navigation systems.

5. Develop measures to prevent the hostile use of GPS and its augmentations to ensure that the United States retains a military advantage without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses.

The Department of Transportation will:

 Serve as the lead agency within the U.S. Government for all Federal civil GPS matters.

 Develop and implement U.S. Government augmentations to the basic GPS for transportation applications.

 In cooperation with the Departments of Commerce, Defense and State, take the lead in promoting commercial applications of GPS technologies and the acceptance of GPS and U.S. Government augmentations as standards in domestic and international transportation systems.

 In cooperation with other departments and agencies, coordinate U.S. Government-provided GPS civil augmentation systems to minimize cost and duplication of effort.

The Department of State will:

 In cooperation with appropriate departments and agencies, consult with foreign governments and other international organizations to assess the feasibility of developing bilateral or multilateral guidelines on the provision and use of GPS services.

 Coordinate the interagency review of instructions to U.S. delegations to bilateral consultations and multilateral conferences related to the planning, operation, management, and use of GPS and related augmentation systems.

 Coordinate the interagency review of international agreements with foreign governments and international organizations concerning international use of GPS and related augmentation systems.

Reporting Requirements

Beginning in 2000, the President will make an annual determination on continued use of GPS Selective Availability. To support this determination, the Secretary of Defense, in cooperation with the Secretary of Transportation, the Director of Central Intelligence, and heads of other appropriate departments and agencies, shall provide an assessment and recommendation on continued SA use.

This recommendation shall be provided to the President through the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology.

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STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT REGARDING THE UNITED STATES' DECISION TO STOP DEGRADING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ACCURACY THE WHITE HOUSE

Office of the Press Secretary

_______________________________________________________

For Immediate Release May 1, 2000

STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT REGARDING THE UNITED STATES' DECISION TO STOP DEGRADING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ACCURACY

Today, I am pleased to announce that the United States will stop the intentional degradation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals available to the public beginning at midnight tonight. We call this

degradation feature Selective Availability (SA). This will mean that civilian users of GPS will be able to pinpoint locations up to ten times more accurately than they do now. GPS is a dual-use, satellite-based system that provides accurate location and timing data to users worldwide. My March 1996 Presidential Decision Directive included in the goals for GPS to: "encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil,

commercial and scientific applications worldwide; and to encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GPS technologies and services." To meet these goals, I committed the U.S. to discontinuing the use of SA by 2006 with an annual assessment of its continued use beginning this year.

The decision to discontinue SA is the latest measure in an on-going effort to make GPS more responsive to civil and commercial users worldwide. Last year, Vice President Gore announced our plans to modernize GPS by adding two new civilian signals to enhance the civil and commercial service. This initiative is on-track and the budget further advances modernization by incorporating some of the new features on up to 18 additional satellites that are already awaiting launch or are in production. We will continue to provide all of these capabilities to worldwide users free of charge.

My decision to discontinue SA was based upon a recommendation by the Secretary of Defense in coordination with the Departments of State, Transportation, Commerce, the Director of Central Intelligence, and other Executive Branch Departments and Agencies. They realized that worldwide transportation safety, scientific, and commercial interests could best be served by discontinuation of SA. Along with our commitment to enhance GPS for peaceful applications, my administration is committed to preserving fully the military utility of GPS. The decision to discontinue SA is coupled with our continuing efforts to upgrade the military utility of our systems that use GPS, and is supported by threat assessments which conclude that setting SA to zero at this time would have minimal impact on national security. Additionally, we have demonstrated the capability to selectively deny GPS signals on a regional basis when our national security is threatened. This regional approach to denying navigation services is consistent with the 1996 plan to discontinue the degradation of civil and commercial GPS service globally through the SA technique.

Originally developed by the Department of Defense as a military system, GPS has become a global utility. It benefits users around the world in many different applications, including air, road, marine, and rail navigation, telecommunications, emergency response, oil exploration, mining, and many more. Civilian users will realize a dramatic improvement in GPS accuracy with the discontinuation of SA. For example, emergency teams responding to a cry for help can now determine what side of the highway they must respond to, thereby saving precious minutes. This increase in accuracy will allow new GPS applications to emerge and continue to enhance the lives of people around the world.

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