i
RESEARCH PAPER
ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON TREATING SYSTEM
ON PERFORMANCE OF SPARK-IGNITION
FOUR-STROKE ENGINES
Submitted as a Partial fulfillment of The Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Engineering
in Mechanical Engineering Department
by
SONI NUGROHO D 700 070 007
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
ii
APPROVAL
The research paper entitled “Analysis of Hydrocarbon Treating System
on Performance of Spark Ignition Four-Stroke Engine”, has been agreed by supervisor and authorized by the Director of International Program as partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name : Soni Nugroho
NIM : D 700 070 007
Has Approved and legalized on: Day :
Date :
Admitted by,
Director of International Program
(Dr. Supriyono)
Consultant I,
(Ir. Subroto, M.T.)
Consultant II,
iii
ACCEPTANCE
The Final Project entitle “Effect of Hydrocarbon Treating System on
Performance of Spark-Ignition Four-Stroke Engines” has been
defended in front of examiners team and approved as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Written by:
Name : Soni Nugroho
NIM : D 700 070 007
Has Approved and legalized on: Day :
Date :
Team of Examiners:
Chair Person : Ir. Subroto, M.T. ( )
Member 1 : Ir. Tri Tjahjono, M.T. ( )
Member 2 : Nur Aklis, S.T. ( )
Dean of Mechanical Engineering,
(Ir. Agus Riyanto, M.T.)
Head of Department,
iv
TESTIMONY
With this, I state that there is no plagiarism of the previous works which have been made to get bachelor degree of university and as long as the writer knows that there is also no work or opinion that ever been composed or published by other people, except referred written in this research paper mentioned in bibliography.
Hence, if it is proved that there is mistake in the writer’s statements
I will be wholly responsible.
Surakarta, July 2011 The writer
v
MOTTO
“
A good process will get a good result
”
(The Writer)
Let there arise out of you a group of people inviting to all that is good (Islam), enjoining Al-Ma’ruf and forbidding Al-Munkar. And it is
they who are the successful. (QS Ali Imran:104)
...
Allah burdens not a person beyond his scope. He gets reward for that
(good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that (evil) which
he has earned. (QS Al-Baqarah:286)
Many People say that the intelligence that make the great scientist.
They are mistaken, it is the character. (Albert Einstein)
There is a way to make it better, find it.(Thomas A. Edison)
The best person is the person who is the most beneficial for others
vi
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the best everything that You have given for me and thanks for Your love that always make me to never give up to do the best.
I believe that You will always give me the best for everything.
My beloved Mom and Dad,
Thanks for your prayer, love and support.
You always give me happiness but often I made you disappointed. I am sorry and I promise to give you the best in the future.
My Siblings (Indayana, Beni Iskandar, Nur Prasetyo), Thanks for your supports.
It is make me strong to get something more and more.
My Lovely (Okta Pramita Sukma),
Thanks for your love, support, spirit, attention and care. You make my burden lighter.
My all family,
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and everything.
All my friends,
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum Wr.Wb
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin. First, the writer would like to praise to Allah
SWT, the Lord of universe, for blessing and guiding the writer to accomplish the research paper as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting bachelor degree in Mechanical Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. The writer also realizes that this amazing moment cannot come true without the help and support of other people. In this opportunity, she would like to express her great gratitude to:
1. Ir. Agus Riyanto, M.T. as the dean of Engineering Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Ir. Sartono Putro, M.T. as the Head of Mechanical Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Ir. Subroto, M.T. as the first consultant who has guided and advised me smartly from the beginning to the end of this research paper.
viii
5. All the lecturers of Mechanical Engineering in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who have given knowledge during the study. Thanks for the knowledge you shared to him.
6. His Mom (Sutriyah) and Dad (Mulyono) who always prays and support the writer, for care, money, love and everything. Hopefully, the writer can make them happy and do the best for them.
7. His old sister (Indayana) and old brother (Nur Prasetyo and Beni Iskandar) for their support. And also all her family, (Shinta, Sarah, Kevin, Mas Budhi, Ferry, Mbak Mu, Om Di, Bulek Sri, om Didik, Om Puji, Bulek Prei, Angga, Anggi and Dea) for pray, love and support.
8. His beloved “Soni Nugroho”, for support, wishes, love, pray, and care.
9. His room mate (Binyamin and Rosyid) for sharing and support. 10. His friends in MEDS (Mas Erick, Mas Abu, Agung, Arvin, Fitri,
Anggit, Shasa, Nova, Rietha and Nana) for the unforgettable fellowship.
11. All his beloved friends in Automotive Engineering especially
writer’s classmate ’07 as the first generation (Iqbal, Tunggul,
Amar, Rifki, David, Aldi and Gunawan), thanks for nice friendship.
ix
Elena, Anita, Uswah and Inez. Thanks for the supports and unforgettable moments that we have created in Virginia.
13. His teachers in SMK 7 Semarang, VEDC Malang, Cevest Bekasi
and Techno Park Sragen. Thanks for the knowledge you shared to him.
14. His friends and staffs in Pesma K.H. Mas Mansyur. Thanks for accompany him during his study.
15. Those who can not to be mentioned one by one for every helping in accomplishing this research paper. Thanks a lot for all.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so the writer welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestion from anyone. Finally, he hopes that this research paper would help the other researchers who are interested in studying translation and enrich the reader’s knowledge.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, July 2011 The writer
x
ABSTRACT
SONI NUGROHO. D 700 070 007. EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON TREATING SYSTEM ON PERFORMANCE OF SPARK-IGNITION FOUR-STROKE ENGINES. MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA. 2011.
Air-fuel mixture in a low air fuel ratio is the main factor that can be manipulated to increase torque and decrease fuel consumption of internal combustion engine but it is difficult to do. One difficulty derived from the fact that if the air-fuel ratio is lowered to the point where the entire fuel charge is consumed during idle rotation, it is difficult to sustain reliable ignition of the charge.
The research investigates the effect of using Hydrocarbon Treating System on spark ignition engine (SI engine) performance and fuel consumption. A four stroke, single cylinder SI engine was used for conducting this study. Performance tests were conducted for engine torque, power and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) using HTS with different number of flow rate 0 cc/s, 1.5 cc/s, 2.0 cc/s, 2.5 cc/s and 3.0 cc/s
at varying engine speed condition.
The result showed that Hydrocarbon Treating System decrease fuel consumption. Fuel consumption of the engine decreases while the flowrate of the HTS increases. The HTS with the flowrate of 20 cc/s gave the best results for all measured parameters at all mean average values.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ... i
APPROVAL ... ii
ACCEPTANCE ... iii
TESTIMONY ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii
SUMMARY ... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ... xi
LIST OF PICTURES ... xiii
LIST OF TABLE CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ... 2
1.3 Objective ... 2
1.4 Problem Limitation ... 3
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Study of Literature ... 4
2.2 Fundamental Theory ... 6
2.2.1 Four-Strokes Engine Work ... 6
2.2.2 Parameters of Engine Performance ... 9
2.2.3 Engine Performance Characteristic ... 12
xii
2.2.5 Factors Influencing the Flame Speed ... 20
2.2.6 The Effect of Hydrocarbon Treating ... 22
2.2.7 Molecule in Gas Phase after Heating ... 22
2.2.8 Hydrocarbon Treating System (HTS) ... 23
2.2.9 How HTS Works ... 24
2.2.10 Hydrocarbon Bubbler ... 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Flow Chart of Research ... 29
3.2 Place and Time of Research ... 33
3.3 Material ... 33
3.4 Tools ... 35
3.5 Sample ... 44
3.6 Experiment Procedures ... 45
3.7 Data Analysis Layout ... 47
3.8 Difficulties ... 48
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS 4.1 Analysis of Torque ... 49
4.2 Analysis of Power ... 52
4.3 Analysis of Fuel Consumption ... 53
4.4 Analysis of Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) ... 56
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 60
5.2 Suggestion ... 64
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Fuel Pretreater ... 3
Figure 2.2 Cycles in Four Stroke Engine... 6
Figure 2.3 Ideal Cycle of Four Stroke Engine ... 8
Figure 2.4 Schematic of principle of operation of dynamometer ... 10
Figure 2.5 Typical Performance Plot with respect to Speed... 13
Figure 2.6 Typical SI Engine Performance Curves ... 14
Figure 2.7 Effect of Mixture Strength on the Rate of Burning ... 21
Figure 2.8 Molecular breakdown of the hydrocarbon mixture ... 23
Figure 2.9 How HTS Work ... 25
Figure 2.10 Bubler Tank... 26
Figure 2.11 Bubble movement ... 27
Figure 2.12 Molecules behavior inside the catalyst ... 28
Figure 3.1 Research Flowchart ... 29
Figure 3.2 Wheelbase Adjuster ... 30
Figure 3.3 Honda Revo Engine ... 34
Figure 3.4 Bubbler Tank... 35
Figure 3.5 Catalyst ... 36
Figure 3.6 HTS Device ... 36
Figure 3.6 HTS Installation ... 37
Figure 3.8 Scheme of Dynamometer ... 38
xiv
Figure 3.10 Digital Thermometer ... 40
Figure 3.11 Burette ... 40
Figure 3.12 Stopwatch ... 41
Figure 3.13 Venturi Flow Meter ... 41
Figure 3.14 Venturi Flow Meter Principle ... 42
Figure 3.15 Experiment Setup ... 46
Figure 3.16 Analysis Layout ... 48
Figure 4.1 Chart of Rpm vs. Torque ... 50
Figure 4.2 Chart of Rpm vs. Power ... 52
Figure 4.3 Chart of Rpm vs. Fuel System Consumption ... 55
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Gasoline Properties ... 19
Table 2 Specification of Honda Revo Engine ... 34
Table 3 Specification of Dynamometer ... 39
