Teori Keruangan I. Kuliah 04 Teori Urban Design 1 (Umum dan Komponen)

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Teori Keruangan I

Kuliah 04

Teori Urban Design 1

(Umum dan Komponen)

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"The building of cities

is one of man's greatest achievements."

-Edmund Bacon

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Definisi Urban Design

• The art of creating and shaping cities and towns

• Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings,

public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities.

• Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to

groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks.

• Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city

planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive.

• Urban design is about making connections between people and places,

movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric.

• Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making,

environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity.

• Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and

transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.

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Arsitektur

Urban design

Urban

planning

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Lingkup (1)

Arsitektur

Urban design

Urban planning

Umumnya < 1:500 Umumnya 1:500 – 1:2000 Umumnya > 1:1000 Skala bangunan Skala blok bangunan /

blok kawasan

Skala kawasan

Desain Arahan desain - zonasi Zoning

Umumnya “mikro”  “Rencana Teknis” Umumnya “messo”  “Rencana Detail” Umumnya “makro”  “Rencana Umum” Arsitek, arsitek interior,

ahli konstruksi, ahli utilitas bangunan

Urban desainer, arsitek lansekap, ahli sistem utilitas kawasan, ahli

transportasi

Planner, urban planner, town planner, regional

planner

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Lingkup (2)

• Urban design practice areas range in scale from small public spaces

or streets to neighborhoods, city-wide systems, or whole regions.

the region

city and town

the neighborhood

district and corridor

the block

street and building

Sumber: http://urbandesign.org, diakses Oktober 2008

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Lingkup (3)

• Urban design includes infrastructure, architecture,

public spaces.

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Teori-teori urban design (1a)

• Diambil dari pendekatan teori arsitektur kota

• Timbal balik antara kota sebagai proses (“rencana”) dan

kota sebagai produk (“desain”)

• Roger Trancik (Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban

Design, 1986):

1. Teori Figure/Ground = hubungan antara bentuk yang

dibangun / building mass dengan ruang terbuka / open

space

–

Untuk mengidentifikasi tekstur dan pola tata ruang

perkotaan (urban fabric)

–

Untuk

mengidentifikasi

masalah

keteraturan

massa/ruang

Kelemahan:

–

Hanya memperhatikan gagasan ruang 2 dimensi

–

Sering dianggap terlalu statis

Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006, dengan modifikasi

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Teori-teori urban design (1b)

2. Teori Linkage = melihat segi dinamika rupa perkotaan yang dianggap sebagai generator kota

– Untuk memperhatikan dan menegaskan

hubungan-hubungan dan gerakan-gerakan sebuah tata ruang perkotaan (urban fabric)

Kelemahan:

– Kurang perhatian di dalam mendefinisikan ruang perkotaan secara spasial dan kontekstual

3. Teori Place = seberapa besar kepentingan tempat-tempat perkotaan yang terbuka terhadap sejarah, sosial dan budayanya

– Untuk memberi pengertian mengenai ruang kota melalui tanda kehidupan perkotaannya

– Untuk memberi pengertian mengenai ruang kota secara kontekstual

Kelemahan:

– Perhatian hanya difokuskan pada satu tempat perkotaan saja

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Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006,

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Teori-teori urban design (2a)

Citra Kota

• Turunan dari “place”

• Kevin Lynch (The Image of The City, 1969):

1. Path (jalur): rute sirkulasi; semakin jelas jika ada tujuan

‘besar’ (ke stasiun, ke alun-alun, dsb.)

2. Edge (tepian): batas antara 2 kawasan tertentu (batas

UGM-Code, batas komersial-permukiman)

3. District (kawasan): ada ciri khas yang mirip (bentuk, pola,

wujud) dan ada batas yang khas (kampus, permukiman,

komersial, dsb.)

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Teori-teori urban design (2b)

• Kevin Lynch (The Image of The City, 1969):

4. Node (simpul): aktivitas bertemu dan dapat berubah arah

(simpang lalu lintas tertentu, stasiun, taman, dsb.); ada

perasaan ‘entrance’ dan ‘exit’; semakin jelas jika bentuknya

jelas (mudah diingat) dan tampilannya berbeda dengan

lingkungannya (fungsi, bentuk). Misalnya: simpang Tugu

YK, Stasiun Lempuyangan

5. Landmark (“penanda” / tengeran): titik referensi (mirip

node), tetapi orang tidak harus masuk ke dalamnya karena

bisa dilihat dari luar; ada bentuk visual yang menonjol

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Teori-teori urban design (3)

akan didetailkan pada minggu-minggu berikutnya

• Hamid Shirvani (Urban Design Process)

1. Land use

2. Building form and massing

3. Activity support

4. Preservation

5. Open spaces

6. Circulation and parking

7. Pedestrian ways

8. Signage

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Prinsip-prinsip (1)

• Urban design involves place-making - the creation of a setting that

imparts a sense of place to an area. This process is achieved by establishing identifiable neighborhoods, unique architecture, aesthetically pleasing public places and vistas, identifiable landmarks and focal points, and a human element established by compatible scales of development and ongoing public stewardship.

• Other key elements of placemaking include: lively commercial centers,

mixed-use development with ground-floor retail uses, human-scale and context-sensitive design; safe and attractive public areas; image-making; and decorative elements in the public realm.

• Urban design practice areas range in scale from small public spaces

or streets to neighborhoods, city-wide systems, or whole regions.

• urban design involves the design and coordination of all that makes

up cities and towns: building, public spaces, street, landsacape, transport, etc.

• urban design weaves together elements into a coherent, organized

design structure



the urban design structure defines the urban form and the building form

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Prinsip-prinsip (2)

• The creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect of urban

design.

• Artistic principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial definition,

which are: – Order – Unity – Balance – Proportion – Scale – Hierarchy – Symmetry – Rhythm – Contrast – Context – Detail – Texture – Harmony – Beauty

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Komponen Umum Urban Design (1)

• Buildings

Buildings are the most pronounced

elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by forming the

streetwalls of the city. Well designed

buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place.

• Public space

Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible - they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood parks.

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Komponen Umum Urban Design (2)

• Streets

Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and character of the buildings that line them.

Streets range from grand avenues such as the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small, intimate pedestrian streets. The pattern of the street network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique.

• Transport

Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable movement throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together form the total movement system of a city.

The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians.

The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile.

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Komponen Umum Urban Design (3)

• Landscape

The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.

The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements.

Green spaces in cities range from grand parks such as Central Park in New York City and the Washington DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.

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Komponen Rancangan

Permen PU no 06/2007 tentang Pedoman Umum RTBL, dengan penyesuaian

1. Struktur peruntukan lahan ( bangunan)

2. Intensitas pemanfaatan lahan ( bangunan)

(ingat “struktur dan pola pemanfaatan ruang”)

3. Tata bangunan

4. Sistem sirkulasi dan jalur penghubung

5. Sistem ruang terbuka dan tata hijau

6. Tata kualitas lingkungan

7. Sistem prasarana dan utilitas lingkungan (

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Komponen urban design

Komponen Umum Hamid Shirvani

•Buildings Kawasan dan bangunan

•Public spaces •Land use

•Building form and massing •Activity support

•Preservation

Lingkungan dan penunjang

•Streets •Open spaces

•Transport •Circulation and parking •Landscape •Pedestrian ways

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Contoh-contoh urban design (1)

Washington DC Cartagena, Colombia Salt Lake City, UT

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Contoh-contoh urban design (2)

Siena, Italy A New City Aleppo, Syria

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Contoh-contoh urban design (3)

Italy

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Contoh-contoh urban design (4)

PARIS BATH ROME

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