2GMGTLC+PFQPGUKCFK$GNCPFC5VWFK-CUWU2GMGTLC6KFCM
6GTCORKNFCP6KFCM6GTFQMWOGPVCUK
1Amin Mudzakkir
Abstract
This paper shows how the terms of unskilled and undocumented are constructed in the dynamics of migration and citizenship in the Netherlands. In particular, this paper look at the dynamics in the case study of Indonesian workers. Conceptual relationship between the terms of unskilled and undocumented until a certain level is causal. Beginning with a discussion about the past relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands, this paper describes some of the story of Indonesian workers in the Netherlands, including the activities of labor organizations struggling for immigrant workers’ rights guaranteed by the law and facilitated by democratic political environment.
Keywords: unskilled, undocumented, migration, citizenship, Indonesia Workers, the Netherlands.
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“…in broad terms, a semi-skilled worker is considered to be a person who requires a degree of training of familiarization with the job before being able to operate
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intensity required for designation of a skilled (or craft) worker, being measured in weeks or days rather then years, nor is it normally at tertiary level. Many so-called “manual workers” (e.g. production, construction workers) should
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hand, is considered to be a person who has received less training than a semi-skilled workers or, having not received any training, has still acquired his or her competence in the job”.
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Masuk Tempat Tinggal Pekerjaan Contoh
A Ilega l Ilegal Ilegal /— imigran ilegal, baik bekerja atau tidak secara ekonomi aktif. B Ilegal Ilegal Setengah-legal1 Imigran ilegal, bekerja secara
legal (umumnya setelah 1991) C Ilegal/Legal Ilegal Ilegal Imigran ilegal, bekerja secara
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0XQFXOQ\DNHELMDNDQLQWHJUDVLWLGDNWHUOHSDVGDULNHNKDZDWLUDQWHUKDGDS PHOXDVQ\DNULPLQDOLWDV\DQJVHULQJGLDVRVLDVLNDQGHQJDQNHEHUDGDDQLPLJUDQ ,VXNULPLQDOLWDVLQLGLZDUQDLGHQJDQSDQGDQJDQVWUHRWLS$NLEDWQ\DPXQFXO NHVDQ NHEHUDGDDQ LPLJUDQ PHPSHQJDUXKL WLQJJLQ\D DQJND NULPLQDOLWDV %HUVDPDDQGHQJDQLWXNULPLQDOLVDVLLPLJUDQLOHJDOPXQFXOVHEDJDLVDODKVDWX LVXSHQWLQJ0HVNLGHPLNLDQLVXLQLWLGDNVDPDVHNDOLEDUX3DGDDEDGNH WHSDWQ\D SDGD %HODQGD WHODK PHQJHOXDUNDQ DSD \DQJ GLVHEXW‘Dutch Aliens Act’.,QLGLEXDWXQWXNPHQJDWXUVLDSDVDMD\DQJGLNDWHJRULNDQVHEDJDL
PHQMDGLZDUJDQHJDUDcitizenGDQVLDSD\DQJEXNDQZDUJDQHJDUDaliens
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
0HQJKDGDSL GLQDPLND SROLWLN LWX SHNHUMD WLGDN WHUDPSLO WHQWX VDMD PHQJKDGDSL WDQWDQJDQ VHULXV $NVHV PHUHND WHUKDGDS VHNWRU SHNHUMDDQ IRUPDOVHPDNLQVHPSLWGDQEDKNDQGLWXWXSVDPDVHNDOL3HPHULQWDK%HODQGD WLGDNODJLPHQJHOXDUNDQL]LQNHUMDEDJLPHUHND0HVNLGHPLNLDQWHQWXVDMD NDWHJRULWLGDNWHUDPSLOELVDGLSHUGHEDWNDQ.DWHJRULLQLVDQJDWELDVNDUHQD PHQGHÀQLVLNDQ NHPDPSXDQ KDQ\D GDUL VHUWLÀNDW SHQGLGLNDQ \DQJ FRFRN
1990 2003 2020 (taksiran)
Kenaikan persentasi perkiraan 2003-2020
Turki 203 341 452 +33
Moroko 164 295 432 +46
Suriname 224 321 375 +17
Netherlands Antilles/Aruba 69 129 189 +47
dan negara-negara non-Barat 171 538 978 +82
Total migran non-Barat 831 1623 2425 +49
Generasi pertama 562 1004 1303 +30
Generasi kedua 269 619 1122 +81
GHQJDQ SHNHUMDDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ ROHK VHRUDQJ SHNHUMD 6HRUDQJ \DQJ EHULMD]DK VDUMDQD GDODP HNRQRPL WHWDSL EHNHUMD VHEDJDL WXNDQJ FDW WHWDS GLDQJJDSVHEDJDLSHNHUMDWLGDNWHUDPSLO-DGLLVWLODKWHUDPSLODNKLUQ\DDGDODK VRDO DGPLQLVWUDWLI VHULQJNDOL WLGDN EHUNRUHVSRQGHQVL GHQJDQ NHPDPSXDQ DNWXDO
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
Table 3. 3HUNLUDDQMXPODKLPLJUDQLOHJDOVHEDJDLSURSRUVLGDULWRWDOSRSXODVL LPLJUDQOHJDOSDGDWDKXQEHUGDVDUNDQNRWD
6XPEHU9DQGHU/HXQ(QJEHUVHQDQG9DQGHU+HLMGHQEHUGDVDUSDGDGDWD SROLVLGDQVWDWLVWLNNRWD&26GDODPYDQGHU/HXQ
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
Amsterdam Rotterdam Den Haag Utrecht TOTAL
Perkiraan jumlah imigran ilegal
17,875 11,069 8,426 2,677 40,047
Total populasi imigran legal (B)*
232,236 148,322 116,202 48,392 545,152
3DGD DNKLU DQ GHEDW WHQWDQJ PLJUDVL GDQ LQWHJUDVL PHPDVXNL EDEDNEDUXGHQJDQPXQFXOQ\DDVSLUDVLDQWLLPLJUDQ$VSLUDVLLQLGLVSRQVRUL ROHK NHORPSRNNHORPSRN XOWUDNDQDQ 6HRUDQJ MXUQDOLV 3DXO 6KHHIHU PHQXOLV VHEXDK DUWLNHO \DQJ NRQWURYHUVLDO EHUMXGXO ¶Multicultural Drama’
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ndisch GDQ
0DOXNX \DQJ SDGD DQ EHUPLJUDVL NH %HODQGD 0HUHND EHUKDUDS ELVD PHQGDSDWNDQ NHKLGXSDQ \DQJ OHELK DPDQ GDQ Q\DPDQ GL VDQD EDKNDQ EHEHUDSDRUDQJ0DOXNXPDVLKEHUKDUDSGLEHULNHPHUGHNDDQPHODOXLUHQFDQD SHQGLULDQ5HSXEOLN0DOXNX6HODWDQ506
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