DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

(1)

Administrative

Decision

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA FACULTY OF LAW DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Translated into English by Bono Budi P

(2)

Decision

• _Beschikking_{, as a study object in}

administrative law, was introduced by WF Prins.

• _{van Wijk and Konijnenbelt argued that}

decisions pertain to matters that are

concrete and individual i.e. not addressed to public, and has been the main jural

instrument of governance throughout history.

• _{Stroink and Steenbeek argued that decision}

(3)

Elements of Decision

• _{Unilateral statement of will}

• _{Issued by administrative organs}

• _{Based on legal authority of public}

nature

• _{Aimed at specifc matters or}

concrete and individual events

• _{With the purpose of creating}

legal consequence in

administration

(4)

Elements of Decision

Donner

 _{Decision is ofcial act of}

government

• _Ofce

• _Authority

 _{Unilateral statement of will}

 _{Pertaining to certain matters}

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Decision Algemeene Wet Bestuursrecht (AWB) Art. 2

 _{Written statement of will}

 _{Issued based on constitutional or}

administrative obligation or authority

 _Unilateral

 _{Exception/ Waiver to decision of general nature}  _Purposes

 _Stipulation,  _{Annulment, or}

 _{Termination of existing legal relation, or}  _{Creating new legal relation,}

 _{Rejection that leads to:}

 _stipulation,  _amendment,  _{annulment, or}  _{establishment}

 _{By government organs}

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Decision Law 5/86 Art. 1 Nr. 3

• _{Written statement}

• _{Issued by administrative}

ofcial/agency

• _{Based on prevailing regulations}

• _of

_{concrete, individual, and fnal}

nature

• _{Having legal consequence}

• _{Addressed to}

_person

_or

_legal

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NEGATIVE

Stat. about being unauthorized (onbevoeg verklaring)

Stat. about unacceptability (niet ontvankelijk verklaring) Stat. about overall rejection (een algehele afwijzing)

Rationae materiae

Rationae locus

Rationae temporis

POSITIVE

Creating new legal situation in general (slapende regeling)

Creating new legal situation to a certain object

Establishing or dissolving legal entity

Imposing burden to citizen

Beneftting individual citizen or private entity

Dispensation

Permit

License

Concession

Prof. Dr. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo

TYPES OF DECISION

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Decision Types

Positive and Negative

Declaratory and Constitutive

Temporary and permanent (Blijvend)

Prins

Dispensation, Permit, License and Concession

Onbevoeg

Niet ontvankelijk

Afwijzing

modifying (old text in stipulation)

revocation/annulment of old decision negative

Implementation statement

(9)

Positive Decision

 _{Decision that creates rights and}

obligations on addressat’s part.

 _{In general, creating new legal situation.}  _{In general, creating new legal situation}

for a certain object.

 _{Causing a legal entity to be established}

or dissolved.

 _{Imposing new obligation (order) to}

individual(s).

 _{Granting new right to individual(s).}

(10)

Negative Decision

• _{Does not alter/ modify existing}

legal situation

–

_unauthorized

–

_unacceptable

–

_rejected

• _{Does not alter/ modify existing}

legal consequence.

(11)

Declaratory Decision

• _{Does not alter/ modify}

existing rights and

obligations.

• _{Corroborates existing rights}

and obligations.

• _{Confrming validity of a legal}

relation.

(12)

Constitutive Decision

• Imposing obligation to do sth., to not do sth., or to allow sth.

• Granting status to person, institution, or

company, thereby may stipulates legal rules.

• Granting incentive or beneft to government act e.g. subsidies and grants

• _{Allowing sth. that previously was not allowed.} • Allowing or cancelling the applicability of a

decision from subordinate organs i.e. endorsement or revocation.

(13)

11/23/2018 TIM HAN ©hn 2013 13 • _Dispensation_{statement from}

authorized administrative ofcial that certain regulatory stipulation is not

applicable to a case as submitted by an applicant.

• _Permit_{Exemption to prohibitions}

• _License_{Exemption from prohibitions}

due to certain qualifcations

• _Concession_{A complex of}

dispensations, permits and licenses granted for certain period in a certain place/ area.

(14)

One-of

and

Permanent

Decision

• _One-of

_{valid for a short period}

of time e.g. IMB, mass gathering

permit.

• _Permanent

_{valid for a relatively}

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Conditions to Make Decision

• _Substantive

• _Authorized

• _{No legal flaws}

• Dwaling (misleading)

• Bedrog (cheating)

• Dwang (coercion)

• Omkoping (bribery)

• _{Based on certain situation}

• _{Can be implemented without violating other} regulatory stipulations.

• _{Substance and purpose must match to the} substance and purpose of superordinate stipulations.

(16)

• _Procedural

• _{Preparation and making must be in}

accordance with prevailing terms and conditions.

• _{Form must be in accordance with regulatory}

stipulation serving as legal basis.

• _{Implementation requirements must be}

fulflled.

• _{Grace period between announcement of}

decision and event that causes the decision to be made.

16

(17)

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Invalid Decision

Against the Law

Substance

Unauthorized

Format flaw or procedural mistake

Rational Materiae

Rational Locus

Rational Temporis

Against higher stipulation

Arbitrary or exceeding authority

Not based on proper or rational consideration from impacted parties point of view

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Consequences of Invalid Decision

 _{Null and void}

 _{Contestability of application}

 _Appeal

 _{Annulment by ofce due violation of laws}  _{Revocation by authorized ofce making}

the decision

 _{Endorsement not granted, where}

endoresement from superordinate ofce is required.

 _{Assigned diferent purpose from the original}

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Administrative Law and Private Law

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• _{As a representative of public legal}

entity, government may conduct legal acts in private law realms.

• _{Also known as}_two-sided _adm. _legal

acts

• _{Purely acts of private nature e.g. sell}

and buy, contracts, rents.

• _{Acts (Decisions) that merge into private}

acts e.g. decision to validate/ deny a private legal relation between

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Decision that merges into private act

• _{Decision whose extent endorse or deny private}

acts e.g. decision to sell ofcial houses to

public servants, decision by PT Telkom to reject phone connection.

• _{Decision that causes the fulfllment or}

unfulfllment of requirements for a private act to be conducted validly e.g. endorsement of tender winner and issuance of work order.

• _{Decision that is an implementation of a private}

act e.g. decision to allow occupation of houses built under an agreement between regional

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• _The

_purpose

_{of such decisions is}

to regulate and validate private

act, whose

elements

are:

• _{Endorsement or denial}

• _{Fulfllment of requirements}

• _{Implementation}

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(22)

• _{In its implementation, such decisions}

may constitute unlawful act. 

onrechtmatige overheidsdaad

• _{Legal protection to citizens against}

government’s unlawful act in its

capacity as representative of public legal entity is provided by general courts.

(23)

Administrative Law and

Criminal Law

• _{Government’s unlawful act means it violates}

legal regulations, (wettelijkstarftbepaling) i.e. in a procedural sense. (MK Decision Nr. 003/2006)

• Theoretically...

• In line with legality principle in Penal Code Art. 1.1

• Criminal stipulations may only be in UU and Perda

• _{Philosophically, Kelsen argued that criminal}

sanction falls into the category of coercive acts that may constitute confscation of

proprietary rights e.g. right to life, health, freedom or property.

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• _{An Ofcial...}

• _{acts unlawfully}

_{in a procedural}

sense

if such act is conducted in

her capacity as an administrative

ofcial whilst pertains to

government norms.

• _{acts unlawfully}

_{in a substantive}

sense

if she performs

maladministration, whose

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Abuse of Authority

• _{Detournement de pouvoir}

• _{Authority (}_bevoegheid_{) is the whole}

rights and obligations granted and imposed explicitly by law to public legal subject.

• _bevoegheid_{contains task (}_taak_{), rights}

(rechten), obligations (plichten), liabilities (verantwoordelijkheid)

• _{Competence to conduct certain legal}

acts.

(26)

• _{Authority vested to a legal subject}

with predetermined specifc

purpose.

• _{Deviation from such purpose may}

constitute an abuse of authority.

• _{Specifcation of purpose is defned/}

delineated in legal regulation that stipulates the authority.

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• _{Hadjon argues that elements of an}

abuse of authority are as follows.

• _{Implementation for other purposes} • _{Does not constitute negligence}

• _{Conducted in full awareness/}

intentionally

• _{Vested with own and/or other people’s}

interests.

• _{Can only happen to}_attribution_and

delegation. Mandataris cannot

abuse authority because it stays with the Mandans.

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Detournement de Pouvoir

vs Ultra Vires

• _{Wade argues that}_{ultra vires}_happens

where power and authority are given for a specifc purpose.

• _{Relevant Adm. Law principle is Validity}

i.e. Doing the right thing in the right way.

• _{Ultra vires}_{is diferentiated into}

substantive ultra vires and procedural

ultra vires.

(29)

• _Substantive_{ultra vires} _{= doing the}

wrong thing

• _Procedural_{ultra vires} _{= doing the}

right thing in the wrong way.

• _{Public Corruption}_{= doing the wrong}

thing in the wrong way, containing

elements of maladministration, causing loss to public fnance.

(30)

Beyond Authority

• _{Beyond authority = unauthorized}

(onbevoegd)

• _{Pertains to legality principle.}

• _{Unauthorized act = null and void (}_neitig

van rechtwege)

• _{Unauthorized can be in these regards}

• _Area • _Time

• _{Subject matter}

• _{Criminally liable if elements are fulflled.}

(31)

Arbitrariness

(

Willekeur

)

• _{Pertains to discretionary power}

• _{D.J.Galigan: pertains to}_reasons_to

use discretionary power, does not constitute reasonable act.

• _Rationality_{or properness as}

essential parameter.

• _{Arbitrariness = irrationality}

• _{May be held criminally liable.}