teori hukum TITIS.docx

(1)

MAKALAH UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER

MATA KULIAH TEORI HUKUM

(Dosen: Dr. H. Hasbi Hasan, MH.)

Disusun Oleh:

TITIS ADITYO NUGROHO

NPM. 2015010261067

PASCASARJANA MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM

UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA

2016

(2)

(3)

DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI

Cover...

Cover... --Daftar

Daftar Isi...Isi... 11

BAB I BAB I

KONSEP MENGENAI DOGMATIK HUKUM, TEORI HUKUM KONSEP MENGENAI DOGMATIK HUKUM, TEORI HUKUM DAN

DAN I!SAI!SAAAT T HUKUM HUKUM ... "" A.

A. i#safi#safat H$%$& ....at H$%$& ... "" B.

B. TeTeori Hori H$%$& $%$& ... '' C.

C. Do(&Do(&ati% H$%ati% H$%$& ...$& ... ))

BAB II BAB II

PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM MURNI DAN PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM MURNI DAN IMP!E

IMP!EMENTMENTASASIN*IN*A A DI DI INDONINDONESIA..ESIA... ++ A.

A. TeTeori Hori H$%$& $%$& M$ri M$ri ... 1'1' B.

B. I&#e&I&#e&etasi etasi TeTeori H$ori H$%$& M%$& M$ri $ri i Ioi Ioesia .esia ... ... 1111

BAB III BAB III

PERDEBATAN

PERDEBATAN LEGAL SYST LEGAL SYSTEM THEORYEM THEORY /!A0RENCE M./!A0RENCE M. REID

REIDMANN DAN IMP!EMMANN DAN IMP!EMENTENTASASIN*IN*A DA DI INDONESII INDONESIA ...A ... 1)1) A.

A. Legal System Theory Legal System Theory2Te2Teori Siste& ori Siste& H$%$& /!a3re4e M.H$%$& /!a3re4e M. rei&a...

rei&a... 1)1) B.

B. I&I&##e&e&eetatasisi Legal System Theory Legal System Theory i i IoIoesia esia ... 1+1+

BAB I5 BAB I5

PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM POSTMODERNISME PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM POSTMODERNISME DAN

DAN IMP!EMENTIMP!EMENTASIN*ASIN*A A DI DI INDONESIA INDONESIA ... "1"1 A.

A. TeTeori H$%ori H$%$& Post$& Post&oe&oeris&e .ris&e ... "1"1 1.

1. De%oDe%ostr$%tstr$%tifis&e ifis&e ... "'"' ".

". Re#ativRe#ativis&e is&e ... "6"6 '.

'. P#$ra#iP#$ra#is&e s&e ... ")") B.

B. I&#e&I&#e&etasi etasi TeTeori Hori H$%$& $%$& Post&Post&oeroeris&eis&e i Ii Iooeesiasia... """"

BAB 5 BAB 5 MANAA

MANAAT DAN RE!E5ANSI TEORI T DAN RE!E5ANSI TEORI HUKUMHUKUM DA!A

DA!AM MENGKONSM MENGKONSTRUKTRUKSI KAR*SI KAR*A A I!MIAH /TESI!MIAH /TESIS...IS... "7"7

DAT

(4)

BAB I BAB I

KONSEP MENGENAI DOGMATIK HUKUM, TEORI HUKUM DAN KONSEP MENGENAI DOGMATIK HUKUM, TEORI HUKUM DAN

FILSAFAT HUKUM FILSAFAT HUKUM

9.

9. GiGi:s:ssese#s #s aa  MaMar% r% vava  HoHoe4e4%e%e, , &e&e&;&;eea%a%a a i#i#&$ &$ <$<$%$%$&& ;erasar%a

;erasar%a e#aisa e#aisa i#&$ i#&$ <$%$&, <$%$&, =a( =a( &e#i$ti &e#i$ti fi#safat fi#safat <$%$&, <$%$&, teori teori <$%$&,<$%$&, a o(&ati% <$%$&

a o(&ati% <$%$&11_{, %e ti(a #aisa i#&$ <$%$& terse;$t se#a:$t=a iara<%a}_{, %e ti(a #aisa i#&$ <$%$& terse;$t se#a:$t=a iara<%a}

%eaa ra%ti% <$%$&. %eaa ra%ti% <$%$&.

A.

A. FF!"!"#$#$#% #% H&H&'&'&((

Se4ara %roo#o(is er%e&;a(a i#&$ <$%$& ia3a#i o#e< fi#safat Se4ara %roo#o(is er%e&;a(a i#&$ <$%$& ia3a#i o#e< fi#safat <$%

<$%$& $& a a isis$s$$s$# # o(o(&at&ati% i% <$%<$%$& $& /i#&/i#&$ $ <$%<$%$& $& osositiitif. f. Ke=Ke=ataaataa  ii se:a#a e(a eaat !i#i Ras:ii,

se:a#a e(a eaat !i#i Ras:ii,""_{;a<3a fi#safat <$%$& aa#a< ref#e%si}_{;a<3a fi#safat <$%$& aa#a< ref#e%si}

teo

teoritiritis s /i/ite#ete#e%t$%t$a# a# tetetata( ( <$%<$%$& $& =a=a( ( a#a#i( i( t$at$a, , a a aaat at i%i%ata%ata%aa &er$a%a i$% ari se&$a ref#e%si teoritis teta( <$%$&. i#safat <$%$& &er$a%a i$% ari se&$a ref#e%si teoritis teta( <$%$&. i#safat <$%$& a

aa#aa#a< < fifi#sa#safat fat atata$ a$ ;a;a(i(ia a aari ri fifi#sa#safafat t =a=a( ( &e&e((arara<a<%a%a  reref#ef#e%s%sii=a=a ter<aa <$%$& ata$ (e:a#a, se;a(ai&aa i%e&$%a%a 9. Ge:sse#s,

ter<aa <$%$& ata$ (e:a#a, se;a(ai&aa i%e&$%a%a 9. Ge:sse#s,''_fi#safat_fi#safat

<$%$& aa#a< fi#safat $&$& =a( itera%a aa <$%$& a (e:a#a <$%$&. <$%$& aa#a< fi#safat $&$& =a( itera%a aa <$%$& a (e:a#a <$%$&. Ha# =a( sa&a :$(a a#a& a#i# D.H.M. Me$3isse, ;a<3a

Ha# =a( sa&a :$(a a#a& a#i# D.H.M. Me$3isse, ;a<3a rechtfilosofie isrechtfilosofie is filosofie

filosofie. i#safat <$%$& aa#a< fi#safat %area it$ ia &ere$(%a se&$a. i#safat <$%$& aa#a< fi#safat %area it$ ia &ere$(%a se&$a ersoa#a

ersoa#a f$a&eta# f$a&eta# a a &asa#a<-&asa#a< &asa#a<-&asa#a< er;atasa er;atasa =a( =a( ;er%aita;er%aita e(a (e:a#a <$%$&. Ber%aita e(a a:ara fi#safat a#a& <$%$&, &a%a e(a (e:a#a <$%$&. Ber%aita e(a a:ara fi#safat a#a& <$%$&, &a%a r$a( #i(%$

r$a( #i(%$ fi#safat  fi#safat <$%$<$%$& tia% & tia% #eas ari a:ara #eas ari a:ara fi#safat it$ seiri, =a(fi#safat it$ seiri, =a( &e#i$ti>

&e#i$ti>66

1

1_{P<i#i$s M. Ha:o, ?Pe(%a:ia I#&$ H$%$& Do(&ati% /Nor&atif@,}_{P<i#i$s M. Ha:o, ?Pe(%a:ia I#&$ H$%$& Do(&ati% /Nor&atif@, Yuridika Jurnal}_{Yuridika Jurnal}

Hukum ni!ersitas Airlangga Sura"aya

Hukum ni!ersitas Airlangga Sura"aya, No.  , No.  TaTa<$ I, Nove&;er-Dese&;er 16,<$ I, Nove&;er-Dese&;er 16, <#&. '.

<#&. '.

2

2_{Berar Arief Si<arta, "888,}_{Berar Arief Si<arta, "888, Refleksi tentang Struktur #lmu Hukum}_{Refleksi tentang Struktur #lmu Hukum, Maar Ma:$,}_{, Maar Ma:$,}

Ba$(, <#&. 11. Ba$(, <#&. 11.

3

3_{P<i#i$s M. Ha:o, O$%cit}_{P<i#i$s M. Ha:o,} _{O$%cit ., <#&. 6.}_{., <#&. 6.}

4

(5)

−

&ertama, oto#o(i <$%$&, =a%i &e&e#a:ari <a%i%at <$%$&, &isa#=a

<a%i%at e&o%rasi, <$;$(a <$%$& a &ora# a #ai=a

−

'edua, a%sio#o(= <$%$&, =a%i &e&e#a:ari isi ari i#ai seerti

%e;eara, %eai#a, %e;e;asa, %e3a:ara, e=a#a<($aa 3e3ea( a #ai=a

−

'etiga, ieo#o(i <$%$&, =a%i &e&e#a:ari ri4ia ari %ese#$r$<a

ora( a &as=ara%at =a( aat &e&;eri%a asar ata$ #e(iti&asi ;a(i %e;eraaa #e&;a(a-#e&;a(a <$%$& =a( a%a ati(, s=ste& <$%$& ata$ ;a(ia ari s=ste& <$%$&

−

'eem$at , eiste&o#o(i <$%$&, =a%i &er$a%a s$at$ st$i &eta

fi#safat. Me&e#a:ari aa =a( ;er<$;$(a e(a erta=aa se:a$< &aa e(eta<$a &e(eai <a%i%at <$%$& ata$ &asa#a< fi#safat <$%$& =a( f$a&eta# #ai=a =a( $&$&=a &e&$(%i%a

−

'elima, te#eo#o(i <$%$&, =a%i &eet$%a isi a t$:$a <$%$&

−

'eenam, %ei#&$a <$%$&, =a%i &er$a%a &eta teori ;a(i <$%$& a

−

'etu(uh, #o(i%a <$%$&, =a%i &e(ara< %eaa ar($&etasi <$%$&,

;a($a #o(is ari siste& <$%$& a str$%t$r siste& <$%$&.

T#)*! 1. S$#% K*!(&#+ F!"#$#% H&'&(

B. T*- H&'&(

Teori H$%$& a#a& #i(%$(a ;er;a<asa I((ris, ise;$t e(a (uris$rudence ata$ legal theory. Teori H$%$& #a<ir se;a(ai %e#a:$ta ata$ e((ati allgemeine rechtslehre =a( ti&;$# aa a;a %e-1 %eti%a &iat aa fi#safat <$%$& &e(a#a&i %e#es$a %area iaa( ter#a#$ a;stra%

a se%$#atif a o(&ati% iaa( ter#a#$ %o%ret serta teri%at aa te&at a 3a%t$. Isti#a< allgemeine rechtslehre ii &$#ai ter(eser o#e< isti#a< rechtstheorie =a( iarti%a se;a(ai teori ari <$%$& ositif =a( &e&e#a:ari &asa#a<-&asa#a< $&$& =a( sa&a aa se&$a siste& <$%$&,

(6)

=a( &e#i$ti> sifat, <$;$(a atara <$%$& a e(ara serta <$%$& a &as=ara%at.

Se<$;$(a e(a r$a( #i(%$ a f$(si=a, teori <$%$& iarti%a se;a(ai i#&$ =a( a#a& erse%tif iterisi#ier a e%stera# se4ara %ritis &e(aa#isis ;er;a(ai ase% (e:a#a <$%$&, ;ai% a#a& %osesi teoritis=a &a$$ a#a& %aita %ese#$r$<a, ;ai% a#a& %osesi teoritis &a$$ &aifestasi ra%tis, e(a t$:$a &e&ero#e< e&a<a&a =a( #e;i< ;ai% a &e&;eri%a e:e#asa se:eri< &$(%i teta( ;a<a <$%$& =a( tersa:i a %e(iata =$riis a#a& %e=ataa &as=ara%at.)

Teori <$%$& &er$a%a i#&$ e%s#aasi <$%$& =a( sifat=a iter-isi#ier. E%s#aasi a#a& teori <$%$& sifat=a e%s#aasi aa#isis sea(%a a#a& o(&ati% <$%$& &er$a%a e%s#aasi te%i% =$riis a a#a& ;ia( fi#safat se;a(ai e%s#aasi ref#e%tif. Sifat iterisi#ier aat ter:ai &e#a#$i $a 4ara>

−

&ertama, &e(($a%a <asi# isi#i #ai $t$% e%s#aasi <$%$&

−

'edua, e(a &etoe seiri &ee#iti ;ia(-;ia( seerti> se:ara<

<$%$&, sosio#o(i <$%$& a #ai=a.

Per&asa#a<a $ta&a ia#a< aa%a< =$ris &a&$ se4ara &airi &e#a%$%a <a# terse;$t.

Ber%aita e(a sifat iterisi#ier, &a%a ;ia( %a:ia teori <$%$& &e#i$ti>+

−

&ertama, aa#isis ;a<a <$%$&, &e#i$ti %ose <$%$&, or&a <$%$&,

siste& <$%$&, %ose <$%$& te%is, #e&;a(a <$%$&-fi($r <$%$&, f$(si a s$&;er <$%$&

−

'edua, a:ara &etoe <$%$&, &e#i$ti &etoe o(&ati% <$%$&, &etoe

e&;et$%a <$%$& a &etoe eeraa <$%$&

−

'etiga, &etoe %ei#&$a o(&ati% <$%$&, =ait$ aa%a< i#&$ <$%$&

se;a(ai isi#i #o(i%a, isi#i e%seri&eta# ata$ isi#i hermeneutic a

5_{Berar Arief Si<arta, O$%cit%) <#&. 1"".}

6_{P<i#i$s M. Ha:o, O$%cit ., <#&. '.}

(7)

−

'eem$at , %riti% ieo#o(i <$%$&. Ber;ea e(a %eti(a ;ia( %a:ia i

atas, %riti% ieo#o(i &er$a%a <a# ;ar$ a#a& ;ia( %a:ia teori <$%$&. Ieo#o(i aa#a< %ese#$r$<a i#ai ata$ or&a =a( &e&;a($ visi ora( ter<aa &a$sia a &as=ara%at.

T#)*! 2. S$#% K*!(&#+ T*- H&'&(

C. D(#%' H&'&(

Do(&ati% <$%$& &er$a%a i#&$ <$%$& a#a& arti se&it. Titi% fo%$s=a aa#a< <$%$& ositif. D.H.M. Me$3isse /1+,7_&e&;eri%a

;atasa e(ertia o(&ati% <$%$& se;a(ai &e&aar%a, &e(aa#isis, &esiste&atisasi a &e(iterretasi <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$ ata$ <$%$& ositif. Ber;ea e(a M. va Hoe4%e /17"_{, &eefiisi%a o(&ati%}

<$%$& se;a(ai 4a;a( i#&$ <$%$& /a#a& arti #$as =a( &e&aar%a a &esiste&atisasi <$%$& ositif =a( ;er#a%$ a#a& s$at$ &as=ara%at tertet$ a aa s$at$ 3a%t$ tertet$ ari s$at$ s$$t aa( or&atif.

Berasar%a efiisi terse;$t ter#i<at, t$:$a o(&ati%$s <$%$& ;e%er:a tia% <a=a se4ara teoriti%a#, e(a &e&;eri%a e&a<a&a a#a& siste& <$%$&, tetai :$(a se4ara ra%ti%a#. De(a %ata #ai, ia, ;er%eaa e(a s$at$ &asa#a< tertet$, &e3ar%a a#teratif e=e#esaia =$riis =a( &$(%i. Ha# it$ &e=e;a;%a ;a<3a o(&ati%$s <$%$& ;e%er:a ari

8_{9.9.H. Br$((i% /Ter:. Berar Arief Si<arta, 1, Refleksi tentang Hukum) Citra}

Ait=a B<a%ti, Ba$(, <#&. 1.

(8)

s$$t erse%tif itera#, =ait$ &e(<ea%i a &e&osisi%a iri se;a(ai artisia =a( i%$t ;er;i4ara /eserta a%tif se4ara #a(s$( a#a& is%$si

=$rii% ter<aa <$%$& ositif. De(a e&i%ia aat isi&$#%a ;a<3a teori %e;eara =a( a#i( ses$ai ;a(i o(&ati%$s <$%$& aa#a< teori ra(&atis, i&aa roorsi =a( ite&$%a a#a& o(&ati% <$%$& ;$%a

<a=a ifor&atif ata$ e&iri%, tetai ter$ta&a =a( or&atif a eva#$atif.

T#)*! /. H&)&+#+ D(#%' H&'&( D*+#+ T*- H&'&(

(9)

BAB II

PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM MURNI DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

A. T*- H&'&( M&-+

Teori <$%$& &$ri18 _{/reine rechtslehre) the $ure theory of la*}

&er$a%a sa#a< sat$ 3arisa $ta&a Ke#se =a( sa&ai saat ii &asi< &e:ai r$:$%a e&i%ira a eeraa <$%$& i;er;a(ai e(ara. Teori ii i$;#i%asi%a $t$% erta&a %a#i=a a#a& ;$%$=a =a( ;er:$$# Reine Rechtslehre+ Einleitung in die Rechts*issenschaftliche &ro"lematik /Teori H$%$& M$ri> S$at$ Pe(atar Me(eai Masa#a<-Masa#a< a#a& Teori H$%$& =a( ter;it aa ta<$ 1'6. Kar=a Ke#se ii &er$a%a sa#a< sat$ r$:$%a $ta&a teori <$%$& aa a;a %e "8. Mes%i$ tia% #$$t ari %riti%, saat ii teori <$%$& &$ri &$#ai i#iri% %e&;a#i a irevita#isasi ter&as$% i e(ara-e(ara A(#o-Sao =a( se4ara traisioa# sa(at %ritis ter<aa teori ii. Para a<#i <$%$& ta&a%=a &erasa #e#a< a tia% re#a isi#i i#&$ <$%$& ter$s &eer$s ?ter:a:a<@ o#e< isi#i i#&$ #ai seerti sosio#o(i, e%oo&i, a o#iti%. Para a<#i <$%$& i(i &e&asti%a ;a<3a i#&$ <$%$& aa#a< isi#i =a( &airi /to find out *hat the la* itself says.

Se;a(ia a%ar &e(a((a teori <$%$& &$ri se;a(ai sa#a< sat$ ;et$% ata$ 3$:$ ari e&i%ira &e(eai ?<$%$& =a( ;er;asis %eaa a%a# se<at@ /legal common sense.11 _{Da#a& %ote%s ii <$%$& ia<a&i}

se;a(ai ses$at$ /s$;:e% =a( &airi taa <ar$s &e(ait%a=a e(a o#iti% ata$ eti% /&ora#. O#e< %area it$, a#a& aa(a Ke#se, ? $urity@

/%e&$ria <ar$s ia<a&i ;a<3a <$%$& aa#a< ses$at$ =a( <ar$s terisa< a iisa<%a ari &ora#, %area &ora# it$ seiri ;$%a <$%$&. H$%$& aa#a< i#&$ =a( <ar$s ter;e;as ari $s$r &ora#, tai ;$%a ;erarti a moral .

10_{Uraia #e(%a &e(eai teori ii aat i;a4a aa ;$%$ Has Ke#se, &ure Theory}

of La* /tras. ;= Ma Ki(<t, Ne3 9erse=> T<e !a3;oo% E4<a(e !t., "88).

11_{9or( Ka&&er<ofer, ?Has Ke#seFs P#a4e i Iteratioa# !e(a# T<eor=@ a#a& ;$%$}

Research Hand"ook in the Theory and History of #nterna,onal La* is$s$ o#e<

A#eaer Ora%<e#as<vi##i /e., C<e#te<a&> E3ar E#(ar P$;#is <i( !t, "811, <#&. 16'.

(10)

H$%$& a &ora#, &e$r$t Ke#se, &e&i#i%i a ;eraa a#a& 3i#a=a< =a( ;er;ea. De(a &e:ai%a <$%$& se;a(ai ses$at$ =a( ter;e;as ari $s$r

o-<$%$& / $urity, &a%a <$%$& aat &ea<;is%a iri=a se;a(ai ? science of norms@. Atas asar ii#a< Ke#se &e=e;$t teori=a se;a(ai teori <$%$& &$ri, %area &e$r$t Ke#se, teori ii &e:e#as%a <$%$& <a=a ari erse%tif <$%$& a ;er$sa<a $t$% &e(<i#a(%a e#e&e-e#e&e =a( ;$%a <$%$& /not strictly la*.1"

Me$r$t Ke#se, a:ara <$%$& a#a& tia% a%a aat ;e%er:a a ii&#e&etasi%a seerti =a( i%e<ea%i o#e< ?e&;$at=a@. A:ara <$%$& a#a& &e(aai%a aa=a i#ai-i#ai =a( a;so#$t / the $ossi"ility of a"solute !alues =a( aa (i#ira=a a%a &e#a<ir%a or&a a;so#$t =a( se4ara <irar%i ia((a #e;i< ti((i ariaa <$%$& ositif.1'_{Se<$;$(a}

e(a <a# ii Messer &e&;eri%a %o&etar se;a(ai ;eri%$t> *hether it "e -the nature of man-) God or reason) some instance or fact that transcends human *ill creates norms of natural la* that are claimed to "e hierarchically higher than and to derogate from) $ositi!e la* .16_{Tai, &e$r$t Ke#se, aa}

=a( ise;$t se;a(ai i#ai a;so#$t it$ se;ear=a tia% a%a era< ter4ita a setia $sa<a $t$% &ee&$%a i#ai terse;$t asti a%a (a(a#. Mes%i$ e&i%ia, Ke#se tia% &eo#a% ie teta( i#ai. Tia% aa i#ai =a( &e&i#i%i %e;eara a;so#$t, se;a; seseora( aat &ea#i#%a s$at$ or&a =a( &e&i#i%i i#ai &ora# rea< /immoral , &isa#=a> ?Aa <ar$s &e&;$$<@. Da#a& %ote%s ii Ke#se ;ereaat ;a<3a se&$a i#ai ;ersifat re#atif. Me$r$t Ke#se, a:ara <$%$& a#a& <a=a aat ite&at%a se;a(ai staar eti%a o#iti% /ethical.$olitical standard  ;a(i <$%$& ositif, a&$ tia% a%a &e#a<ir%a s$at$ er$;a<a a#a& <$%$& ositif. Da#a&

12_{Has Ke#se, Reine Rechtlehre, " eitio, 5er#a( ra De$ti4<e 0ie, 18, <#&. 1.}

13_{Ka&&er<ofer, Hans 'elsen-s &lace in #nternational Legal Theory, O$%cit ., <#&. 16).}

(11)

<a# ii 4ita iea# =a( i%a$(=a <a=a#a< se;$a< %#ai&. Bet$% a e%sistesi=a tia% ;er;ea e(a or&a =a( #ai=a.1)

Ke#se &ea3ar%a so#$si e(a &e((a;$(%a osivis&e <$%$& /the $ositi!ity of la* a or&ativis&e <$%$& /the normati!ity of la*. Me$r$t Ke#se, s$at$ or&a i=ata%a va#i, %area or&a terse;$t ia((a a i=ata%a se;a(ai ses$at$ =a( va#i, ia &e:ai va#i %area ia((a va#i. Ke#se &e=e;$t arai(&a ii se;a(ai ?as if @ /seo#a<-o#a<. !e;i< #a:$t Ke#se &e:e#as%a ;a<3a va#iitas s$at$ or&a iasar%a %eaa or&a =a( aa iatas=a a or&a terti((i a#a& s$at$ terti; or&a aa#a< aa =a( o#e< Ke#se ise;$t se;a(ai ? Grundnorm@ /or&a asar ata$ "asic norm.1 _{Grundnorm aa#a< s$at$ %oisi =a( ter4ita ;a(i}

%e&$(%ia aa=a %esaara a e&a<a&a &e(eai ?Ought @. 9ai, grundnorm it$ tia% #ai &er$a%a %o%retisasi arai(&a i%oto&is ? #s@ a ?Ought @ &e#a#$i res$osisi #o(i%a traseeta# =a( &e&$(%i%a ter;et$% a iteri&a=a s$at$ tataa <irar%i or&a =a( ;ersifat ? gi!en@.1+

Grundnorm ;$%a#a< se;$a< ;asis or&a =a( ;ersifat a;so#$t, &e#ai%a se;$a< ;asis or&a =a( ;ersifat <iotetis-eiste&o#o(is. Grundnorm is neither a norm $ro$erly s$eaking) nor $ro$erly of the normati!e order .17

Se;a(ai&aa <a#=a teori-teori <$%$& #ai=a, teori Ke#se :$(a tia% #$$t ari %e#e&a<a =a( &e&a4i( %o&etar a %riti%. Tia% aa teori =a( se&$ra. Kriti% erta&a a $ta&a ia#a&at%a %eaa teori <$%$& &$ri. K#ai& $rifi%asi <$%$& Ke#se ii#ai a 4eer$( tia% %osiste a :$str$ &e:ai%a <$%$& ses$at$ =a( tia% ;isa &e:ai &$ri /im$ure. A#asa o%o%=a, %area Ke#se tia% 4$%$ aat &e=a%i%a ;a(ai&aa grundnorm it$ <air a i<air%a /comes into e/istence.

15_{#"id , <#&. "6-".}

16_{#"id , <#&. 1-"86.}

17_{#"id ., <#&. "86-"8.}

(12)

a%ta=a, $t$% &e(<air%a grundnorm ier#$%a ;at$a ari i#&$ #ai seerti se:ara<, o#iti%, e%oo&i, a se;a(ai=a =a( :$str$ i#&$-i#&$ terse;$t ito#a% %e<aira=a o#e< Ke#se a ia((a se;a(ai e#e&e asi(.

Teori <$%$& &$ri :$(a ia((a tia% &a&$ &e&;eri%a :a3a;a =a( t$tas a &e=a%i%a &e(eai %eai#a. Me$r$t Ke#se, %eai#a aa#a< 4ita a asa =a( irrasioa#. Paa<a#, %eai#a aa#a< :i3a ari <$%$&. Da#a& <a# ii Ke#se 4$%$ %osiste e(a teori <$%$& &$ri-=a =a( &ea&i#%a <$%$& seerti t$;$< =a( &e&i#i%i t$#a( ;e#$#a( =a( %o%o<, tai tia% &e&i#i%i r$<, tia% &e&i#i%i sirit. De&i $rifi%asi <$%$&, Ke#se &e(e=a&i(%a %eai#a =a( &er$a%a :i3a-=a <$%$&. Kriti% =a( 4$%$ ta:a& isa&ai%a o#e< C<a se;a(ai ;eri%$t> 'elsen-s theory studies only the skin of the legal system) lea!ing its life and acti!ity to sociologist or other social scien,sts% His theory is another e/am$le of

o"scurantism and esca$ism.1

Kriti% ta:a& #ai=a it$:$%a %eaa %ose &e(eai grundnorm. Ba(i ara e(%riti%=a, grundnorm teta tia% :e#as. Ia ;$%a <$%$& ositif, <a=a se;$a< res$osisi =a( aa a#a& %esaara <$%$&. Grundnorm ;ersifat meta legal . Ba(i 9$#i$s Stoe, e(a %ara%teristi% =a( ser;a tia% :e#as ii a%a sa(at s$#it ;a(i grundnorm $t$% aat &e:e#as%a aa a ;a(ai&aa <$%$& it$ se;ear=a. Se#e(%a=a Stoe &e(ata%a se;a(ai ;eri%$t> #t is difficult to see *hat the $ure theory of la* can contri"ute to a system *hich it assumes to "e la* "ut *hich it deri!es from a "asic norm *hich it cannot find .⁷_{Si(%at=a, ;asis fi#osofis grundnorm sa(at #e&a<}

a (o=a< / shaky foundation. Da#a& ra%ti%, #e(a#itas a va#iitas grundnorm tia% ter#eta% aa efe%tivitas=a, &e#ai%a :$str$ aa eeri&aa=a o#e< e(ai#a. Ber;ea e(a Ke#se =a( &e(%#ai& ;a<3a grundnorm it$ aa#a< t<e highest norm, ;a(i ara e(%riti%=a, grundnorm it$ <a=a se;$a< roosisi &ora#. Teori <irar%i or&a :$(a tia%

19_{Hari C<a, Modern Juris$rudence, Se#a(or> Iteraoa# !a3 Boo% Series, "88),}

(13)

#$$t ari %riti%. Ka#a$ <irar%i or&a it$ i#eta%%a a#a& %ote%s eetaa s$&;er <$%$&, teori Ke#se ii ia((a tia% &e&i#i%i asar =a( %$at, %area s$&;er-s$&;er <$%$& terse;$t seerti %e;iasaa, $a(-$a(, ata$ o%tri resee /a#a& siste& A(#o Sao tia% ;eraa aa osisi =a( s$;oriatif. Nor&a aa#a< or&a. Sat$ e(a =a( #ai=a tia% aa osisi =a( %otrai%tif ata$ sa#i( &e(<a$s%a.

B. I(!*(*+%#" T*- H&'&( M&-+  I++*"#

Teori Has %e#se =a( &eaat ;a=a% er<atia aa#a< <ierar%i or&a <$%$& a ratai va#iitas =a( &e&;et$% ira&ia <$%$& / stufentheorie. Sa#a< seora( to%o< =a( &e(e&;a(%a teori terse;$t aa#a< &$ri Has Ke#se, =ait$ Has Na3ias%=. Teori Na3ia%= ise;$t e(a theorie !on stufenuf"au der rechtsordnung . S$s$a or&a &e$r$t teori terse;$t aa#a<>

1. Nor&a f$a&eta# e(ara /Staatsfundamentalnorm ". At$ra asar e(ara / staatsgrundgeset0 

'. Ua(-$a( for&a# / formell geset0  a

6. Perat$ra e#a%saaa a erat$ra otoo& /!erordnung en autonome sat0ung .

Staatsfundamentalnorm aa#a< or&a =a( &er$a%a asar ;a(i e&;et$%a %ostit$si ata$ Ua(-Ua( Dasar / staats!erfassung  ari s$at$ e(ara. Posisi <$%$& ari s$at$ Staatsfundamentalnorm aa#a< se;a(ai s=arat ;a(i ;er#a%$=a s$at$ %ostit$si. Staatsfundamentalnorm aa ter#e;i< a<$#$ ari %ostit$si s$at$ e(ara."8

Me$r$t Na3ias%=, or&a terti((i =a( o#e< Ke#se ise;$t se;a(ai or&a asar /"asic norm a#a& s$at$ e(ara se;ai%=a tia% ise;$t se;a(ai staats grundnorm &e#ai%a Staats fundamental norm, ata$ or&a f$a&eta# e(ara. Grundnorm aa asar=a tia% ;er$;a<-$;a<, sea(%a or&a terti((i ;er$;a< &isa#=a e(a 4ara %$eta ata$ revo#$si. Teori ta((a &e((a&;ar%a asar ;er#a%$=a s$at$ %aia< ter #eta% 20_{A. Ha&i A. Atta&i&i, &eranan 'e$utusan &residen Re$u"lik #ndonesia dalam}

&enyelenggaraan &emerintahan 1egara2 Suatu Studi Analisis Mengenai 'e$utusan &residen yang 3erfungsi &engaturan dalam 'urun 4aktu &elita #5&elita #6 , Disertasi

(14)

aa %aia< =a( iatas=a. Me$r$t Ke#se> !e(a#itas Perat$ra ter#eta% aa UU, a #e(a#itas UU ter#eta% aa UUD.

Berasar%a teori Has Na3ia%=, A. Ha&i S. Atta&i&i &e&;a-i(%a=a e(a teori Ke#se a &eera%a=a aa str$%t$r tata <$%$& i Ioesia. Atta&i&i &e$:$%%a str$%t$r <ierar%i tata <$%$& Ioesia e(a &e(($a%a teori Na3ias%=. Berasar%a teori terse;$t, str$%t$r tata <$%$& Ioesia aa#a<>"1

1. Staats fundamental norm+ Pa4asi#a /Pe&;$%aa UUD 16). ". Staats grundgeset0 > Bata( T$;$< UUD 16), Ta MPR, a

Kovesi Ketatae(araa.

'. 7ormell geset0 > Ua(-Ua(.

6. 6erordnung en Autonome Sat0ung > Se4ara <ierar%is &$#ai ari Perat$ra Pe&erita< <i((a Ke$t$sa B$ati ata$ 0a#i%ota.

Pee&ata Pa4asi#a se;a(ai Staats f$a&eta# or& erta&a %a#i isa&ai%a o#e< Notoa(oro."" _{Pa4asi#a i#i<at se;a(ai 4ita <$%$&}

/re4<tsiee &er$a%a ;ita( e&a$. Posisi ii &e(<ar$s%a e&;et$%a <$%$& ositif aa#a< $t$% &e4aai ie-ie a#a& Pa4asi#a, serta aat i($a%a $t$% &e($:i <$%$& ositif. De(a iteta%a=a Pa4asi#a se;a(ai Staats f$a&eta# or& &a%a e&;et$%a <$%$&, eeraa, a e#a%saaa=a tia% aat

i#eas%a ari i#ai-i#ai Pa4asi#a."'

Na&$, e(a ee&ata Pa4asi#a se;a(ai Staats.fundamental norm ;erarti &ee&at%a=a i atas Ua(-Ua( Dasar. 9i%a e&i%ia, Pa4asi#a tia% ter&as$% a#a& e(ertia %ostit$si, %area ;eraa i atas %ostit$si. Ut$% &e&;a<as er&asa#a<a ii aat i#a%$%a e(a &e#a4a% %e&;a#i %osesi or&a asar a %ostit$si

21_{#"id ., <#&. ')}

22_{Notoa(oro, @ &em"ukaan ndang.ndang 8asar 9:;< =&okok 'aidah 7undamentil}

1egara #ndonesia>? dalam &ancasila 8asar 7alsafah 1egara, Ceta%a %ee&at, /9a%arta> Pat:$ra T$:$<, taa ta<$.

(15)

&e$r$t Ke#se a e(e&;a(a =a( i;$at o#e< Na3ias%=, serta &e#i<at <$;$(a atara Pa4asi#a a UUD 16).

Ke#se &e&;a<as va#iitas or&a-or&a <$%$& e(a &e((a&;ar%a=a se;a(ai s$at$ ratai va#iitas =a( ;er$:$( aa %ostit$si e(ara. 9i%a ;erta=a &e(aa %ostit$si it$ va#i, &$(%i aat &e$:$% aa %ostit$si #a&a. A%<ir=a &e4aai ;e;eraa %ostit$si <i((a %ostit$si erta&a =a( iteta%a o#e< iivi$ ata$ se&a4a& &a:e#is. 5a#iitas %ostit$si erta&a aa#a< res$osisi tera%<ir, ost$#at =a( fia#, i &aa va#iitas se&$a or&a a#a& tata at$ra <$%$& ;er(at$(. Do%$&e =a( &er$a%a 3$:$ %ostit$si erta&a aa#a< %ostit$si ses$(($<=a, s$at$ or&a &e(i%at, <a=a a#a& %oisi ires$osisi%a se;a(ai va#i. Pres$osisi ii#a< =a( ise;$t e(a isti#a< trancendental.logical $ressu$osition."6

Se&$a or&a <$%$& aa#a< &i#i% sat$ tata at$ra <$%$& =a( sa&a %area va#iitas=a aat i#a4a% %e&;a#i, se4ara #a(s$( ata$ tia%, %eaa %ostit$si erta&a. Ba<3a %ostit$si erta&a aa#a< or&a <$%$& =a( &e(i%at aa#a< ses$at$ =a( ireosisi%a, a for&$#asi reosisi terse;$t aa#a< or&a asar ari tata at$ra <$%$& ii.

Ka#i&at tera%<ir :e#as &e$:$%%a aa=a $a <a#, =ait$ or&a asar aa#a< res$osisi atas va#iitas %ostit$si erta&a. Nor&a asar tia% i;$at a#a& rose$r <$%$& o#e< or(a e&;$at <$%$&. Nor&a ii va#i tia% %area i;$at e(a 4ara tia%a <$%$&, tetai va#i %area ires$osisi%a va#i, a ires$osisi%a va#i %area taa res$osisi ii tia% aa tia%a &a$sia aat itafsir%a se;a(ai

<$%$&, %<$s$s=a or&a e&;$at <$%$&.

!o(i%a Ke#se terse;$t seri( ia<a&i se4ara sa#a< e(a &e4a&$ra$%%a atara res$osisi va#iitas a %ostit$si, &aa%a< =a( &er$a%a or&a asar =grundnormJ. Ha# ii#a< =a( se#a:$t=a ise#esai%a o#e< Na3ias%= e(a &e&;ea%a atara staatsfundamental.norm e(a staatsgrundgeset0 ata$ grundnorm

24_{Has Ke#se, &ure Theory of La*, Ber%e#=> Uiversit= Ca#iforia Press, 1+7, <#&}

(16)

e(a a#asa ;a<3a grundnorm aa asar=a tia% ;er$;a< sea(%a staatsfundamentalnorm aat ;er$;a< seerti &e#a#$i %$eta ata$

revo#$si.")

Peaat Na3ias%= terse;$t se;ear=a se:a#a e(a aa(a Ke#se. Ke#se :$(a &e=ata%a ;a<3a %ostit$si &e&a( i;$at s$#it $t$% i$;a< %area e(a e&i%ia &e:ai ;er;ea e(a or&a <$%$& ;iasa."_{Se#ai it$, Ke#se :$(a &e=ata%a ;a<3a s$at$ tata}

<$%$& %e<i#a(a va#iitas=a se4ara %ese#$r$<a :i%a ter:ai %$eta ata$ revo#$si =a( efe%tif. K$eta ata$ revo#$si aa#a< er$;a<a tata <$%$& se#ai e(a 4ara =a( itet$%a o#e< tata <$%$& it$ seiri. K$eta ata$ revo#$si &e:ai fa%ta <i#a(=a res$osisi va#iitas %ostit$si erta&a a i(ati%a e(a res$osisi =a( #ai. Tata <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$ aa#a< se;$a< tata <$%$& ;ar$ &es%i$ e(a &ateri =a(

sa&a e(a tata <$%$& #a&a."+

Berasar%a $raia atara aa(a Ke#se a Na3ias%= terse;$t aat isi&$#%a ;a<3a staats.fundamentalnorm =a( i%e&$%a%a o#e< a3ias%= aa#a< res$osisi va#iitas %ostit$si erta&a =a( i%e&$%a%a o#e< Ke#se se;a(ai or&a asar. Sea(%a staats-(r$(eset-=a Na3ias%= aa#a< %ostit$si a#a& aa(a Ke#se. Perta=aa se#a:$t=a aa#a< aa%a< Pa4asi#a &er$a%a staatsfundamentalnorm ata$ &er$a%a ;a(ia ari %ostit$si.

25_{Atta&i&i, O Cit., <a#. ').}

26_{Has Ke#se, &ure Theory of La*, O$ @it , <#& 1"6  1").}

(17)

BAB III

PERDEBATAN LEGAL SYSTEM THEORY LA3RENCE M. FREIDMANN4 DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

A. Legal Syse! TheoryT*- S"%*( H&'&( L#-*+* M. F-*(#++4 Siste& <$%$& i%e&;a(%a o#e< a<#i <$%$& Ro&a3i aa a;a %e-) Mase<i, e(%oifi%asia <$%$& te#a< i#a%$%a saat 9$stiia$s /%e-)"+-%e-)%e-) ;er%$asa i %e%aisara Biati$&, ;er$a %o&i#asi ari @ode) 8igest

=&andects>) #nstitutes) 1o!els. Ke&$ia Nao#eo &e&erita<%a e#a%saaa $ifi%asi <$%$& ;erasa# ari <$%$& Ger&aia a <$%$& Ro&a3i a#a& code na$oleon =a( i%ea# e(a 4oe 4ivi#. Paa ta((a# "1 Maret 1786 i;er#a%$%a i Pera4is. Pe&;er#a%$%a @ode ci!il i Be#aa aa saat Pera4is &e:a:a< Be#aa atara ta<$ 1786 <i((a 171' a <i((a &ere%a Be#aa teta &e4oto< code ci!il $t$% e&;$ata erat$ra er$a(-$a(=a. Di Ioesia, or&a-or&a <$%$& a#a& siste& <$%$& code ci!il i ;er#a%$%a Be#aa aa saat &e:a:a<. Nor&a <$%$& =a( iat$<i &as=ara%at ;er;ea sat$ e(a &as=ara%at #ai=a ses$ai e(a %eai#a =a( irasa%a a((ota &as=ara%at se;a(ai saraa &e#i$(i &as=ara%at a saraa &e=e#esai%a %of#i% =a( ter:ai a#a& &as=ara%at. Nor&a <$%$& =a( itaati &as=ara%at ;eraa a#a& #i(%$ s$at$ siste& <$%$& =a( e%sistesi=a ia%$i o#e< &as=ara%at."7

Da#a& siste& <$%$&, ter%a$( s$at$ &a%a ;a<3a <$%$& it$ tia% ter;atas at$ra a er$a(-$a(a sa:a. Ba=a% $s$r #ai=a =a( sa(at &e&e(ar$<i <$%$&, iatara=a ;er;a(ai sit$asi =a( <i$ a#a& &as=ara%at /li!ing la* e(a 4iri ri&aritas=a aa $s$r %eai#a."

28_{!a3re4e M. rie&a The Legal System2 A Social Scince &res$ecti!e, ter:e&a<a}

M.K<oi& "88 <a# 17

29_{Iri=ato Seo A:i, Humanisme dan &em"aharuan &enegakan hukum, PT. Ko&as}

(18)

!a3re4e M. rie&a a#a& teori Legal System? &e=ata%a ;a<3a %o&oe ari siste& <$%$& it$ &e#i$ti ti(a e#e&e =ait$>'8

1. Su"stansi hukum= su"stance rule of the la*>) ia#a&=a &e#i(%$i se#$r$< at$ra ;ai% =a( tert$#is &a$$ =a( tia% tert$#is, ;ai% =a( <$%$& &ateria# &a$$ <$%$& for&a#

". Struktur hukum =structure of the la*>) &e#i(%$i Praata <$%$&, Aarat$r <$%$& a siste& ee(a%%a <$%$&. Str$%t$r <$%$& erat %aita=a e(a siste& erai#a =a( i#a%saa%a o#e< aarat ee(a% <$%$&, a#a& siste& erai#a iaa, a#i%asi ee(a%a <$%$& i#a%$%a o#e< e=ii%, e$t$t, <a%i& a avo%at.

'. 3udaya hukum =legal culture>) &er$a%a ee%aa ari sisi ;$a=a se4ara $&$&, %e;iasaa-%e;iasaa, oii-oii, 4ara ;ertia% a ;eri%ir, =a( &e(ara<%a %e%$ata sosia# a#a& &as=ara%at.

Se#a:$t=a, !a3re4e M. rie&a &e=ata%a ;a<3a siste& <$%$& &e&i#i%i f$(si $t$% &eistri;$si%a a &e:a(a a#o%asi i#ai-i#ai =a( ;ear &e$r$t &as=ara%at, a#o%asi ii tertaa& e(a e&a<a&a a%a %e;eara, =a( ise;$t se;a(ai %eai#a.'1

Da#a& st$i i#&$ <$%$&, %e;a=a%a ora( ter$ta&a ara sar:aa <$%$& i Ioesia sa(at ie(ar$<i o#e< aa(a !a3re4e rie&a teta( siste& <$%$& /legal system =a( &e$r$t=a &e4a%$ ti(a %o&oe ata$ s$;-siste&, =ait$ /i %o&oe str$%t$r <$%$&, /ii s$;stasi <$%$&, a /iii ;$a=a <$%$&. Paa(a !a3re4e rie&a ii sa(at o$#er i %a#a(a sar:aa <$%$& Ioesia, se<i((a <a&ir tia% aa sar:aa <$%$& =a( tia% era< &e($ti a &e:ai%a=a r$:$%a $ta&a a#a& setia t$#isa =a( &e&;a<as &e(eai siste& <$%$&. Se4ara seer<aa, teori rie&a it$ &e&a( s$#it i;ata< %e;eara=a. Na&$, %$ra( isaari ;a<3a teori rie&a terse;$t se;ear=a iasar%a atas

30_{!a3re4e M. rie&a The Legal System2 A Social Scince &res$ecti!e, R$sse# Sa(e}

o$atio, Ne3 *or%, 1+) <a#. 1" - 1

(19)

erse%tif=a =a( ;ersifat sosio#o(is / sociological (uris$rudence. *a( <ea% i$rai%a=a e(a teori ti(a s$;-siste& str$%t$r, s$;stasi, a %$#t$r <$%$& it$ tia% #ai aa#a< ;a<3a ;asis se&$a ase% a#a& siste& <$%$& it$ aa#a< ;$a=a <$%$& S$;stasi =a( ter4er&i a#a& erat$ra er$a(-$a(a ata$ $ a#a& $t$sa$t$sa <a%i& se#a#$ ;erasa# ari ;$a=a <$%$&, a istit$si <$%$& =a( ;e%er:a $t$% &e&;$at &a$$ &eera%a a &ee(a%%a <$%$& :$(a ie(ar$<i o#e< ;$a=a <$%$& =a( <i$ a &e&e(ar$<i ora(-ora( =a( ;e%er:a i a#a& setia istit$si it$. Karea it$, &e$r$t !a3re4e rie&a, ;$a=a <$%$& it$#a< =a( &e:ai %o&oe $ta&a a#a& setia siste& <$%$&.'"

Me$r$t 9i&#=, e&;a($a <$%$& asioa# i Ioesia tia% &$(%i &e(($a%a tri%oto&i !a3re4e rie&a it$ aa aa=a taa eafsira a taa iovasi ses$ai e(a %eer#$a %ita seiri i

Ioesia. Karea it$, r$&$sa teta( %o&oe-%o&oe siste& a#a& ra(%a e&;a($a <$%$& asioa# =a( &e=e#$r$< a tera$ <ar$s &e(($a%a #o(i%a=a seiri. Aa#a(i :i%a i%ait%a e(a %e;$t$<a %ita se%ara( i a;a %e-"1, i &asa as4a refor&asi, tet$ %etera$a siste&i% a#a& $a=a %ita &era4a( strate(i e&;a($a <$%$& asioa# a aera< i se#$r$< Ioesia &e&er#$%a ee%ata =a( #e;i< &e=e#$r$<, ite(ra# a tereri4i e(a :e#as.''

Siste& <$%$& Ioesia &er$a%a siste& =a( ;er#a%$ i Ioesia se;a(ai s$&;er <$%$& ;a(i e(ai#a, ara <a%i&, $t$% &e&for&$#asi%a $t$sa, a :$(a aa saat =a( sa&a &e#i$ti i#ai-i#ai ata$ iea# =a( &e#aasi=a. Setia ;a(sa &e&i#i%i siste& <$%$&=a seiri, ;eserta siste& i#ai =a( &e#aasi=a, ter&as$% Ioesia.'6

32_{9i&#= Ass<iiLie, 8ialektika &em"aruan Sistem Hukum #ndonesia, Diter;it%a o#e<}

Se%retariat 9eera# Ko&isi *$isia# Re$;#i% Ioesia, "81", Ha#, ""-"'.

33_{#"id) Ha#. "6.}

34_{S#a&et, K.T, &engantar Sistem Hukum #ndonesia, Ba$(> PT. A#$&i. "88, Ha#.}

(20)

B. I(!*(*+%#" Legal Syse! Theory  I++*"#

Da#a& ra(%a &e&;a($ siste& erai#a i Ioesia &a%a ter%ait i a#a&=a e&;a($a s$;stasi <$%$&=a. Aa;i#a siste& erai#a i&a%s$%a se;a(ai ee(a%a <$%$& &a%a <a# ii :$(a a%a ;er<$;$(a e(a f$(si <$%$& se;a(ai e(at$r %e<i$a &as=ara%at. Da#a& <a# ii <$%$& <ar$s &e:a#ai s$at$ roses =a( a:a( a &e#i;at%a ;er;a(ai a%tivitas e(a %$a#itas =a( ;er;ea-;ea. Se4ara (aris ;esar a%tivitas it$ ;er$a e&;$ata <$%$& a ee(a%a <$%$&.

Berasar%a %o&oe rie&a, A4<&a A#i ;ereaat ;a<3a %oisi Siste& H$%$& Nasioa# Ioesia, sa(at &e=ei<%a a &e(a#a&i %eter$r$%%a =a( #$ar ;iasa. Keter$r$%a terse;$t tia% a%a ;er<asi# ier;ai%i aa;i#a soso%-soso% the dirty "room / sa$ %otor &asi<

&e$$%i :a;ata i ;er;a(ai istit$si <$%$&.')

Ba(ir Maa &e=e;$t%a ;a<a3a %eaaa <$%$& /the e/isting legal system > Ioesia e3asa ii &e$:$%%a <a#-<a# se;a(ai ;eri%$t>'

1. Di#i<at ari s$;stasi <$%$&  asas a %aia<  <i((a saat ii teraat ;er;a(ai siste& <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$  siste& <$%$& aat, siste& <$%$&

a(a&a, siste& <$%$& ;arat, a siste& <$%$& asioa#. Ti(a siste& =a( erta&a &er$a%a a%i;at o#iti% <$%$& &asa e:a:a<a. Se4ara e(atif, o#iti% <$%$& terse;$t i&a%s$%a $t$% &e&;iara%a ra%=at teta <i$ a#a& #i(%$(a <$%$& traisioa# a sa(at i;atasai $t$% &e&as$%i siste& <$%$& =a( ier#$%a ;a(i s$at$ er(a$#a =a( &oer.

". Diti:a$ ari se(i ;et$%, siste& <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$ #e;i< &e(aa#%a aa ;et$%-;et$% <$%$& tert$#is, Para e#a%saa a ee(a% <$%$& seatiasa &e(ara<a%a i%ira <$%$& aa

erat$ra-35_{A4<&a A#i, 'eter$urukan Hukum di #ndonesia =&enye"a" dan Solusinya>, /9a%arta>}

G<a#ia, "881, <#&. 18  11.

36_{Ba(ir Maa, &em"inaan Hukum 1asional) dalam Mochtar 'usumaatma(a +}

&endidik B 1egara*an ='um$ulan 'arya Tulis Menghormati CD Tahum &rof% 8r%

Mochtar 'usumaatma(a) SH% LL%M ., Eitor Mie%e Ko&ar, Ett= R. A(oes, E= Da&ia, /Ba$( > A#$&i Ba$(, 1, <#&. "'7  "6).

(21)

erat$ra tert$#is. Pe&a%aia %aia< <$%$& aat ata$ <$%$& is#a& <a=a ier($a%a a#a& <a#-<a# =a( se4ara <$%$& itet$%a <ar$s ieri%sa a i$t$s &e$r$t %e$a <$%$& terse;$t. Pe(($aa *$risr$esi a#a& &e&erti&;a(%a s$at$ $t$sa <a=a se%ear $t$% &e$%$( erat$ra <$%$& tert$#is =a( &e:ai t$&$a $ta&a.

'. Hi((a saat ii &asi< 4$%$ ;a=a% <$%$& tert$#is =a( i;et$% aa &asa Pe&erita< Hiia Be#aa. H$%$&-<$%$& ii ;$%a sa:a a#a& ;a=a% <a# tia% ses$ai e(a a#a& %e&ere%aa, tetai te#a< $#a %eti((a#a orietasi a &e(a$( %e%oso(a-%e%osos(a ;ai% iti:a$ ari s$$t %e;$t$<a a f$(si <$%$& &a$$ er%e&;a(a &as=ara%at.

6. Keaaa <$%$& %ita e3asa ii &e$:$%%a $#a ;a=a% at$ra %e;i:a%a /"eleidsregel>. Perat$ra-erat$ra %e;i:a%a ii tia% sa:a ;erasa# ari a&iistrasi e(ara, ;a<%a $#a ari ;aa :$stisia#. Perat$ra %e;i:a%a &er$a%a istr$&e =a( se#a#$ &e#e%at aa a&iistrasi e(ara. *a( &e:ai &asa#a<, aa%a#a=a erat$ra %e;i:a%a terse;$t %$ra( &e&er<ati%a tataa <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$. Ber;a(ai at$ra %e;i:a%a &e=i&a( ari %etet$a-%etet$a <$%$& =a( ;er#a%$ %area ter#a#$ &ee%a%a ase%. ?doelmatigheid?ari aa ?rechtsmatigheid?. Ha#-<a# se&a4a& ii seitas #a#$ aat iaa( se;a(ai ?tero;osa@ tas %etet$a-%eteti$a <$%$& =a( iaa( tia% &e&aai #a(i. Na&$ e&i%ia aat &ei&;$#%a %era4$a a %etia% astia <$%$&.

). Keaaa #ai ari <$%$& %ita e3asa ii aa#a< sifat de$artemental centris. H$%$& %<$s$s=a erat$ra er$a(-$a(a  seri( iaa( se;a(ai $r$sa earte&e ;ersa(%$ta. Perat$ra er$a(-$a(a e&erita< aera< aa#a< se&ata-&ata $r$sa Dearte&e Da#a& Ne(eri. Perat$ra er$a(-$a(a i$stri aa#a< se&ata-&ata $r$sa Dearte&e Peri$stria a Pera(a(a. . Tia% $#a :ara( i:$&ai i%osistesi a#a& e(($aa asas-asas

(22)

+. Keaaa <$%$& %ita  %<$s$s=a erat$ra er$a(-$a(a =a( i;$at a#a& %$r$ 3a%t$ $a $#$< #i&a ta<$ tera%<ir  sa(at &$a< terte#a &asa, &$a< ?a$s@ /out of date> . Se4ara o;=e%tif <a# ii ter:ai %area er$;a<a &as=ara%at i ;ia( o#iti%, e%oo&i, sosia# a ;$a=a ;er:a#a ;e(it$ 4eat, se<i((a <$%$& &$a< se%ai terti((a# i ;e#a%a(. Se4ara s$;=e%tif, ;er;a(ai erat$ra er$a(-$a(a i;$at $t$% &e(atasi %eaaa se%eti%a se<i((a %$ra( &e&er<ati%a 3a3asa %e ea. Ke%$ra(a ii se;era=a aat i;atasi aa;i#a ara ee(a% <$%$& ;erera a%tif &e(isi ;er;a(ai %e%osos(a ata$ &e&;eri%a e&a<a&a ;ar$ s$at$ %aia<. Ke=ataa &e$:$%%a ;a<3a se;a(ia ee(a% <$%$& #e;i< s$%a &e&i#i< se;a(ai ?a#i%ator@ ariaa se;a(ai ?ia&isator@ erat$ra er$a(-$a(a.

Koisi siste& erai#a =a( ter:ai saat ii i Ioesia sa(at :a$< ari i#ai-i#ai %eai#a =a( i<ara%a. Koisi siste& erai#a =a( ;$r$% ise;a;%a o#e< %e#e&a<a a#a& str$%t$r, s$;stasi a %$#t$r. M$4$#=a %riti%-%riti% ter<aa siste& erai#a i Ioesia tia% #ai %area siste& erai#a =a( aa ;e#$& &e&;eri%a e(a=o&a %eaa &as=ara%at &e#a#$i %e$t$sa =a( ai# a ;er3i;a3a.

Siste& erai#a =a( i<ara%a =a( a%a ;er#a%$ i &asa ata( aa#a< s$at$ siste& =a( &a&$ &ee&at%a <$%$& %e&;a#i %e a%ar &ora#itas=a, a%ar re#i(i$s=a a a%ar %$#t$ra#=a. Se;a; <a=a e(a 4ara it$ &as=ara%at &erasa%a ;a<3a <$%$& it$ ses$ai e(a i#ai-i#ai %eai#a, %eastia <$%$& a %e&afaata =a( <i$ i te(a<-te(a< &as=ara%at.

Per#$ e&;ea<a ter<aa se#$r$< siste& erai#a i Ioesia =a( &e4a%$ str$%t$r, s$;stasi a 4$#t$r <$%$&=a. a%tor =a( sa(at eti( a#a& e&;ea<a it$ aa#a< s$&;er a=a &a$sia se;a(ai sa#a<

sat$ fa%tor =a( sa(at esesia# $t$% &e#a%$%a er$;a<a se4ara tota#. A(ar erai#a =a( fair , i&artia# a o;=e%tif aat se(era irea#isasi%a &a%a er#$ aa=as stat$s a eraa rofesi avo%a =a(

(23)

otoo& a#a& siste& <$%$&. Me:ai%a rofesi &e:ai ;a(ia ;iro%rasi se4ara ieee a%a &e&;$%a #e;ar aa e=i&a(a a#a& erai#a.

(24)

BAB IV

PERDEBATAN TEORI HUKUM POSTMODERNISME DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

A. T*- H&'&( P"%(*-+"(*

Di&$#ai ari i$% i#&$ <$%$& =ait$ fi#safat <$%$&, i&aa i%eta<$i <$%$& a#a& fi#safat <$%$& ;er%e&;a( ;erasar%a erioisasi=a, i&$#ai ari a&a P$r;a%a#a, a;a erte(a<a, a&a Reaissa4e /a;a 1", a&a Rasioa#is&e2Bar$ /a;a 1+, a&a Moer /a;a I, %e&$ia <i((a se%ara( =ait$ a&a Post&oer. Per%e&;a(a erioisasasi terse;$t seiri( ;ersa&aa e(a er%e&;a(a o#a i%ir &a$sia &$#ai saat a&a P$r;a%a#a /*$ai o#a e&i%ira ;ersifat Kos&osetris, saat A;a Perte(a<a o#a e&i%ira ;ersifat Atroosetris, saat a&a Moer o#a e&i%ira=a iivi$a#is, rasioa#is a &ateria#is %e&$ia se%ara( ii era Post Moer o#a e&i%ira 4eer$( ;ersifat &a:e&$% a ia&is.

Post&oeris&e ;erasa# ari %ata ost a &oer. ? &ost @ ata$@ as4a@ se4ara #itera# &e(a$( arti ses$a<, :ai isti#a< Post&oeris&e ;erarti era as4a &oer ;er$a ($(ata %eaa &oeris&e. Ber%aita e(a efiisi Post&oeris&e it$ seiri, ;e#$& aa r$&$sa =a( ;a%$ sa&ai saat ii, %area Post&oeris&e se;a(ai 3a4aa e&i%ira &asi< ter$s ;er%e&;a( se;a(ai rea%si &e#a3a &oeris&e =a( &$4$# se:a% a%<ir a;a 1.'+

H$%$& ost&oeris&e t$&;$< ;er%e&;a( se;a(ai rea%si eo#a%a, %etia%$asa a %e%e4e3aa ter<aa %ose a %ier:a <$%$& ;erasar%a Positivis&e H$%$&. Ter&io#o(i H$%$& ost&oeris&e &e(as$&si%a <$%$& &oer =a( i;a($ a i%e&;a(%a ;erasar%a a<a& Positivis&e H$%$& te#a< (a(a# a#a& $sa<a=a &e&;eri%a rasa %eai#a ;a(i &as=ara%at. 9a:i %eai#a =a( ite;ar%a o#e< e(ara &e#a#$i e&;et$%a a ee(a%a <$%$& &oer 37_{Di%$ti ari iteret. <tt >22ar=averi&a<ai.;#osot<.4o&, ia%ses aa ta((a#}

(25)

te#a< (a(a# i3$:$%a seerti =a( i<ara%a o#e< ara e4ari %eai#a. De(a a#asa e&i%ia it$#a<, ara e4ari %eai#a %e&$ia &e4o;a &e4ari tero;osa, saraa a#teratif $t$% &e4aai %eai#a =a( s$;statif. Pe4aria a#teratif ii %e&$ia iara<%a aa ea=a($aa %e&;a#i %ose-%ose <$%$& traisioa#, o#a e=e#esaia er%ara ;erasar%a %ose a i#ai-i#ai %earifa #o%a# /local *isdom, =a( i &asa #a#$ %eti%a <$%$& &oer =a( i;er#a%$%a o#e< e(ara ;erasar%a %ose Positivis&e H$%$& te#a< &e(a#a&i e&i((ira ata$&ar(ia#isasi. Kose-%ose <$%$& traisioa# =a( &e(a$( i#ai-i#ai %earifa #o%a# ii sa(at ;era(a& se:a#a e(a %e&a:e&$%a &as=ara%at ;a(sa seerti Ioesia. Paa tatara a%ae&is, %a:ia ter<aa e%sistesi a otesi ea=a($aa i#ai-i#ai &ora# a <$%$& =a( teraat a#a& %e<i$a &as=ara%at traisioa#, ;a=a% i#a%$%a o#e< ara a%ae&isi i ;er;a(ai er($r$a ti((i. Hasi#-<asi# riset a%ae&is ii iro=e%si%a se;a(ai ;a<a

referesi a re%o&easi ;a(i e&;et$% $a(-$a( a aarat ee(a% <$%$& a(ar i:ai%a ;a<a r$:$%a e&iris, sosio#o(is a <istoris %e;eraaa i#ai-i#ai &ora# a <$%$& traisioa#, i#ai-i#ai %earifa #o%a# =a( #e;i< ses$ai e(a 4ita rasa %eai#a &ora# a <$%$& &as=ara%at, =a( tia% teraat i a#a& %ostr$%si or&atif <$%$& ositif. Bara Na3a3i Arief &e=e;$t i#ai-i#ai <$%$& traisioa# =a( #a&a &e(a#a&i e&i((ira o#e< <$%$& &oer =a( ositivisti% &er$a%a ;ata( terea&. Ni#ai-i#ai &ora# a <$%$& =a( teraat i a#a& %<asaa< ;$a=a &as=ara%at traisioa# it$, ;isa ;ers$&;er ari i#aii#ai <$%$& aat

a i#ai-i#ai <$%$& a(a&a.'7

Post&oeris&e t$&;$< a ;er%e&;a( i&as=ara%at i%area%a %e(a(a#a a te#a< $sa(=a e#a%saaa 4ita-4ita a&a Moer. Per$;a<a er%e&;a(a %e;$t$<a terse;$t &ei&;$#%a er$;a<a o#a e&i%ira $#a. 7ilsuf yang Menga*ali

38_{Bara Na3a3i Arief, 16, Be;eraa Ase% Per%e&;a(a I#&$ H$%$& Piaa}

/Me=o(so( Geerasi Bar$ H$%$& Piaa Ioesia, Piato Pe($%$<a G$r$ Besar a%$#tas H$%$& Uiversitas Dioe(oro Se&ara(, ") 9$i 16, <#&. "1.

(26)

&erkem"angan Post&oer> Mi4<e# o$4a$#t, 9ea-ra4ois !=otar, a 9a4L$es Derria ) 9eifer 0i4%e  &ostmodern #dentity and the Legal Su"(ect>.

Ba(i %a$& ost&oer, ?er;eaa@ &er$a%a iti ari se(a#a %e;eara. Karea it$, &ere%atia% &e&er4a=ai aa <a#-<a# =a( $iversa#, <ar&ois, a %osiste. Tia% aa &$s=a3ara< &$s=a3ara<a a#ar &e4ari %e;eara a &e(<aai rea#itas. *a( aa <a=a#a< er;eaa-er;eaa, a er;eaa-er;eaa terse;$t <ar$s se#a#$

i<or&ati.

Ka$& ost&oer er4a=a ;a<3a tia% aa s$at$ =a( trasee a#a& rea#itas. Post&oeris&e t$&;$< a ;er%e&;a( e(a 4ara &e:a$<%a ari se(a#a sifat %e&aaa, %e;$t$a, %ea(%$<a, i&eria#is&e, etosetris&e =a( &e3arai o&ia <e(e&oi% &oeris&e, i&aa it$ se&$a i:ai%a se;a(ai s$at$ i:a%a a#a& &erestr$%t$r aa =a( te#a< iestr$%t$r, &ere%ostr$%si ari aa =a( te#a< ie%otr$%si o#e< ost&oeris&e it$ seiri.

Me$r$t A&i A;$##a< aa ti(a feo&ea asar =a( &e:ai t$#a( $($( ar$s e&i%ira ost&oers&e =a( ia isti#a<%a e(a 4iri-4iri str$%$r f$a&eta# e&i%ira ost&oeris&e, =ait$>'

1. D*'+"%-&'%$"(*

Ha&ir se&$a ;a($a ata$ %ostr$%si asar %ei#&$a =a( te#a< &aa a#a& era &oer, ;ai% a#a& ;ia( sosio#o(i, si%o#o(i, atroo#o(i, se:ara<, ;a<%a :$(a a#a& i#&$-i#&$ %ea#a&a =a( se#a&a ii ia((a ;a%$ =a( ;iasa ise;$t e(a grand theory- ter=ata ierta=a%a $#a( o#e< a#$r e&i%ira Post&oeris&e. Ha# it$ ter:ai %area (ra t<eor= terse;$t ia((a ter#a#$ s%e&atis a ter#a#$ &e=eer<aa%a ersoa#a =a( ses$(($<=a serta ia((a &e$t$ &$4$#=a teori-teori #ai =a( ;ara(%a#i :a$< #e;i< aat &e&;at$ &e&a<a&i rea#itas a e&e4a<a &asa#a<. 9ai %#ai& aa=a teori-teori

39_{A&i A;$##a< ) 7alsafah 'alam 8i Era &ostmodernisme) /9o(:a%arta> P$sta%a}

(27)

=a( ;a%$, staar, =a( tia% aat i(a(($ ($(at, it$#a< =a( iteta( o#e< ara e&i%ir Post&oeris&e.

Para rota(ois e&i%ira Post&oeris&e tia% &e=a%ii va#iitas ?%ostr$%si@;a($a %ei#&$a =a( @ ;a%$@ , =a( ?staar@ =a( te#a< is$s$ o#e< (earasi &oeris. Staar it$ i#i<at=a ter#a#$ %a%$ a ter#a#$ s%e&atis se<i((a tia% 4o4o% $t$% &e#i<at rea#itas =a( :a$< #e;i< r$&it. Da#a& teori sosio#o(i &oer, ara i#&$a 4eer$( $t$% &e#i<at (e:a#a %ea(a&aa se;a(ai 3i#a=a< e(a#a&a =a( a&at sa(at ;ersifat iivi$. Pe(a#a&a %ea(a&aa it$ tia% ter%ait a <ar$s

iisa<%a ari %e=ataa =a( <i$ a#a& rea#itas sosia# =a( aa.

Era Post&oeris&e i(i &e#i<at s$at$ feo&ea so4ia#, feo&ea %e;era(a&aa, rea#itas fisi%a aa aa=a, taa <ar$s ter%$r$( o#e< a((aa asar ata$ teori ;a%$ a staar =a( i4ita%a aa &asa &oeris&e. Ma%a %ostr$%si ;a($a ata$ ;a($a %ei#&$a =a( te#a< i;a($ s$sa< a=a< o#e< (eerasi &oeris&e i(i i$;a<, ier;ai%i, a ise&$ra%a o#e< ara e&i%ir ost&oeris. a#a& isti#a< A&i A;$##a< i%ea# e(a ? e4ostr$4tiois&@ =a%i $a=a &e&erta=a%a $#a( teori-teori =a( s$a< &aa =a( te#a< i;a($ o#e< o#a i%ir &oeris&e, $t$% %e&$ia i4ari a is$s$ teori =a( #e;i< re#eva a#a& &e&a<a&i %e=ataa &as=ara%at, rea#itas %e;era(a&aa, a rea#itas a#a& =a( ;er%e&;a( saat ii.

2. R*!#%8"(*

T<o&as S. K$< aa#a< sa#a< seora( e&i%ir =a( &e-o;ra% %e=a%ia ara i#&$a =a( ;ersifat ositivisti%. Pe&i%ira ositivis&e &e&a( #e;i< &e((aris;a3a<i va#iitas <$%$&-<$%$& a#a& a so4ia# =a( ;ersifat $iversa# =a( i;a($ o#e< rasio.

Maivestasi e&i%ira Post&oeris&e a#a& <a# rea#itas ;$a=a /i#ai-i#ai, %eer4a=aa a(a&a, traisi, ;$a=a a #ai=a ter(a&;ar a#a& teori-teori =a( i%e&;a(%a o#e< isi#i atroo#o(i. Da#a& aa(a atroo#o(, tia% aa ;$a=a =a( sa&a a se;a($ atara sat$ e(a =a( #ai. Seerti ;$a=a A&eri%a :e#as ;er;ea e(a ;$a=a Ioesia. Ma%a i#ai-i#ai ;$a=a :e#as sa(at ;erae%a ra(a& ses$ai e(a #atar;e#a%a( se:ara<, (eo(rafis, e&o(rafis a #ai

(28)

se;a(ai=a. Dari sii#a< a&a%, ;a<3a i#ai-i#ai ;$a=a ;ersifat re#atif, a#a& arti atara sat$ ;$a=a e(a ;$a=a =a( #ai tia% aat isa&a%a seerti <it$(a &ate&atis. Da <a# ii ses$ai e(a a#$r e&i%ira ost&eris&e =ait$ ;a<3a 3i#a=a< ;$a=a, ;a<asa, 4ara ;eri%ir a a(a&a sa(at itet$%a o#e< tata i#ai a aat %e;iasaa

&asi(-&asi(.

Dari sii#a< a&a% :e#as, ;a<3a ara e&i%ir Post&oeris&e &e(a((a ;a<3a se(a#a ses$at$ it$ sifat=a re#ative a tia% ;o#e< a;so#$t, %ara <ar$s &e&erti&;a(%a sit$asi a %oisi =a( aa. Na&$ %osesi re#ativis&e ii iteta( o#e< Se==e Hoessei Nasr, seora( e&i%ir %ote&or. Ba(i=a tia% aa re#ativis&e =a( a;so#$t #atara <a# it$ a%a &e(<i#a(%a or&ativitas a:ara a(a&a. Tetai :$(a tia% aa e(ertia a;so#$t =a( ;ear-;ear a;so#$t, se#a(i

i#ai-i#ai =a( a;so#$te it$ i%$r$( o#e< <istorisitas %ea$siaa it$ seiri. /. P!&-#!"(*

A%$&$#asi ari 4iri e&i%ira Post&oeris&e =ait$ #$ra#is&e. Era #$ra#is&e se;ear=a s$a< i%eta<$i o#e< ;a=a% ;a(sa se:a% a<$#$ %a#a, a&$ (a&;ara era #$ra#is&e saat it$ ;e#$& ia<a&i seeti era se%ara(. Hasi# te%o#o(i &oer a#a& ;ia( trasortasi a %o&$i%asi &e:ai%a era #$ra#is&e ;$a=a a a(a& te#a< se&a%i i<a=ati a ia<a&i o#e< ;a=a% ora( i&aa$ &ere%a ;eraa. Aa=a #$ra#itas ;$a=a, a(a&a, %e#$ar(a, ras, e%oo&i, so4ia#, s$%$, eii%a, i#&$ e(eta<$a, &i#iter, ;a(sa, e(ara, a o#iti%

&er$a%a se;$a< rea#itas. Da ;er%aita e(a arai(&a t$((a# seerti =a( i%eea%a o#e< ee%ata %e;$a=aa ;arat &oeris, eve#o, &eta#is, ;ai% a#a& se(i %ei#&$a, &a$$ #ai=a te#a< ierta=a%a %ea;sa<a=a o#e< e&a(%$ ;$a=a-;$a=a i #$ar ;$a=a &oer. Ma%a a#a& %ote%s %eioesiaa %<$s$s=a, ari

%eti(a 4iri e&i%ira Post&oeris&e, a&a%=a feo&ea #$ra#is&e #e;i< aat iresai o#e< se;a(ia ;esar &as=ara%at.

Teori H$%$& Kritis /@ritical Legal Theory a e&iis&e H$%$& / Legal 7eminisme se;a(ai ;a(ia Post Moeris&e ;er%e&;a(