rd
THE 3 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION
AISTEEL
AND
EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Supported and Coordinated by:
Postgraduate School
State University of Medan
North Sumatera, Indonesia
Organized by:
Indexing By :
PROCEEDINGS
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan - Indonesia
03-04 October 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
Vol. 3, December 2018
2018
i
Proceedings of The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on
Transformative
Education
and
Educational
Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018)
“
Education, Learning, and Leadership Innovation
”
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia
October 3-4, 2018
Editorial Board
Editorial-in-Chief
Dr. Juniastel Rajagukguk, M.Si (State University of Medan, Unimed)
Deputy Editor
Dr. Saronom Silaban, M.Pd (State University of Medan, Unimed)
International Advisory Board / Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Kala Saravanamuthu (University of Newcastle, Australia)
Prof. Arjen EJ Wals (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Prof. Dr. Bornok Sinaga, M.Pd (Unimed, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Aytekin Isman (Sakarya University, Turkey)
Prof. Peter Charles Taylor, Ph.D., Med., B.Sc., Dip.Ed (Murdoch University, Australia)
Prof. Dr. Mukhlas Samani, Ph.D (Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Jailani bin Md. Yunos (University Tun Hussein on Malaysia)
Prof. Dr. Nurahimah Mohd. Yusuf (UTM, Malaysia)
Assoc. Prof. Dr Pedro Isaias (University of Queensland, Australia)
Assoc. Prof. Elisabeth Taylor, Ph.D (Murdoch University, Australia)
Dr. Bambang Sumintono, M.Ed (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia)
Dr. Isma Widyaty, M.Pd (UPI, Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Syahrul R, M.Pd (UNP, Indonesia)
Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D (Unimed, Indonesia)
Assoc. Prof. Ade Gafar Abdullah, M.Si (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Eng. Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Prof. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd (Universitas Negeri Semarang)
Please cite the proceeding as
“
Proceeding of the First Annual International Seminar on
Transformative Education and Educational Leadership Vol. 3
” with the following
ii
Proceedings of the 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education
and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018)
Preface
The 3
rdAnnual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018) was held in Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City-Indonesia on 3-4 October 2018.
This seminar is organized by Postgraduate School, Univesitas Negeri Medan and become a routine
agenda at Postgraduate program of Unimed now.
The AISTEEL is realized this year with various presenters, lecturers, researchers and students from
universities both in and out of Indonesia participating in, the seminar with
theme “Education,
Learning and Leadership Innovation.”
The plenary speakers coming from various provinces in Indonesia have been present topics covering
multi disciplines. They have contributed many inspiring inputs on current trending educational
research topics all over the world. The expectation is that all potential lecturers and students have
shared their research findings for improving their teaching process and quality, and leadership.
The third AISTEEL presents a keynote speaker and 4 distinguised invited speakers from Australia,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Malaysia. In addition, presenters come from various Government and Private
Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are those who have sat and will sit in
the oral defence examination.
There are 326 articles submitted to committee, some of which are presented orally in parallel sessions,
and others are presented through posters. The articles have been reviewed by double blind reviewer
and 198 of them were accepted for published by Atlantis Press indexed by International Indexation.
Meanwhile 83 papers were published in online International Proceedings indexed by Google Scholar.
The Committees of AISTEEL invest great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the
conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.
Grateful thanks to all of members of The 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative
Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018) for their outstanding contributions. Thanks
also given to Universitas Negeri Medan for published this volume.
The Editors
iii
Table of Contents
Titles and Authors
page
Design of Physical Practicum Tools on Rotational Dynamics Matter with
Scientific Concept
1
Fretty Doharni Ritonga; Nurdin Bukit; Betty M.Turnip...
Analysis of the Leading Sector and Its Effect on the Economy in Pakpak Bharat
Regency
6
Dinar Melani Hutajulu; M. Nasir; Arwansyah
...Analyze the Characteristic and Factors Cause of Bullying Behaviours in Early
Childhood
12
Fadhilah Syam Nasution; Anita Yus; Aman Simaremare...
Play Finger Painting in Creative Art Model to Help Smooth Motoric
Development and Creativity of Group a in Kindergarten at Aek Loba Pekan
Village
18
Lola Wita Harahap; Sri Milfayetty; Rosmala Dewi...
Maintenance of Gayonese Kinship Terms by Gayonese Minority Migrants in
Jabodetabek
22
Desi Purnama Sari; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Berlin Sibarani...
Effect of Functional Training and TRX Suspension Training on Body
Composition member Golden Fitness and Spa
26
Rafliansyah; Nurhayati Simatupang; Albadi Sinulingga...
Interpersonal Metaphor Used in the Boss Baby Movie
29
Khairuni Syafitri; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Speech Act in Indonesia Lawyers Club: KPK vs Novanto
32
Theresia Fransiska Sidabutar; Zainuddin; Busmin Gurning...
The Effect of Instructional Strategy and Style Ofthinking Secuential on Students
Outcome MAN Medan
36
Siti Aisyah Hanim; Tiur asih siburian; Darwin...
The Effect of Cooperative Learning Models and Self Efficacy on Student
Mathematics Learning Outcomes
39
Sabdo Puji Rahayu; Mukhtar; Keysar Panjaitan...
Ideational Grammatical Metahpor in Reading Texts for Senior High School
English Textbooks
43
Diemam Ferzhawana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Zainuddin...
Effect of Soft Modification on Student Learning Results PAB 13 Kwala Begumit
Private Vocational School
47
Iskandar Fahmi...
Differences in Metacognitive Ability of Students Through Learning Realistic
Mathematics Education and Problem Based Learning in Pangkalan Susu Senior
High School
51
Chairi Mutia Lubis; Waminton Rajagukguk; Kms.M.Amin Fauzi...
Development of Interactive Learning Media Projection of Working Drawing on
Students of Class X TKR in SMK Markus 2 Medan
56
Irwan Panggabean; R. Mursid; Samsidar Tanjung...
Metaphor of Modality in Donald Trump’s Speech in
United Nation General Assembly 2017
60
Nursyah Handaya; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Traditional Sport Of Silek Tuo In Minangkabau Community (a study of Silek tuo
iv
Prima Nanda; Sabaruddin Yunis; Agung Sunarn...
Improved Student’s Generic Science Skills With The Application of Cooperative
Learning Models Based on Batak Culture
66
Rika Sari Indah Harahap; Derlina; Rahmatsyah; Sahyar; Bornok...
Management Development Athletes of Shorinji Kempo North Sumatra Region
71
Arti Kurniaty Bangun...
Efforts to Improve Learning Results Free Basketball Shot (Free Throw) Through
The Application of Teaching Style Inclusion
75
Bob Rahmat Manalu... ...
Development of Egosan Engineering Extension Models with Straight Sticking in
Pencak Silat
77
William Filipus; Amir Supriadi; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Development of Interactive Learning Media of Athletic on Physical
Education in SMP Negeri 15 Medan
81
Akhmad Khaidir; Budi Valianto; Tarsyad Nugraha...
The Effect of Learning Model and Self-Reliance Learning toward Science
Learning Outcomes
84
Rohima; Mukhtar; Samsidar Tanjung...
The Effect of Learning Method and Kinesthetic Perception on The Learning
Outcomes of Lay Up Basketball
88
Saiful Adrian; N
urhayati Simatupang; Suprayitno………....
Analysis Of Physical Education Teacher Management Skills In State Elementary
School Sub-District Medan Tembung
91
Syahrul Effendi Nasution; Amir Supriadi; Albadi Sinulingga...
Innovation Of The Speed Model Using Running With The Ball Techniques In
Football
95
Julio Roberto; Amir Supriadi; Novita... ...
The Development of Penetration Drill Training Technique of Wrestling Sport
99
Ihsan Idris Silalahi; Jan Bobby Nesra Barus...
Speech Function of Anies Baswedan’s
Speech in Approval Ceremony as the
Governor of Jakarta in the Period of 2017-2022
102
Ahmad Rifa’i Ritonga; Sumarsih
... ...
Development of Web-Based Learning Media to Enhance Writing Capability of
Biography Text of Student Class X SMA
105
Rencus B. Sinabariba, Tiur Asi Siburian, Mutsyuhito Solin...
Implementing the Teaching Supervision by Principals in Improving the
Performance of Teachers in Aceh Besar
109
Said Ashlan... ... ...
Female Principal Leadership
115
Hendro Widodo; Hengkang Bara Saputra... ...
The Ways of Rohingya Teenagers in Medan Realized Their Language Attitude
120
I Wayan Dirgayasa; Rahmat Husein; Lonni NurIffah Nasution...
Metaphor in Umpasa of Saurmatua Toba Batak Ceremony
124
Heppy Yersin Digita Purba; Rahmad Husein; Anni Holila Pulungan...
The Influence of Part Method, Whole Method and Determination Exercise
Methods on Improving Exercise in the Sports Branch of Pencak Silat Single Art
Category of College Students SPDKK (Art of Kencana Kwitang Self Defense)
Deli Serdang Year 2018/2019
127
Mawar Sari... ... ...
v
Philosophy
of Rakut Sitelu
Desi Haryati Nianggolan...
Evaluation of Implementation of Sustainable Professional Development (PKB)
for Junior High School Physical Education Teachers to Increase Professionalism
in Tebing Tinggi City
135
Mhd Fazar Afandi...
Development of Innovative PJOK teaching materials on floor gymnastics
materials to improve learning outcomes of Grade Students at Junior Hight School
138
Bangun Saragih...
The Influence of the Discovery Learning Model assisted with Image Media and
Motivation Against Civics Learning Outcomes of Students in Class IV of Public
Elementary Schools 055980 Aman Damai 2017/2018
142
Heryansyah Ginting; Dede Ruslan; Reh Bungana Br.Perangin-angin...
Development of science teaching materials based on Science Technology Society
(STM) and its influence on learning outcomes of fourth grade students of MIN
Medan Tembung
149
Diah Hafizhotul Husna; Nuraini; Ramlan Silaban...
The Improvement of Cooperative Learning Model Application Skill in Numbered
Head Together Through Clinical Supervision of Art Teacher in SDN 060886
Medan Baru
154
Unita Vitta Omas Sianturi; Martua Manullang; Rosmala Dewi...
Gold of North Sumatera Program Coach Performance
159
Suyono; Hariadi; Supryetno...
Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook for Grade
XII
163
Jusup Sitepu; Anni Holila Pulungan; I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas...
The Lecturer Performance Development of the STKIP Bina Bangsa Getsempena
Banda Aceh
169
Saiful Bahri...
The Interference of Batak Mandailing Language to Indonesian (In The Interaction
At The Seventh
Grade Students Of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Swasta Al-Azhar
Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan Padang Sidimpuan)
175
Siti Jahria Sitompul; Abdurrahman Adisaputera; Sumarsi...
The Influence of Microbiology Dictionary and Microbiology Textbook
Utilization in the Contextual Learning Framework on Biology Students Higher
Order Thinking Skills
177
Kiki Rizqi Sahara; Hasruddin; Ashar Hasairin...
The Differences of Learning Style and St
udents’ Creativity to Students’
Achievement in Dribbling the Ball in Playing Football of Seventh Grade Students
of SMP Ar
–
Rahman Percut
180
Muammar Afif Marpaung; Imran Akhmad; Rahma Dewi...
Development of Gobag Sodor Game Model to Increase Interest in Elementary
Students
184
Siska Nova Undari...
The Influence of Research-Based Learning with Portfolio Assessment on Science
Process Skills in Microbiology Course for Biology Program Students
187
Saudah Rahmayanti; Hasruddin; Tumiur Gultom...
The Influence of Teaching Style and Confident Against the Results of a Study of
Shooting in the Game of Football (Experiment Studies the Self Check Style and
vi
Tembung Sabilina)
Muhammad Syaiful; Ramadhan Harahap...
Development of Mirror Writing Teaching Materials Based on Class XI Media
Literation of Lolomatua 1 State High School
195
Yanida Bu'ulolo; Biner Ambarita; Marice...
The Development of Teaching Materials for Technology- Assisted Procedure
Text in Vocational High School
197
Nova Andarini; Biner Ambarita; Malan Lubis...
Development of Adobe Flash Based Floor Gymnastics Media Learning on Health
Sport Education Lesson
201
Hardiansyah...
The Effect of Learning Approach and Linguistic Competence Capability Reading
The English Narative Text of Student SMA Negeri 6 Padangsidimpuan.
206
Sukriyah Batubara; Keysar Panjaitan...
……….
Analysis Effect of Household Consumption, Investment and Labor to Economy
Growth In Sumatera Utara
209
Richna Handriyani; Arwansyah; Sahyar...
Idioms Translation Strategies in Pasung Jiwa Novel English Version
213
Hariyanto; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Code Mixing in Novel: A Case of Indonesian Literary Work
216
Nurul Hidayanti Hasibuan; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih...
Logico-Semantic Relation in Presidential Debate Between Hillary Clinton and
Donald Trump
221
Annisa Risma Khairani Lubis; Della Fransiska Ginting; Jumino Suhadi...
Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts
227
Rodearta Purba; Zainuddin; Amrin Saragih...
Modality as Hedging Device in the US Presidential Election Debate
232
Roobby Hamdanur; Anni Holila Pulungan; Zainuddiin...
The Improving Mathematical Communication Ability Through Realistic
Mathematical Approach Based on Toba Batak Culture
235
Aman Sanusi Siregar...
Speech Functions of Doctors and Patients on Medical Consultation Process
239
Resti Citra Dewi; Anni Holila Pulungan, Sumarsih...
The Development of Venturimeter Instrumentation in Dynamic Fluid
243
Zahrani Dalimunthe; Rahmatsyah; Derlina...
Lexical Metaphors in Onang-onang of Bobby and Kahiyang Tortor Dance
246
Siti Rahma Ritonga; Anni Holila Pulungan; Didik Santoso...
The Discourse Markers in President Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC
China in 2015
249
Syahbuddin Nasution1; Busmin Gurning; I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas...
Preparation of Papers in Two-Column Format for AISTEEL Conference
Proceedings
Translator’s Strategies in Transferring Cultural Values in Ratatouille
Film
254
Femy Septiani; Anni Holila Pulungan...
Lexical Metaphor In Printed Car Advertisements
258
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Political Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump Political Speech
263
Elisa Silviani Siregar; Prof. Dr.Zainuddin, M.Hum; Prof.Dr. Sri MindaMurni,
MS... ...
vii
Nurliana Harahap; Mahendra Ginting Manik; Indah Listiana...
Appraisal of Healthy Product Advertisement on Television
274
Nurun Nazipah Harahap; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Rahmad Husein Napitupuluh...
Lexical Metaphor in Andrea Hirata’s “The Dreamer” Novel
277
Nurul Sa’adah; I Wy. Dirgeyasa; Siti Aisyah Ginting
...
Impoliteness Strategies Used by Governor Candidates of DKI Jakarta in Governor
Election Debate 2017
281
Sri Minda Murni; Busmin Gurning
……
...
Intertextuality in Travel Umroh Advertisement
287
Afifah Nurul Khoirot Nasution; Anni Holila Pulungan; Eddy Setia...
Intertextuality on Oral Discourse in Sari Matua Batak Toba Ceremony
290
Dyan Yosephin Hutagalung; Anni Holila Pulungan; Rahmad Husein...
The Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel to Creatine Kinase
Serum in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Fatigue from Swimming
293
Rika Nailuvar Sinaga; Jumadin IP; Zulaini...
Analysis of Technology Utilization to Measure The Throw Distance of The Ball
on Hammer Throw
296
Riki Prastian; Agung Sunarno; Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun...
The Interactions of Social Stratification and Karonese Register in Giving Pedah
Pedah Perjabun
300
Elkana Putra Tarigan; Amrin Saragih; Siti Aisyah Ginting...
Implementation Management Training Volleyball Club of Pertamina Year 2017
305
Reza Wibowo; Sanusi Hasibuan; Budi Valianto...
Lexical Metaphor in Printed Car Advertisements
308
Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih...
Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension
Ability In Descriptive Text
Through Flashcard
309
Aisya Hartati...
The Role of Teacher’s Training Model and Technological Approach to the
Improvement of Teachers’ Professionalis
312
Intan Sufiah Batubara...
The Difficulties of Students at the Second Year of St.Thomas 3 Senior High
School Medan in Translating English Idioms into Indonesian
315
Fitri Susi Sinurat...
The Effect Of Applying The Great Wind Blows Strategy On The Students’
Vocabulary Mastery
321
Gisca Irdayana Lubis...
Attitude of Examiners in Thesis Convocation
325
Mara Sutan Siregar...
Politeness Strategies in Mandailing Wedding Ceremony
329
281
Impoliteness Strategies Used by Governor Candidates
of DKI Jakarta in Governor Election Debate 2017
English Applied Linguistics Study Program Universitas Negeri Medan
Medan, Indonesia yohanadeborasib51@gmail.com
Sri Minda Murni
English Applied Linguistics Study Program Universitas Negeri Medan
Medan, Indonesia
Busmin Gurning
English Applied Linguistics Study Program Universitas Negeri Medan
Medan, Indonesia
Abstract--This study aimed at exploring the impoliteness
strategies in governor election debate 2017. The objectives of the study were to describe, to explain how types of impoliteness strategies used and to expose the reasons. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were the utterances of the governor candidates in two different debate sessions which were analyzed by using Culpeper Impoliteness Theory. The findings revealed that there were three out of five impoliteness strategies found in both debates, namely bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness and negative impoliteness. The governor candidates used the bald on record in three realizations, positive impoliteness in seven realizations and negative impoliteness in three realizations. There are some reasons of using the impoliteness strategies, namely to vent negative feelings, to mock others, to show disagreement, to show power, and to clarify something. However, the main reason to use the impoliteness strategies was to show power. Moreover, it is also revealed that both two different types of impoliteness strategies and two different realizations were used at the same moment.
Keywords: election debate, governor candidates, impoliteness strategies
I. INTRODUCTION
A good communication is one that comes from a speaker who can convey good messages to the audiences so that the audiences can understand or give a good feedback in order to create communication. Therefore, before performing a conversation, the speaker needs to consider several things, example of how social relations with the audiences, where the communication and aims to maintain harmonious atmosphere Culpeper [1].
Beard [2] states study the language of politics is important because it helps the language users to understand how language is used by those who wish to gain power, those who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep power. Moreover, language has a powerful tool in the hands of political leaders.In implementation of successful democratic rule in any country language of politics is essential. Aeyomoni and Akinkuolere [3] observe that language is the conveyer belt of power, it moves people to vote, debate.
282 Based on researcher's observation, the governor candidates of
DKI Jakarta also utilized the impolite strategies to make other candidates feel uncomfortable. Impolite utterances of one candidate Anies Rasyid Baswedan (ARB) as can be seen in the following situation:
ARB : “Firaun pencuri pun bisa dengan jujur menceritakannya.”
From the situation above, the utterance of “Firaun pencuri pun bisa dengan jujur menceritakannya.” is the positive impoliteness which realization call other names.
Culpeper [1] stated the positive impoliteness is the use of researcher is interested to analyze impoliteness utterance of governor candidates in governor election DKI Jakarta 2017 because when the candidates are debating, there are some rules that should be obeyed to make the hearers feel comfortable related to the language used by the candidates. Each candidates should be wise to choose the language especially about how to deliver opinion and how to respond the argument if they disagree with statements uttered by the other candidate. The candidates’ language must have significant effects on the opponent. This research intends to describe the types of impoliteness strategies, to explain how those types of impoliteness strategies linguistically realized and to expose the reason why the impoliteness strategies linguistically used by the governor candidates in DKI Jakarta election debate 2017.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. The Concept of Impoliteness
The concept of impoliteness is the opposite of politeness. When one act politely, he is trying to get along with other people and try to ensure that the communication goes on smoothly. If for some reason one wants to be impolite towards other people he is deliberately attacking others with his speech or want to create a social interruption. People often express their feelings with impolite language that can cause conflict. They often speaker communicates face-attack intentionally, or when the hearer perceives and/or construct behaviour as intentionally face-attacking, or a combination of both. He further states that
impoliteness comes about when: (1) the speaker communicates face attack intentionally, or (2) the hearer perceives and/ or constructs behavior as intentionally face tacking, or a combination of (1) and (2). In addition, there are some terms that refer to the same meaning with impoliteness; it is the term of rudeness. The term of impoliteness and rudeness have the same meaning in negative attitude. Lakoff [4] then asserts that rude behavior does not use the strategies of politeness when those strategies are hoped to do, in other ways that the utterance can be meant as deliberately and negatively argumentative.
B. Impoliteness Strategies
Culpeper makes a theory which explains an intended act to attack someone’s face. He calls his theory as the theory of impoliteness strategy. Compared to Lachenict’s strategies, Culpeper’s strategies are more comprehensive as they consist of five strategies; meanwhile, Lachenict’s strategies consist of four strategies. The impoliteness strategies which are made by Culpeper are: bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sacrasm or mock impoliteness, and withold impoliteness. These impoliteness strategies are a means of tracking the hearers’ face.
1. Bald on Record Impoliteness
Bald on records impoliteness is performed in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way and the speaker’s intention is to attack the hearer’s face. A revised version of this strategy in Culpeper [1] takes into consideration that in this case there is a lot of face at stake and the speaker’s intention is to attack the hearer’s face or where the speaker does not have the power to (safely) utter an impolite utterance. He has categorized the realization of bald on record impoliteness into 1) direct, 2) clear, 3) unambiguous, and 4) concise way.
2. Positive Impoliteness
Positive impoliteness is a strategy directed to attack the hearer’s positive face. Brown characterized positive face be desire to be liked, admired, ratified, and related to positively, nothing that one would threaten positive face by ignoring someone possible positive impoliteness realizations: 1)ignore, snub the other, 2)exclude the other from an activity, 3)dissasociate from the other, 4)be disinterested, unconcerned, unsympathetic, 5)use inappropriate identity markers, 6)use obsecure or secretive language, 7)seek disagreement, 8)make other feel uncomfortable, 9)use taboo words, and 10)call other names.
3. Negative Impoliteness
283 4)explicitly associate the other with the negative aspect, 5)put
the other indebtedness on record. Culpeper et al [1] add another strategy into this category, which is hindering or blocking the other physically or linguistically.
4. Sarcasm or Mock Impoliteness
Culpeper [1] stated that Sarcasm or mock impoliteness is performed with the use of politeness strategies that are obviously insirece, and thus remain surface realizations. In this case, someone uses this strategy as following threatened face done by applying politeness strategies that actually just pretending.In addition, Culpeper’s theory of sarcasm or mock impoliteness is close to Leech’s [5] conception if irony “If you must cause offence, at least do so in a way which does not overtly conflict with the PP, but allows the hearer to arrive at the offensive point of your remark indirectly, by way of an implicature”.
5. Withold Impoliteness
Culpeper [1] explained that withhold impoliteness occurs when someone prefers to keep silent when a polite act is hoped to be performed by the others. The realization of withhold impoliteness are being silent and failing to thank.
C. Reasons of Using Impoliteness Strategies
There are some functions of rudeness which relates to the impoliteness according to Babee in Culpeper. They are: (1) to show disagreement, (2) to vent negative feelings, (3) to mock others, (4) to clarify something and (5) to show power.
III. METHODOLOGY
The study applied descriptive qualitative research design by describing the phenomena of language in society. In this case, the answers of the research problem in this study were answered by giving explanation or describing the impoliteness strategies of the utterances in governor candidates’ interaction in detail. Bogdan&Biklen [6] stated that the design used in the research refers to the researcher’s plan of how to proceed. The source of data in this study was the governor candidates of governor election debate of DKI Jakarta 2017. The data was the utterances in debates which were taken from videos and then transcribed into written text. There were twelve sections of debate from 13 January 2017 until 10 February 2017, but in this research there were only five sections taken namely 13 January 2017 (Pembangunan Demokrasi dan Pemerintahan yang Efektif), 27 January 2017 (Birokrasi, Pelayanan Publik, dan Penataan Kawasan Perkotaan) to be analyzed in this study. The data were then analyzed by applying Miles & Huberman’s (2014) analysis model which considered three steps namely 1) data condensation, 2)data display, and 3) conclusion drawing and verification.
IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After analyzing the data, the findings of this can be seen in the figure below:
Fig 1. Types of Impoliteness Strategies
In Figure 4.1 it is shown that the most frequently impoliteness strategies used was positive impoliteness, followed by negative impoliteness and then bald on record. The researcher did not find sarcasm or mock impoliteness and withhold impoliteness.
Data 1:
BTP : “Pasangan ini ngomong kami hanya membangun fisik, jembatan segala macam. Bukan. Karena kami ingin memperbaiki orang.”
It can be seen from the data above, BTP wants to show his rejection or ignorance of what candidate 1 says that he builds not only Jakarta but also the people because in the previous statement candidate 1 only tells about the physical development of Jakarta. This strategy belongs to the positive impoliteness. Data 2:
ARB :“Ijinkan saya mengingatkan bahwa 5 tahun yang lalu pernah ada janji. Dan janji itu mengatakan akan dibangun kampung deret di pinggir-pinggir sungai. Di mana janji itu? Di mana kontrak politik itu? Kontrak politik ditandatangani”
The utterance of the ARB above can be categorized as negative impoliteness. It can be known from the question of ARB asking or billing promises previously submitted by BTP but not yet realized until specified time.
Data 3:
284
bicara.”
From the data above, it can be seen that ARB wants to reply the question from the presenter and affirms to BTP that in building Jakarta it is necessary to use ideas not only working. Therefore, the utterance is concluded as bald on record which shows the impoliteness because ARB directly addressed the word "Pak Basuki" to BTP.
Related to the realizations of impoliteness strategies, there are many ways used in each strategy. Positive impoliteness was used in 7 realizations. The realizations were ignore and snub the other, dissasociate from other, be disinterested, use obsecure or secretive language, seek disagreement, make other feel uncomfortable, and call other names. The most dominant realization used was make other feel uncomfortable.
Data 4:
BTP :”Dan apa lagi yang akan kami katakan, visi kami ini terukur dengan angka, apa angka itu, itu adalah indeks pembangunan manusia makanya jangan heran Jakarta nomor satu. Malahan kita terima empat piagam dari Bapenas.”
The BTP in conveying his statements tries to demonstrate the achievements that he can carry out in his programs as a Jakarta government or boast of an improved human development index (HDI) and in that way he tries to make other candidates feel uncomfortable with his achievements.
Data 5:
BTP : “Di dalam visi misi program kami yang dimaksud dari pasangan calon 3 itu bukan strategi, karena kalau strategi kami itu adalah transparansi, nontunai. Nah ini kami namakan kebijakan. Kebijakan kami, apapun yang dipikirkan dIrancang, dianggarkan, harus membuat penuh otak perut dan dompet warga DKI.”
The third candidate says that the vision and mission of the BTP is called a strategy, but the BTP ignores it and says it is not a strategy but a policy in their program. The BTP rejects the assumption of strategy and removes the word.
Data 6:
BTP : “Nah makanya kalau kita hanya mengatakan membangun, membangun manusia, tidak ada bangun benda matinya itu namanya apa tau gak? Itu namanya teori. Ngajar jadi dosen, di kampus, itu ya teori. Cuma ngomong saya mau bangun ini, mau bangun itu, bangun ini tapi ga ada action-nya. Kalau kami? Kami tahu tujuannya.Visinya jelas, terukur. Ya harus
manusia ini tercapai. Nah saya kira pasangan nomor 3 gayanya memang dosen kali ya.”
When the speaker tries to distance himself from the bagaimana membangun manusia? Jawabannya ga nyambung sama sekali. Karena itu, karena itu”
When the speaker feels uninterested or displeased with the discussion of his interlocutor, he shows his disrespectful attitude.This statement comes out after the BTP responds to his work program that is considered only work without giving respect for the word. Then ARB directly interrupts that BTP words are not connected at all and are not interested in saying
“Jawabannya ga nyambung sama sekali.”
Negative impoliteness was used in 3 realizations. They were condescend scorn or ridicule, invade the other’s space, and explicitly associate other with negative aspect. The most dominant realization was invade the other's space.
Data 8:
AHY : ”Bapak punya alasan tentunya mengapa menggusur, tetapi bagaimana perasaan bapak sebagai pemimpin sekaligus pengambil kebijakan tersebut melihat warga yang hidupnya semakin sulit begitu semakin sulit? Dan akhirnya kehilangan segalanya.”
When the speaker speaks of weaknesses or what can be the object of dropping his opponent, he usually invades or always talks about his opponent's weakness to show that his opponent is not as strong as he is.The eviction system was one of the BTP's work programs while serving as governor of DKI Jakarta. In conveying his statement, AHY attacked the BTP’s work program which he regarded as a program that could only hurt the people whose lives are difficult, not to improve the life of Jakarta residents. In other words, AHY attacks by scorning the BTP’s work program in case of eviction.
Bald on record impoliteness was used in 3 realizations.The realizations were direct, clear, and concise way.
Data 9:
285
masyarakat tidak masuk penjara. Selalu otaknya bagaimana supaya masyarakat tidak masuk penjara, bagaimana pertanyaanya kalau mereka berhasil? Tidak pernah ditanyakan.”
Direct happens the speaker attempts to utter or respond to a statement directly from the listener or by pronouncing the name or position of the person being discussed.In AHY's statement, he pointed clearly to the BTP who at that time is still the governor of DKI Jakarta and said that the BTP is always suspicious of his own people.
Language impoliteness which were uttered by the governor candidates should not occur for the reason that debate was the setting where the politeness should be worked because it was a formal place. It means that the governor candidates are expected to speak politely to each other. On the other hand, the analysis showed that there were some reasons why the governor candidates speak impolitely in debate. They are to vent negative feelings, to mock others, to show disagreement, to show power, and to clarify something.
Data 10:
BTP : “Saya udah jelaskan kadang-kadang kami ini suka ketawa juga, seolah kami ini nggak suka orang miskin, benci orang miskin. Tadi pasangan nomor 1 mengatakan mau kasih 600 ribu per bulan, itu terlalu kecil Bapak.”
The data above shows that in the previous statement the other candidates said that BTP program was always make the poor people became miserable. Then BTP responds by saying that the other candidates also provide a budget that is too small for the citizen of Jakarta. This is one example of to vent negative feelings.
They applied this way to entertain the others and it was an effective strategy in utilizing the impoliteness in election debate. In the following data would provide the reason why candidate governor used the impolite language in election debate:
Data 11:
BTP : “Cuma ngomong saya mau bangun ini, mau bangun itu, bangun ini tapi ga ada action-nya. Kalau kami? Kami tahu tujuannya.Visinya jelas, terukur. Ya harus membangun, harus ada. Harus ada fisik supaya sumber manusia ini tercapai. Nah saya kira pasangan nomor 3 gayanya memang dosen kali ya.”
The data above indicates that the BTP used impoliteness strategy in reason to mock other candidates by saying he just using theory for some explanation, without any practice in this case a lecturer.
Data 12:
BTP :”Di dalam visi misi program kami yang dimaksud dari pasangan calon 3 itu bukan strategi, karena kalau strategi kami itu adalah transparansi, nontunai. Nah ini kami namakan kebijakan. Kebijakan kami, apapun yang dipikirkan dirancang, dianggarkan, harus membuat penuh otak perut dan dompet warga DKI. Nah di sinilah perbedaannya. Pasangan ini (nomor 3) ngomong kami hanya membangun fisik, jembatan segalam macam. Bukan. Karena kami ingin memperbaiki orang.”
In election debate, the governor candidates did not always have the same idea with others.The previous candidate governor used the word "strategy" in response to the BTP work program, but the BTP did not agree with the use of that word because they regard it as a policy rather than a strategy.
Data 13:
ARB :”Bila tadi kita dengar, pasangan calon pertama memberikan ikannya. Pasangan kedua memberikan kailnya. Ikan dan kail baik diberikan. Tapi jika kolamnya masih ada, bagian kami menyiapkan, memastikan kolamnya masih tersedia.”
In some occasions, the power between governor candidates seem different. This power struggle would occur to show the dominance of each speaker in their interaction.ARB used the parable of hooks, fish, and ponds in conveying opinions. If it can be seen from those, what is given by candidate number 1 and 2 will not be useful if he does not provide the pool. So he shows his strength or superiority over other candidates.
Data 14:
ARB :”Di sana tak ada moral, di sana tak ada karakter, di sana tak ada nilai. Justru yang mau kita bangun adalah iman, taqwa, akhlak, karena yang dibutuhkan bagi masyarakat Indonesia adalah pendidikan yang menumbuhkan karakter moral dan karakter kinerja. Karakter moral artinya jujur, berkarakter: ikhlas, tuntas, beriman, tetapi karakter kinerja, kerja keras, kerja tuntas. Pendidikan bukan sekedar penyiapan ke pekerjaan.”
Every governor candidate has the same right to speak up especially in clarifying something to be clear. ARB previous position as the Minister of Education made him giving an explanation that the purpose of his program is not only to build and improve the students' knowledge, but also their moral, faith and character.
286 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer would like to express respectfulness to Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S andProf. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd as her thesis advisors for guiding her to accomplish her thesis and for giving useful knowledge and suggestions.
REFERENCES
[1] Culpeper, J. 2011. The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im) Politeness. Uppsala University. Routledge
[2] Beard, A. 2000 The Language of Politics. Routledge [3] Ayeomoni, O.Moses. & Akinkuolere,O.S. 2012. A
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courtroom discourse. Mulitilingua 8. 101-129. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[5] Leech, G. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
