THE REVENGE MOTIVATION REVEALED IN RAZYÉ’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MARYSE CONDÉ’S
WINDWARD HEIGHTS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO Student Number: 044214139
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO Student Number: 044214139
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iv
There’s nothing you cannot do that can’t be done
Nothing you can sing that can’t be sang
Nothing you can say but you can learn how to play the game
It’s easy!!
v
For
My Beloved Family and parents
in their supports and prayers
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank God and praise for His blessing that I can finish my thesis. I thank Him for His guidance and all the people He has sent to me. That I can finish finally finish my thesis.
I do realize that I could never complete my thesis without the helps from Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., as my advisor who has spent her time and been patient in reading, re-reading and correcting this thesis. To J. Harris Hermansyah S., S. S., M.Hum., my co-advisor, I also want to say thank for giving the suggestion on this thesis and for his willingness in rereading my thesis. My deep gratitude goes to all the lecturers in the English Letters Department who have shared their knowledge, I am also thankful to the Secretariat Staff for their best services.
I would like to say thanks to my beloved parents and my brothers and sisters for supporting and praying for me. I also would like to say thanks to Brojo Community, Dota LieLie Team, Mbahe, Marsulis, Lenyung, Wangwung, Jonet, Marsulis, Black Soldiers and all my friends in the class of „04.
Above of all, I would like to thank everyone whose names can not be mentioned here who have helped and been my part of life during my study in Sanata Dharma University and also given their contribution to this thesis.
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1. Theories on Character and Characterization………... 8
2. Psychology and Literature………. 10
3. Theory on Personality Development……… 11
4. Theory on Motivation... 13
1. The Personality Development of Razyé.………... 35
x
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………. 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….. 56
APPENDIX 1 ... 58
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Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Windward Heights, a novel by Maryse Condé, which is published in 2003. The work presents the obsessive love of the main character that makes him capable to stop his action in taking revenge that is influenced by the ill treatment and lack of love.
This study formulates two problems. Firstly, the writer tries to find out whether Razyé is a round or flat character and then, how the author characterizes him in the novel. Secondly, the writer wants to find out how Razyé‟s motivation in taking revenge is revealed from his personality development.
The method that the writer uses to analyze the data in this thesis is library research, because it is involved in a literary work, whose discussion and interpretation can apply some certain approaches. This study uses the psychological approach in analyzing how Razyé‟s motivation in taking revenge to Aymeric and Justin is revealed from his personality development.
xii ABSTRAK
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO. The Revenge Motivation Revealed in
Razyé’s Personality Development in Maryse Condé’s Windward Heights.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Studi ini membahas tentang Windward Heights, sebuah novel karya Maryse Condé, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2003. Novel ini menceritakan tentang perasaan obsesif akan cinta dari karakter utama yang membuatnya tidak dapat berhenti untuk melakukan tindakan balas dendam yang didasari oleh perlakuan kejam dan kekurangan akan kasih sayang.
Studi ini mengajukan dua permasalahan. Langkah pertama, penulis mencoba untuk mengungkapkan apakah Razyé merupakan karakter yang kompleks atau datar dan kemudian bagaimanakah cara dari pengarang novel ini dalam mengkarakterisasikan Razyé dalam novel ini. Langkah kedua, penulis mencoba mengungkapkan bagaimana motivasi balas dendam Razyé yang terungkap dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dalam mengolah data analisa pada tesis ini, karena pembahasannya yang menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan tertentu. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis dalam mengungkapkan motivasi balas dendam dari Razyé terhadap Aymeric dan Justin yang diungkapkan dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
1 A. Background of the Study
Imagine that your parents are killed by a stranger or maybe they get killed by an accident. You will be very angry to the one who causes you to become an orphan. Then, you will take revenge on him or her who takes your parents‟ live because you are under control of your emotion at that time and
your motivation at that time is to do a vengeance upon him or her. This assumption of revenge is an assumption concerning your motivation. “Revenge”, in the ‘Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means something that you do in order to make somebody suffer because they have made you suffer (2000: 1140).
In this thesis, the writer wants to discuss the Razyé‟s revenge
motivation that is revealed in his personality development in Windward Heights. The first thing that comes up to us after hearing the word „revenge‟,
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Most people want to know why they behave the way they do and also what the reason that forces them to do the things that motivate their behavior. First, it is important to note that the term incentive usually describes some goal object that motivates us (Petri, 1979: 141). It is believed that we may have several goals in our lives, whether it is a positive one or a negative one, and sometimes our certain goal can motivate behavior. Basically, most people have a certain goal in doing something and sometimes they do not realize why they do that thing that can influence or develop their personality behavior. Herbert L. Petri states that the concept of incentives as motivator of behavior has been a useful tool in attempting to explain why people (and animals) do the things they do, its use in theory recognizes that objects or events can modify and influence our behavior over and above physical needs (Petri, 1979: 142).
Concerning the facts above, it must be related with individual personality, which is the organization of behavior. Moskovitz and Orgel state that personality refers to organized behavior of the individual (Moskovitz and Orgel, 1969:341). However, the psychological meaning of the term personality is very different from its lay meaning. For most laymen, personality refers to a person‟s social appeal or popularity. In their opinion,
personality has the same definition with social appeal or popularity. Some people even speak of “amounts” of personality (if someone is likable or we
However, personality does not occur in “amounts”; every person has a
personality, because every person exhibits distinctive patterns of organized behavior. In this context, social appeal is one aspect of personality. It is believed that there is a development of personality as each individual grow up and it depends on the individual‟s life experience itself. Some people will
develop into a good personality and some people into a bad personality.
Those phenomena above are going to be analyzed in the novel of Maryse Condé‟s Winward Heights in which the main character –Razyé- is a
mulatto who is adopted by Hubert Gagneur. In the novel, he takes revenge toward Aymeric de Linsseuil who has taken Cathy from Razyé‟s life and also
Justin Gagneur who has separated him from Cathy and treats him badly. This makes Razyé hates Aymeric de Linsseuil and also Justin who has degraded him in front of Cathy. Condé has reinterpreted stories and historical events that have become a part of Western cultural heritage. Condé is inspired by Emily Brontë‟s wild love affair from Wuthering Heights to a Carribean
context (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/conde.htm). However, Condé changes the name of the character lists and also she transposes the story to her native island of Guadeloupe. This that makes Condé‟s work is different from Emily Brontë‟s, however she also give her honour and respect for Emily Brontë in
the novel.
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story-events have already been told. It enables a storyteller to fill in background information about characters and events (Baldick, 1991: 9).
B. Problem Formulation
For the discussion, there are several problems which are formulated as follows:
1. How is Razyé characterized by the author?
2. How is the revenge motivation revealed in Razyé‟s personality development?
C. Objectives of the Study
The study, firstly, is intended to describe how the author characterizes Razyé in Windward Heights, in which his characterizations are defined and presented. It is intended to find out how Razyé‟s personality development
reveals through his characterization in Windward Heights, in which his characters are defined and presented. Secondly, the study is to find and to understand how the revenge motivation is revealed in Razyé‟s. Therefore,
D. Definition of Terms
To add further explanation, some words will be defined to guide the readers in understanding this thesis. The writer gets definition of the specific terms mostly from books and websites, which are considered well qualified. 1. Motivation
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior (Petri, 1979: 3). 2. Personality
According to Allport, Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (in Hurlock, 1974: 7). The term dynamic organization refers to the change and the development of personality. The term psychophysical refers to either “exclusively mentalor exclusively neural” which is meant that the both body and mind are fused into personal unity. 3. Development
6 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Windward Heights is Maryse Condé‟s novel that was published in
1998 and it tells about Razye‟s obsessive love toward Cathy, which leads him
to do revenge for the loss of his love. Condé reimagines Emily Brontë‟s
passionate novel as a tale of obsessive love between the “African” Razye and Cathy, the mulatto daughter of the man who takes Razye in and raises him, but whose treatment goads Razye into rebellious flight. In Cuba, Razye makes his fortune, but upon his return, he discovers Cathy has wed the weak scion of a socially prominent Creole family. Razyé determines to be avenged for the loss of his love. His vengeance continues into the next generation, haunting both Cathy‟s daughter and his son (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/conde.htm).
The related studies above inspire the writer to discover what Razyé‟s
motivation is in taking the revenge to Aymeric, the white creole, who has taken Cathy from him. Especially, from the statement above that says, “Razyé
determines to be avenged for the loss of his love”. It means that Razyé
becomes a revengeful person because of the loss of Cathy, his love, which has stimulated and motivated him to do his vengeance.
There are two theses from English Letters‟ students of Sanata
The needs of love, affections, and belongings have motivated Ruth to take revenge towards her husband and his mistress, Bobbo and Mary Fisher. In her past life, Ruth lacks of love and affection from her mother. It makes her suffers because Ruth is alienated by her mother from her family. After Ruth becomes an adult person, she does not want to feel that way again. Ruth comes up and decides to change her fate into the person who both the receiving and giving of love, love from another and someone to love (Yulianti, 2005: 52).
Second, there is Nyoman Sugiani who analyzes revenge that is revealed in the main character.
It can be concluded that revenge as revealed through Heathcliff‟s character leads him to his poor end of life. Even though he feels that those who has wronged him deserve to suffer as he was and occasionally he is satisfied, but finally he realizes that he cannot make any excuse for involving those who are innocent. The revenge only leads him into his suffering and it is ended by his death in hoping to be able to see his love (Sugiani, 2003: 50).
Those related studies above helps the writer to develop the topic of this thesis. Especially, from the statements above that say, “the needs of love,
affection, and belongings have motivated Ruth to take revenge towards her husband and his mistress” and also “the revenge only leads him into his
suffering and it is ended by his death in hoping to be able to see his love”. The writer agrees with the statements above and relates with the study whether there is a motive behind Razyé‟s vengeance and also how his vengeance is
shaped within his personality development. In addition, related to the study, the writer tries to discover what the motive of Razyé in taking revenge to Aymeric and Justin and also what the main problem is in Razyé‟s life that
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because this study wants to discuss about human‟s motivation in taking
revenge and to reveal the relationship between the revenge motivation and personality development from the main character.
B. Review of Related Theories
In order to analyze the revenge of Razye, which is revealed in his personality development, there are some applied theories, which are related much to the topic. Character and characterization are applied since the thesis deals with the revenge of character, which is revealed, in character‟s
personality development. Psychological theories are applied since a character has particular aspects in performing his behavior. There are motivation and personality development theories to know about the character‟s motive in
doing revenge.
1. Theories on Character and Characterization
Characters are persons who are involved in the stories and who act out in a particular time and place some kind of conflict in a pattern of events. Characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. They must be credible, that is, readers must accept them as believable people (Rohrberger, 1971: 20).
interpreted by the reader about their moralities and disposition qualities lie in the way they say or act. The characterization is the presentation of the characters by the author, which showing the qualities and moral values.
E.M. Foster, in the Aspects of Novel, states that character is divided into two; they are flat and round characters (Foster, 1974:46). A flat character is called a type, two dimensional, which presents a single idea or quality of character without much individualizing detail; therefore, it can be described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is a complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; therefore, it is described in detail. Character in the dramatic or narrative work can be said as a flat or round character, depends on the author characterizes and functions him, without individualizing detail or only described in a single quality, it can be said as a flat and with explicitly explaining a complex description of qualities, and it is said as a round. The definition that shows that the characters are round is that they are capable of rotundity (1974:50). The round characters are the reverses that they cannot be summed up by a single phrase. They can be changed by the circumstances, in which modify them. They change because they face so many facets. There are many phrases, or even sentences that are used to describe them. Therefore, the reader does not easily remember them. The characters‟ capability of rounding shows that they are able to change and
develop.
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“there are some ways to understand character” (Murphy, 1972:161). There are
nine ways how the author presents and describe his characters of the story. They are; personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, direct comment, thoughts, mannerism. However, this thesis only takes three items of those nine such as character as seen by another, thought and reaction.
Character as seen by another is the personal image of a character in the story through the eyes and opinions of another character in the story, in which the author can give us a clue to know a person‟s character.
Reactions is how the character reacts to various situations and events, how their attitude in facing those situations and events that can give the reader a clue about his or her characteristic.
Thought is how the character thinks or feels that can give the reader a clue about his or her characteristic in the novel.
2. Psychology and Literature
There is a close relation between psychology and literature. According to Rene Wellek and Austin Waren in their book entitled Theory of Literature, “psychology and literature have a close relation in which some
works of literature talk about psychological cases”. They write, “People can
writer can prove that the behaviors of the character in the novel is in line with we know about human‟s spirit or soul, thus the writer is successful using psychological approach to interpret the work of literature. In Razye‟s case, if
the writer can prove that Razye‟s behaviors in the novel proper to what do we
know about human‟s motivation, thus the writer is successful using
psychological approach to interpret the novel Windward Heights.
3. Theories on Personality Development
Personality is defined by the particular concept contained within a given theory that is considered adequate for the complete description or understanding human behavior (Hall & Lindzey, 1951: 15). The theories of personality are accepted where they have the complete description of our understanding about human behavior, which means that they must comprehensively concern with wide range of human behavior. While, Moskovitz and Orgel state that personality refers to the organized behavior of the individual (Moskovitz and Orgel, 1969:341). He also states that „behavior
is ultimately an expression of the individual organism, functioning as a discrete unit in dynamic relationship with its environment (1969: 340). It is believed that there is a development of personality as each individual grow up and it depends on the individual‟s life experience itself, it is concerned with
the behavioral characteristics of the unique individual.
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Personality Development. He stated that personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought (Hurlock, 1974: 7). His statement has been stated at the previous chapter. Related to the statement above, it can be said that personality is something unique and dynamically organized, and develops within the environmental influences that someone does not want to experience it. The personality is unique and complex, which means that one‟s personality, is different from another that each of adjustment
to the environment is not the same. The “dynamic organization” refers to the change and development of personality, even though there is still an organization or system, which is linked together with the various components of personality. The “psychophysical system” refers to the organization, which
entails the operation of both body and mind, which is fused into a personal unity. The word “determine” refers to the motivational role of the
psychophysical systems within the individual; once an attitude, belief, habit, sentiment, or some other element of a psychophysical system has been aroused it provokes expressive acts which are characteristics forms of expression of that individual, so that it can importantly influence the individual‟s behavior. In summary, the personality dynamically changes and
4. Theories on Motivation
All people have motives in their lives. It is sometimes hidden, but it will become visible and other will know it. The characters in the story also have motives. The characters must have motives because without motives the story will not be interesting. It is because the motives usually sign that there is a conflict in a story.
Perrine states that the characters in the story must be clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is some change in their behavior. The reader must be able to understand the reasons for what they do, if not immediately, at least by the end of the story (Perrine, 1974: 69).
There are many definitions of motivation that have been given by many different psychologists. One of them is Petri. According to Petri in his book Motivation: Theory and Research,
„Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior‟ (1981: 3).
We can understand that motivation is an explanatory concept that is used to make sense out of the behaviors we observe. It is worth pointing out that motivation is inferred. Instead of measuring it directly, we manipulate certain conditions and note how behavior changes. From the observed changes, we refine our understanding of the underlying motivation.
There is also another definition of motivation by Hebb. According to Hebb in his article Drives and the CNS (Conceptual Nervous System),
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responses that keep them temporarily dominant over others and account for continuity and direction in behavior (Hebb, 1968: 64). According to Kalish, motivation can be strong enough to activate goal-seeking behavior, which began with agitated feelings and ended with behavior that satisfied his need (Kalish, 1973: 30). Most people are actually motivated by needs to satisfy their goal-seeking behavior. Thus a need for food signifies that a person feels the lack of food, and it sets into motion hunger-motivated behavior.
Motivation and needs are concepts, not things. They cannot be seen or heard or touched; they must be inferred or assumed. All human behavior is motivated, even if the person is not necessarily aware of his motives at the time of the behavior.
In motivation, it can be found motive and needs. Motive and needs stimulate a person to do something that what we called motivation. According to Drever, “Motive is an affective-conative factor which operates in determining the direction of an individual‟s behavior towards an end or goal, consciously apprehended, or unconscious” (1975: 178). While in giving a
definition of needs, Drever says, “a condition marked by the feeling of lack or
want of something, or of requiring the performance of some action” (1975:
182). These theories have relation each other, motivation has been stimulated by motives and needs to be done.
According to one of the highly respected psychologist, Abraham H. Maslow explains the hierarchy of needs in Kalish‟s The Psychology of Human
to become everything that one is capable of becoming” (Kalish, 1973: 34).
The individuals seem rewarded by the feeling that they have done something to make the most of their abilities, to make something of themselves – to do as much as their potential allows. Before one person can do an effective job of self-actualizing, there are other needs that must be reasonably well satisfied. Maslow also construct a hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, and esteem needs, in addition to the self-actualizing needs (Kalish, 1973: 35). However, the writer only uses love and belonging needs to analyze this thesis.
Most people have the feeling to be loved by others. There is no doubt that the motivating power of the need for love and for a sense of belonging is an important part in our life. In any event, the need for love and belonging is important. Like what Spitz states that “love may be necessary for the
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5. Theory on Stress
The term stress has been used to describe a variety of negative feelings and reactions that accompany threatening or challenging situations. According to Selye in Huffman‟s Psychology in Action, stress is a bodily
reaction that can occur in response to either internal, cognitive stimuli or external, environmental stimuli. He also distinguishes between eustress (pleasant, desirable stress, as from moderate exercise) and distress (unpleasant, objectionable stress, as from prolonged illness) (Huffman, 2000: 438). It means the body is nearly always in some state of stress, whether pleasant or unpleasant. Things, events, people, situation, and environment are the components that can make someone stressful.
experience of harm/loss, some damage to the person has already occurred. Damages can include the injury or loss of valued persons, important objects, self-worth, or social standing which will make the person feeling of helplessness and get depression. Thus, any one event may be perceived either as a stressful ordeal or as an exciting opportunity, depending on the individual person‟s appraisal.
Although stress is pervasive in our lives, some things cause more stress than others do. The major influences of stress are thought, emotion, and our behavior. Stress can lead us to the depression feeling. According to Beck, what are central to depression are the negative thoughts, instead of hormonal changes or low rates of reinforcement
(http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/allen.html).
Someone who experiences depression looks like unhappy person and he or she seems to have readjusted to his or her environment. The expression of anger at the assumed inactivity of others would at this point be viewed as inappropriate, so this feeling must be repressed. When a person experiences depression in a long term, he or she will try to cover his or her feeling. What he or she wants is some means of protecting himself or herself from this feeling, and it will lead him or her to create defense mechanism for him or herself. Sigmund Freud defines defense mechanisms as the psychological techniques that defend the person‟s ego and self-esteem from overwhelming
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excessively or become seriously exaggerated that we think of the person as maladjusted. Defense mechanism frequently serves to protect the individual from breaking down completely and developing a major mental disorder. There are many major defense mechanisms that are introduced by Freud. However, the writer only uses one of them that are applied to support this study. Freud mentions Displaced Aggression, or Displacement, in which the individual shows aggression toward an object other than the direct cause of depression (Aiken, 1969: 435). Displaced Aggression is more like an object displacement, in which we displace our direct cause of depression to another object to reduce the effect of our depression.
C. Theoretical Framework
The focus of this study is on the analysis of motivation of revenge, which is revealed in Razye‟s personality development. Thus, the related
theories to the study above mentioned are used as the bases to solve the analysis. Besides, those theories are used in supporting the analysis of the questions in problem formulation.
Foster‟s theory is helpful to determine the complexity of the nature
of the character, which refers to the flat and round characters. By using Foster‟s theory, the writer can recognize what kind of character Razye is. By using Foster‟s theory, it can be concluded whether Razye is a flat or round
character. It will be applied to analyze and give deeper meaning and also detail explanation about character.
In understanding the main character, the writer uses Murphy‟s theory to analyze Razye‟s characterization. Murphy proposes several ways to
characterize characters, however, the writer only uses three of those ways. It is because the writer only finds out those three aspects of Murphy‟s theory in the
novel. This theory supports the analysis in describing Razye characterization; the revelation of the main character is done by the observation on the opinion of others characters, the reaction of the character and the characters thought.
The explanation of the relationship between psychology and literature is needed to give an understanding to the reader and also to prove that there is a relation between human being in reality and character in fiction. It also proves that the behaviors of the character in the novel proper to what do we know about human‟s spirit or soul, thus the writer is successful using
psychological approach to interpret the work of literature.
Then, the writer relates Hall & Lindzey and Allport‟s theory in
Elizabeth Hulock‟s Theory of Personality Development in explaining on
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the Razye‟s personality develops. These theories are needed in supporting how Razyé‟s personality develops.
To show how the revenge motivation is revealed in the story, theories of motivation by Drever and Hebb and also Richard A. Kalish, define motive and motivation as the center for the character to act. There is also Maslow (in Kalish), who gives description about hierarchy of needs.
There is also the theory of stress that is used in this study to support of how the revenge motivation is shaped in Razyé as seen in his personality development. Hans Selye‟s theory of stress in Karen Huffman‟s Psychology in
Action, Lazarus & Folkman‟s theory of stress in Ralf Schwarzer‟s article
about Stress and Coping Resources: Theory and Review, Josiah P. Allen Rochester‟s article about An Overview of Beck’s Cognitive Theory of
Depression in Contemporary Literature, Lewis R. Aiken‟s General
Psychology are used in explaining on how the revenge motivation is shaped in
Razyé‟s personality development. Both theory of motivation and also theory
21 A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is Maryse Condé‟s Windward Heights. The
originally published as La migration des coeurs, which was published under the name Robert Laffont, Paris, in 1995. Windward Heights was first published by Faber & Faber Limited in English translation in 1998 which was translated from the French by Richard Philcox. The one used in this thesis is republished in 2003 by Soho Press, Inc. in New York. This novel consists of forty-one chapters and three hundred and forty-eight pages.
The novel talks about Razyé‟s rages in taking revenge towards Aymeric, the white creole, who has taken Cathy from him and also Justin Gagneur, Cathy‟s brother who has treated and degraded him in front of Cathy.
The revenge starts after Razyé had returned from Cuba to Guadeloupe and he discovered that Cathy had married to Aymeric de Linsseuil. The story contains two main parts; part one develops the motivation of Razyé in taking revenge and parts two presents Razyé‟s revenge.
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novel can be divided into five stages: the introduction deals with the childhood of Razyé, Catherine, and Justin; the close relationship between Catherine and Razyé; Catherine‟s marriage to Aymeric de Linsseuil; Razyé‟s revenge toward
Aymeric; and the death of Catherine.
B. Approach of the Study
Since this study is analyzing motivation for revenge which is revealed in the main character‟s personality development, the applied
approaches, which are used to analyze the topic, have been classified in Guerin‟s A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature.
The psychological approach is an approach that is important limitation is in its aesthetic inadequacy (1976: 121), which means that the approach somewhat ignores the beautiful symmetry of well-wrought of the literary works, either poems or fictional masterpieces, however, it can afford many profound clues in solving a work‟s thematic and symbolic mysteries.
They can be psychological aspects, which the author puts in his works especially that are much related with the personality of the characters.
The psychological approach, in this thesis, is mostly used to analyze the main character‟s motivation in taking revenge which is revealed in his
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study in this thesis is library research. It means that the data used in the analysis are collected from books of psychology, literature, dictionaries, and internet. The analysis is done through the sources from the books and articles from the internet.
There are two kinds of sources used in supporting this analysis; they are the primary source and the secondary sources. The primary source is
Condé‟s Windward Heights. Meanwhile the secondary sources are taken from
some books, theses, and articles from the internet that could be used as references to the novel.
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identify whether the main character is flat or round characters. Then, the further explanations about presentation of the characters were found in Murphy‟s Theory of characterization. The last ways in answering the
questions, the writer was discovering the main character‟s personality
development, by using Hall & Lindzey, Moskovitz & Orgel, and Elizabeth Hurlock‟s theory about personality development. The next step was the writer
tried to find out and to understand the motivation of Razyé in taking revenge by the help of Drever & Hebb, Richard A. Kalish, and Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs. Then, the writer tried to find out how the revenge motivation was revealed in Razyé‟s personality development by the help of Hans Selye‟s
theory of stress in Karen Huffman‟s Psychology in Action, Lazarus &
Folkman‟s theory of stress in Ralf Schwarzer‟s article about Stress and
Coping Resources: Theory and Review, Josiah P. Allen Rochester‟s article
about An Overview of Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression in Contemporary Literature, Lewis R. Aiken‟s General Psychology were used in
explaining on how the revenge motivation was shaped in Razyé‟s personality
development. Both of theory on motivation and theory on stress were used to explain how Razyé‟s vengeance was revealed and shaped within him through
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This chapter will discuss about the characterization of Razyé and finally, the revenge motivation that is revealed in Razyé‟s personality
development.
The first part will discuss Razyé as round character, and his character‟s
presentation that will explain the ways of author, Maryse Condé, presented him in her novel. The last part is divided into two subtitles, in which will discuss Razyé‟s personality development, and Razyé‟s motivation in taking
revenge.
A. Characterization of Razyé
The characters can be called round, not just because they are, indeed, firstly created as round. They can be called as round is not only seen through their complexities in temperament and motivation, but also through whether they are able to develop and change. Razyé can belong to this type, as he is able to change and develop.
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I was looking at what he was clutching between his knees: a dirty, repulsive, seven- or eight- year-old boy, completely naked, with a well-developed sex, believe me; a little black boy or Indian half-caste. His skin was black, and his tangled curly hair reached down his back. Hubert Gagneur noticed my curiosity. „I found him among the razyé – on the heath – and he bit my hand like a mongoose. It must have been the evil spirits hidden in the wind of the hurricane that brought him our way.‟ (p. 21)
At that time, Razyé is presented as messy, dirty and black skin color child in the early introduction of his character in the novel. From the statement above, it is also mentioned that „he must have been the evil spirits hidden in
the wind of the hurricane‟. It means that Razyé is also described as a rough
character that has morose nature. He is also physically described as a dirty homeless black-haired child. He is so messy, such a weird creature, and even makes Nelly afraid of how he looks like. Nothing is known about his background since he was an orphan when he was picked up by Mr. Gagneur in his way back home.
However, as the time passes by he has undergone the facets that force him to change and develop his character. At the first time, Razyé enters l‟Engoulvent and becomes one of the Gagneur‟s family members. Justin,
Gagneur‟s son, does not like Razyé because he has to share his place with
Razyé. However, it is very different with Justin‟s sister, Cathy, who begins to worship Razyé. The closeness relationship between Cathy and Razyé become more intimate, their closeness is like a lover as described below:
romp and gallop on horseback across the limestone heights that surrounded l‟Engoulvent. (p. 22)
From the quotation above, it can be seen the situation that has happened after Razyé‟s appearance in Gagneur‟s house. He brings a lot of
changes in that house. He becomes the plaything of Gagneur who has found a place in the Gagneur‟s heart and this that makes Justin hates Razyé‟s
appearance in the house, whereas Cathy becomes to admire and worship Razyé.
After the incident that has taken Gagneur‟s life away, everything has
changed in that house. Justin replaces his father‟s position and he becomes a master in that house. He starts to study in Anse-Bertrand school. One day, he announces to all people in that house that he will marry Marie-France La Rinardière, a white Creole, and he wants all people to be in their best behavior. At this starting point, Huberte de Linsseuil invites Cathy to stay with her at the Belles-Feuilles plantation for a month along her stay in Huberte‟s house she learns a lot of things. After, she has spent for a whole month in Huberte‟s house she becomes a new person even nobody recognizes her.
However, she does not forget her Razyé. The day she gets back home, the first thing that she wants to meet is her Razyé but once she looks at her Razyé in terrible appearance at the stables she begins to mock him sharply.
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Cathy‟s statement about Razyé‟s appearance makes him becomes
silence. Then, he wants to prove to Cathy that he can change his appearance not only the white Creoles.
At the same moment, Cathy entered, beside herself with laughter, arm in arm with an athletic, well-formed man of towering height and upright carriage. His tight curly hair fell over his forehead; his eyes were full of black fire, his cheeks shaven and his skin so black that the cloth of his coat seemed light by comparison. Aymeric had never seen Razyé with his own eyes and from what he had heard, he‟d taken him for a common scoundrel. He was stunned by his dignified manner and at a loss for words when Cathy crushed his hand into his. (p. 56) round, as firstly, he is able to change and develop his appearance from messy into presentable person, which is caused by the circumstances he has experienced.
The presentation of Razyé‟s characters in this discussion is
Therefore, from the theory of characterization of characters in presenting and describing characters of the story by Murphy, which are just mentioned at the previous chapter, will be only three items that are used to analyze how the author presents Razyé. It is because those three aspects are the most suitable for presenting Razyé‟s characterization in this study, which
are identified through his reaction, his thought, and his character as seen by another. In this analysis, the characterization of Razyé may deal will be revealed by using those three possibilities above as described below:
a. Character as seen by another
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confines him to the fields with the Indians as servant. From that day on, Justin wants to separate between Razyé and Cathy, he does not want that both of them becomes lover because of their age that is very young and also the relationship of them are meant to be brother and sister.
From that day on Justin forbade Razyé to set foot inside the house and confined him to the fields with the Indians.
As for Razyé!
For at that time he was fifteen or sixteen years old and the size of a locust-tree. L‟Engoulvent had a stable that had never housed more than one horse and leaked all over. That was where he now spent his nights, after having toiled with the Indians and eaten his root vegetables out of the same gourd. It was as if he took pleasure in his abjection. I watched him with his chin down to his chest as he watered, weeded, hoed and lit bonfires. He no longer washed. A comb never touched his hair. Whenever I passed him by, my nostrils revolted at his smell – a mixture of dirt, sweat and cow-pats. All the liveliness and boldness had gone out of him. He had become sullen and uncouth, a repulsive animal. (pp. 26-27)
From the quotation above, Nelly‟s statement can be seen that the
way Justin treat Razyé is very cruel until Razyé is separated from Cathy and he is forbidden to set his foot inside the house anymore. Justin‟s cruel treatment then begins to develop Razyé‟s hatred toward him. At that time,
Razyé only feels so sad because he cannot have a chance to meet with Cathy. From Nelly‟s statement, it is clearly described how sadness Razyé is that he
Cathy spent a whole month with Huberte de Linsseuil and I reproached her brother for letting her stay for so long with strangers. The day after Cathy left, Razyé disappeared. As he still hadn‟t returned after a week had gone by, I managed with some difficulty to convince Carmelien that we should go and look for him. We walked all over the Heights; we scoured the countryside as far as Petit-Canal, Anse-Bertrand and even Le Moule. I was imagining the worst, when some scamps told us about a beast that was hiding in one of the caves in the cliff. They had tried throwing rocks to make it come out, but to no avail. I guessed immediately what beast this Razyé‟s melancholy. It is told that Razyé has disappeared from the house in
the day after Cathy leaves and to overcome his sadness because he cannot see his Cathy he manages himself with all the bottles of Belles-Feuilles rum and hides in the cave.
b. Reaction
Through Razyé‟s reaction, he is also described as jealous. His
jealousy is presented when he sees both Cathy and Aymeric are having a deep conversation. He does not like the way Aymeric talks to Cathy and attracts her and cannot accept the truth that Cathy interests to Aymeric de Linsseuil. It is happened after the visit by Huberte and Aymeric that is lasted for hours in Cathy‟s house. The truth of Cathy has already become friend with Huberte de
Linsseuil‟s family especially his son Aymeric and this means that Cathy
cannot give all her attention anymore for him that makes Razyé becomes jealous.
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After having eaten the guava tart, Nelly Raboteur‟s speciality, and drunk the vanilla-flavoured chocolate, Aymeric took Cathy‟s arm and they walked to the very edge of the savanna, where the void takes over from the land and the mind is seized by vertigo. They seemed to be deep in conversation. Looking at their silhouettes in the twilight, Razyé dreamed of stealing up on them and with one slit of the throat, getting rid of Aymeric. Oh, to see his blood run thick and red. To send him to his grave and make sure he never returned among the living! (p. 38)
From the quotation above, it can be interpreted as the reaction toward the situation of seeing the truth about the closeness relationship between Cathy and Aymeric. He is jealous of Aymeric de Linsseuil and he hates that Cathy likes Aymeric than him. His jealousy leads him to dream of stealing up on Cathy and Aymeric and also in ending up Aymeric‟s life. It is because he does
not want anyone else take Cathy from him.
From that day on Aymeric was a regular visitor in Cathy‟s house. He no longer took the trouble to have himself chaperoned by his sister. As the Belles-Feuilles estate was not too far from l‟Engoulvent, you could hear the bell on his tillbury tinkling from a distance and he would turn up all alone at any time of day, as if he owned the place. He would sit on the veranda with Cathy and show her picture-books or else read her the magazines from Paris. He taught her to play croquet and other society games. He gave her a little poodle with curls as tight as his that he called Pompom. Once he brought his fiddle and played some Italian capriccios for her. Razyé wondered how Cathy could put up with all these antics. If only they could split their sides laughing once Aymeric had left. But, alas, he could not even get near her. During the day she deliberately made sure that she was always with company. In the evening he would wait for her in vain. Hidden in the shadows, however loud he croaked like an ungainly toad under her window, she would not open her shutters. (p. 39)
From the quotation above, it also gives a clear description about Razyé‟s jealousy. It is described by the lack of attention from Cathy to him
becomes the regular visitor in the house and this makes him does not even have opportunity to get close to Cathy because she is always with Aymeric all day long and even, at the night, Cathy does not want to meet Razyé as usual. She just let him wait for her in vain and this means that she does not even care anymore about him.
c. The Character‟s Thought
Through Razyé‟s thoughts, his character also can be interpreted as
pessimistic person. He always thinks that he is such an inferior person who is always mocked by many people around him. This fact is seen when he cannot join to the celebration of Justin‟s marriage party. He watches all people in good appearance and looks very charming, and it is very different with the way he looks. He feels ashamed of the way he looks and he believes that he cannot be as rich and handsome as the white Creoles. However, Nelly who knows about this, attempts to encourage Razyé to overcome his thought of inferiority regarding Aymeric de Linsseuil by telling him that he is bigger and stronger and more handsome if he wants to wash himself.
„What‟s she doing?‟ he merely replied.
„Cathy?‟ I answered. „She‟s enjoying herself!‟ He looked up, and I noticed his eyes were brimming with tears.
„Oh, how I wish I were white!‟ he shouted. „White with blue eyes in my face! White with blond hair on my head!‟ I shrugged my shoulders.
„When you go to church don‟t you hear the priest preach from the pulpit that the colour of your skin doesn‟t matter; all that counts is the colour of your soul?‟
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But nobody could have changed his mood, except perhaps Cathy – and her thoughts were far away at that moment – and he began to scream like a savage.
„Go away, leave me alone!‟ (pp. 29-30)
Razyé, however, becomes more inferior and his pessimist leads him in a deep sorrow of the truth about his appearance and also his condition that he cannot be as rich and handsome as Aymeric de Linsseuil. Even though that he knocks him down many times, he will not have a chance to be well dressed, behave well and as rich as him. He also thinks that his skin color that makes him cannot be accepted by the society and also Justin who never respects to him. He thinks for himself that because of his skin color he cannot be respected by the society.
B. The Revenge Motivation Revealed in Razyé’s Personality
Development
After the writer explains some of the Razyé‟s characterization and
also decides whether the character of Razyé is called round or flat character, then the writer concerns about the analysis of how the revenge motivation is revealed in Razyé‟s personality development. This discussion is divided into
two parts; the first parts is the explanation of Razyé‟s personality
development, and the last parts will explain about how the revenge motivation is revealed in Razyé‟s personality development and also how the revenge
1. The Personality Development of Razyé
The discussion of this part is concerned with the personality development of Razyé, how the personality of Razyé changes and develops.
a. Repressive
As it has been discussed in the previous pages about Razyé‟s
characterization, before he realizes his vengeance he is described as melancholic, jealous, and pessimistic person that in this discussion, those characterizations change into repressive, possessive, and ambitious. Like what Hall & Lindzey (1951: 15) says about personality development in the previous chapter that to understand the development of personality we have to infer the human behavior of the individual. It means that an individual‟s character can
change and develop into a different personality than before. This
understanding is also supported by Allport‟s statement about the
understanding of personality development in Elizabeth Hurlock‟s (1974: 7),
he states that „the personality is unique and dynamically organized within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought‟ in which the individual is influenced and aroused by the environmental influences that someone does not want to experience it, which provokes expressive acts of expression of the individual, so that it can importantly influence the individual‟s behavior. This means that the patterns
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are not aimless, but are directed toward the specific goal of fitting the individual into the physical and social environments in which he lives. I believe that Razyé has experienced many things such as losing of a woman whom he loves so much that he does not ever feel in his childhood, Justin‟s ill
treatment, and the most important thing is he wants to take a vengeance to Aymeric who has taken Cathy from him. Then, it can be related to Lazarus and Folkman‟s explanation about stress in the previous chapter
(http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~gesund/public_at/ehps_cd/health/stress.htm). In this study, Razyé believes that he appraises Justin‟s treatment as the threat of
harm and he also experiences of loss of a valuable person that changes and improves his personality. That situation forces him to repress Razyé‟s
special, charming, good person for her. However, Cathy still wonders what actually, the reason behind his attitude toward Irmine is. Razyé uses Irmine as his instrument in taking revenge to Aymeric, his intention is Aymeric also feels the pain, hurt, and loss of an important person in his life like what Razyé has experienced in losing Cathy. His first step is by seducing Irmine and takes her away from de Linsseuil‟s house to live with him at l‟Engoulvent. After couples of months when she has lived with him, she realizes what kind of person he is. She writes a letter to Lucinda Lucius, a mabo Julie in Aymeric‟s house, and she tells everything to Lucinda also about the repressiveness attitude of Razyé toward her.
Now I‟m in agony. I‟m burning with a question that I turn over and over in my mind without finding an answer. Is Razyé a man? Did he come out of a woman like you, like me? Is it blood that flows in his veins? Or is it pus like the devil in the Ti-Marie story? Does the milk of human feeling water his heart? Sometimes I tell myself he‟s a fiend from Africa, as evil as a bloodsucker, eager to destroy the happiness around him.
At first he was always on top of me. He tore me, showered me with kisses and drenched me with his frothy white seed. Then, for some unknown reason, he stopped altogether. He no longer touched me and turned his back on me in bed. Oh, Lucinda, you will never believe me, but I suffered more from this indifference than his repeated rapes. I had become like a dog who needs her master to give her a kick and then asks for more. I was as sick as a dog but Razyé didn‟t take a scrap of notice.
Now I am burning in a worse hell. Razyé has „give‟ me to Justin and profits from the indecent passion the latter feels for me to strip him of his property. (pp. 78-79)
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first paragraph of the quotation, it is seen clearly the pain that has been felt by Irmine from Razyé‟s bad treatment to her and her description about Razyé. She equalizes Razyé as a devil or fiend from Africa who always treats her in inappropriate way and that has already taken all her happiness along this. She is always forced to obey whatever Razyé asks her to even as his property in gambling. She is considered as a plaything in Razyé‟s eyes. In the last
paragraph, it can be seen how Razyé considers Irmine as his plaything and also the proof about his repressiveness toward her. The way he treats Irmine is described by her like in a worse hell that means she does not have happiness anymore in her life. Even he also „give‟ her to Justin and profits from the
indecent passion for Razyé‟s property in gambling. From that statement, it is
very clear that Razyé‟s repressiveness is used in controlling and forcing Irmine to do whatever he asks her to and unfortunately, she cannot disobey his order because in her mind, she considers Razyé as her truly love whereas there is no love to Irmine. However, she still loves him very much even though she knows that she is only his instrument to realize his revenge toward Aymeric de Linsseuil. This fact is known from Razyé‟s statement about Irmine.
„You and your child are my instruments of revenge. For I shall take my revenge, a devastating revenge, on what Heaven, in league with the white Creoles like yourself, has done to me. And my story will go down in the history of this country.‟ (p. 106)
Based on the statement above, it is very clear that Razyé‟s
wants Aymeric feels the same pain of losing a woman that he loves so much in his entire life. He also wants to satisfy his jealousy toward Aymeric who has taken Cathy from him.
b. Possessive
There is also another change and development that is shown in Razyé‟s personality. His personality develops from jealous into possessive.
His jealousy of Aymeric has grown into possessive it is because he has loosened Cathy who has chosen to marry with Aymeric than him. Like what Moskovit and Orgel states in the previous chapter relates to this part that Razyé‟s experience life in the past of losing Cathy that develops his personality into possessive. After Cathy‟s death, he begins to make a deal with
a Ciléas, a Nago negro, son of Ciléas Ciléas, the Ancestor, known from the Pointe-des-Châteaux to Matouba. He asks for the Ciléas to snatch Cathy‟s spirit and seals it at the bottom of a jar before Cathy‟s burial. This means that
he wants to keep Cathy‟s spirit up only for him in order that she does not leave
him anymore.
„I‟ve got what you asked me to get, Razyé murmured in an urgent tone or voice. Can you snatch her spirit, the way you told me you could, and seal it at the bottom of a jar before it embarks on its journey?‟
For a moment, Ciléas said nothing, then tipped his head backwards. „What do you want me to do with it? Hide it in the body of a new born infant? A household animal? Or release it among the living to haunt their sleep and peace of mind?‟ Razyé shook his head.
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Used to Razyé‟s manner, Ciléas was not taken aback by such an outburst and merely said: „Good, now let me get to work! The night is going to be long.‟ (pp. 97-98)
From the quotation above, it can be interpreted as the development of Razyé‟s personality from jealous into possessive. It is described in the way he
asks for the Ciléas‟ help to snatch Cathy‟s spirit and seal it in a bottom a jar so that she never leaves him anymore. Even though, Cathy has already died Razyé still wants her spirit to be with him for the rest of his life. In the third and fourth paragraph of the quotation, it is very clearly shown his possessiveness toward Cathy until he wants to keep her spirit up with him for the rest of his life. He does not want to lose her anymore like in the past what he wants to be beside her.
However, his effort in snatching Cathy‟s spirit has failed. This means that he has already loosened his Cathy for the second time as described below:
The next morning they found Ciléas lying in the tall clumps of eddoe. No sign of a wound could be found on his body. No blood either. He was simply as cold as marble. As stiff and heavy as a log of lignum vitae.
Half hidden behind an almond-tree on the church square, Razyé watched those following Ciléas drift into the fading light and recalled another, more imposing, procession – Melchior‟s. So life was repeating itself. For the second time, the invisible spirits were scorning him. Twice they had let him rub his face against the murky window of death, only to snatch away its secret at the last minute. The great dream he had cherished would never come true. The girl he loved was now out of his reach. How could he live without Cathy? Can a human being live without his soul? (pp. 98-99)
owning his Cathy but it seems that that the fate does not let them to be together in the world even as Cathy has died. It proves that Razyé‟s personality develops from jealousy into possessive, in which, he has been influenced by his jealousy and it makes him losing his Cathy.
c. Ambitious
Another proof about the development of Razyé‟s personality that
changes and develops his personality from pessimistic into ambitious is shown after his coming back home from Cuba to Guadeloupe. He has spent for three years in Cuba to make his fortune in order that he can proof to the society, especially for Justin and also Aymeric, that he can be successful. He believes that after his successful in Cuba he can realize his vengeance toward them, especially for Aymeric who has taken the woman he loves so much.
„I must take my revenge. On the man who took the woman I loved and the man who made me unworthy of her love. My plan is all worked out. I‟ve toiled three years in Cuba to have enough money to put it into effect. I‟ll bring the second man to his knees and if I have to kill the first with both my hands, I will.‟ (p. 15)
From the quotation above, it can be seen that there is a development in Razyé‟s personality from pessimistic into ambitious. Razyé who is very
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pessimistic always thinks that he will be mocked in his whole life by the society around because of his condition at that time. However, after he has toiled for three years and he has collected enough money he becomes ambitious in realizing his plan to get revenge toward Aymeric and Justin. He becomes more confident in taking revenge toward Justin and Aymeric because of his condition that is clearly described in the novel. The first thing that he does is by getting revenge to Justin. He wants to make Justin‟s life becomes
miserable like what he has felt when he has been treated badly by Justin and also degrades him in front of Cathy.
It was about this time that a rumour started to spread around the neighbourhood. Razyé and Irmine had returned from Dominica, where Razyé had increased his wealth by gambling, and they were living with Justin and his son Justin-Marie at l‟Engulvent. Every evening Razyé plays cards with Justin and encourages him to drink rum, or worse still, absinthe. Razyé had just won l‟Engoulvent from him at cards. His child no longer had a roof over his head. Not an inch of land to his name. Nothing. (pp. 76-77)
It shows how Razyé‟s richness getting increases step by step by
gambling in l‟Engoulvent. From the quotation above, it is also seen that his
ambition in taking revenge toward Justin has been realized by dragging Justin‟s life becomes miserable. The way Razyé encourages Justin to gamble
and also to drink rum and also he just want Justin feels what he has been felt at the past life.
The two men clinked glasses and let the rum tickle down their throats. Then Jean-Hilaire asked: „They tell me you bought the house of a white family? And that you got another family‟s daughter pregnant before marrying her?‟
After a silence he went on. „I have created a party. You must have heard of it?‟ Razyé made a face. „I‟m not interested in politics.‟ This did not please Jean-Hilaire. „You should be,‟ he said severely. „Two things will save us and send us from the bottom rung of the social ladder to the top: education and politics. (p. 115)
From the quotation above, it can be interpreted as the development of Razyé‟s personality from pessimistic into ambitious. Jean-Hilaire knows that
Razyé had already owned Justin‟s house and also got the white Creole family‟s daughter pregnant before marrying her, this fact makes Jean-Hilaire
believes that Razyé will be very glad in ruining the white Creoles from the island. However, Razyé‟s response about Jean‟s offer does not please him but
he still persuades Razyé in joining his party by telling him about Aymeric‟s
story. When, Razyé hears about Aymeric‟s name he jumps at the hated name
and begins to listen carefully about Jean-Hilaire‟s purpose.
Razyé‟s heart echoed: „That makes two of us. But my reasons are different from yours.‟ „What do you expect me to do against an individual like that?‟ he said out loud. Jean-Hilaire sat down again behind desk. He took a pencil and a sheet of paper. „I have arranged everything.‟
Razyé was shivering with excitement. Cathy‟s death had left him helpless, as if he had been emptied of his vital organs. Life had been dragging him along by the scruff of the neck ever since. Jean-Hilaire had infused him with new energy. He would do everything possible to ruin Aymeric de Linsseuil with the help and on behalf of the Socialists. He had left l‟Engoulvent on a sudden impulse, little knowing what he was doing, merely that he had to get out of Grande-Terre if he wanted to write revenge in capital letters in the sky of Guadeloupe. (p. 120)
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and the main purpose of the Socialist is to ruin Aymeric who has become the great master of the island. However, in the beginning, he does not interest with politics but after he has been told the purpose of the party he feels very exciting to join the party. He feels more powerful by Jean‟s offering to join his
party and also he believes that his ambition in taking revenge to Aymeric will be realized as soon as possible. He becomes more ambitious in realizing his vengeance toward Aymeric with the help and on behalf of the Socialists. From his statement, it also can be seen that Razyé believes that he will succeed to ruin Aymeric de Linsseuil‟s life that has caused him suffering.
2. Razyé’s Motivation in Taking Revenge to Aymeric
As it is stated in the previous chapter by Perrine (1974: 69) that „the
characters in the story must be clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is some change in their behavior‟. In other words, it is worth pointing out that motivation is inferred from the behavior of the character. As we have discussed in the previous part that there is some changes and development in Razyé‟s personality. It is also stated by Drever
(1975: 178) in the previous chapter who mentions that „motives and needs are two concepts that must be inferred or assumed‟. It means that Razyé‟s
will focus in defining how the revenge motivation is revealed and shaped in Razyé.
In the novel, Razyé is told that he has planned to get revenge for the poor treatment and also the loss of his love that he has experienced. As the story goes, Razyé‟s personality has changed and developed after he wants to
realize his plan in taking revenge. He changes and develops his personality from melancholic, jealous, and pessimistic into repressive, possessive, and ambitious as I discussed in the previous pages.
The starting point of Razyé in making plan to get revenge is when he heard Cathy‟s statement about him with Nelly Raboteur.
„If Justin hadn‟t done what he did to Razyé, I wouldn‟t even be thinking of this marriage. But the way Razyé is now, I could never marry him. It would be too degrading! It would be as if only Cathy the reprobate existed, stepping straight over as savages from Africa. Just the same!‟
The memory of these words opened up the same old wound inside Razyé. It was on hearing these words that the calabash of his heart had been smashed, and he‟d never managed to piece it together. (p. 41)
The quotation above shows that Razyé still does not believe for what he has heard by his own ears. Cathy‟s statement, which humiliates him that
she equalizes him to the savages from Africa, has smashed, and hurt his heart. He cannot erase the memory of Cathy‟s statement that has never stopped
