orang subjek (13,8%) dengan usia menopause ≤ 44 tahun, 37 orang subjek
(56,9%) dengan usia menopause 45-50 tahun, dan 19 orang subjek (29,2%)
dengan usia menopause ≥ 51 tahun.
V.2. SARAN
1. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih
besar sehingga hasil lebih representatif.
2. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan studi kohort
sehingga peranan hormon estrogen yang menjelaskan hubungan usia
menopause dengan kejadian stroke dapat dijelaskan.
.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahlborg, H.G., Johnell, O., Turner C.H., Rannevik G., Magnus, K.. Karlsson, M.K. 2003. Bone Loss and Bone Size after Menopause. N Engl J Med. 344-349
Amaliah, N., Sari, K,. Rosha, BC,. 2012. Status TInggi Badan Pendek Beresiko Terhadap Keterlambatan Usia Menarche Pada Perempuan Remaja Usia 10-15 Tahun. Penel Gizi Makan. 35(2):150-158
Premature menopause is associated with increased risk of cerebral infarction in Japanese women.
Bang, O.Y., Saver, J.L., Ovbiagele, B., Choi, Y.J., Yoon, S.R., and Lee, K.H. 2007. Adiponectin levels in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. Neurology. 68:1931-1937
Berek J. 2007. Berek & Novak’s Gynecology.14 ed, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins. Philadelphia.
Bousser, M.G., Welch, K.M.A. 2005.Relation between migraine and stroke. Lancet Neurol. 4:533–542.
Caplan, L.R.2009. Caplan’s Stroke: A Clinical Approach. 4th ed. Saunders. Elsevier. Philadelphia
Chakraborti, R. 2013. Rising Incidence Of Early Menopause in Indian Women. Available at http://cyberlectures.indmedica.com. Cited at: 9/11/2013 Choi S.H, Lee S, Kim Y, Choi N, Cho Y.J, Park B. 2005. Natural Menopause
and Risk of Stroke in Elderly Women. J Korean Med Sci. 20:1053-1058
age at menarche and menopause, and reproductive year with mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese postmenopausal women: the JACC stud
Etminan, E.,Takkouche, B., Isorna, F.C., Samii, A. 2005. Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 330:63–65.
Fischl, F.H. 2001.Hormone replacement therapy through the agesNew cognition and therapy concepts. Menopause – Andropause. Krause und Pachernegg GmbH, Verlag für Medizin und Wirtschaft 304 p. 1st
edition.Seiten
Forman, M.R, Mangini, L.D, Thelus-Jean, R, Hayward, M.D. 2013. Life- course origins of the ages at menarche and menopause. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics.4:1–21
Ganong, W.F. 2008. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran, Edisi 22. EGC. Jakarta Gold, E.B, Bromberger, J., Crawford, S., Samuels, S., Greendale, G.A.,
Harlow, S.D., Skurnick, J. 2001. Factors Associated with Age at Natural Menopause in a Multiethnic Sample of Midlife Women. Am J
Epidemiol.9(153):865-874
Gouva, L., Tsatsoulis, A. 2004. The role of estrogens in cardiovascular disease in the aftermath of clinical trials. Hormones. 3(3):171-183
Gruber, C.J., Tschugguei, W., Schneebeger, C., Huber, J.C. 2002. Production and action of estrogens. N Engl J Med. 346:340-350
Guyton, A.C., Hall J.E. 2006. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14 Ed. Elsevier Inc. Philadelphia
Hanchaiphiboolkul, S., Poungvarin, N., Nidhinandana, S., Suwanwela,N.C., Puthkhao, P., Towanabut,S.,et al. 2011. Prevalence of Stroke and Stroke Risk Factors in Thailand: Thai Epidemiologic Stroke (TES) Study.J Med Assoc Thai. 94(4):427-436
Hadji P., Hars O., Bock K., Sturm G., Bauer T., Emons. 2000. The influence of menopause and body mass index on serum leptin concentrations. European Journal of Endocrinology. 143:55-60
Hefler, L.A., Grimm, C., Heinze, G., Schneeberger, C., Mueller, M.W.,
Muendlein,.et al. 2005. Estrogen-metabolizing gene polymorphisms and age at natural menopause in Caucasian women. Human Reproduction. 20(5):1422–1427
Hoffman, B.L., Schorge, J.O., Schaffer, J.I., Halvorson, L.M., Bradshaw, K.D., Cunningham, F.G., et al. 2012. Williams Gynecology. The McGraw-Hill
Companies. 2nd edition. Texas
Honjo, H,. Urabe, M,. Tanaka, K,. Kashiwagi, T,. Okubo, T, Tsuchiya, H., et al.Updated: August 18, 2012. Cardiovascular disease and hormone replacement therapy. Available from:
Hsieh, Y,. Hwang, L,. Hsieh, F,. Lien, L,. Lin, H,. Hu, C,. et al. 2010. Early Menarche and Ischemic Stroke Risk Among Postmenopausal Women. International Journal of Gerontology. (4):16-22
Jacobsen, B.K., Heuch I., Kvåle, G. 2004. Age at Natural Menopause and Stroke Mortality: Cohort Study With 3561 Stroke Deaths During 37-Year Follow-Up.Stroke.35:1548-1551
Kase, C.S., Kurth, T. 2011. Prevention of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Recurrence. ContinumLifelong Learning Neurol. 17(6):1304–1317. Kok, H.S., van Assel, K.M., van der Schouw, Y.T., Tweel, I., Peeters, P.H.,
Wilson, P.W., et al. 2006. Heart Disease Risk Determines Menopausal Age Rather Than the Reverse. Journal of the American College
ofCardiology. 1976–1983
Kurth, T., Kase, C.S., Schurks, M., Tzourio, C., Buring, J.E. 2010. Migraine and risk of haemorrhagic stroke in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 341:3659
Lisabeth, L., Bushnell C. 2012. Menopause and Stroke: An Epidemiologic Review.Lancet Neurol. 11(1):82–91
Lisabeth, L.D.,Beiser, A.S., Brown, D.L., Murabito, J.M., Kelly-Hayes, M.,
Wolf, P.A.2009.Age at Natural Menopause and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: TheFramingham Heart Study. Stroke. 40(4):1044–1049
2000.Association between the assessment of conscious level using the AVPU system and the Glasgow coma scale. Pre-Hospital Immediate Care. 4(1):17-19
Mansfield, J.K. 2011. Serum Estradiol Levels and Mental Health-Related
Quality of Life in Canadian Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. 61-66
Marcovitch, H. 2005. Black’s Medical Dictionary. 41st edition. A and C Black. London
Masi, C.M., Hawkley, L.C., Xu, X., Veenstra, T.D., Cacioppo, J.T.2009.
Serum Estrogen Metabolites and Systolic Blood Pressure Among Middle-Aged and Older Women and Men. Am J Hypertens. 22(11):1148–1153 Mazzone, P., Tierney, W., Hossain, M., Puvenna, V., Janigro, D., Cucullo, L.
2010. Pathophysiological Impact of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Cerebrovascular System with a Focus on the Blood-brain Barrier: Expanding the Awareness of Smoking Toxicity in an Underappreciated Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. (7), 4111-4126.
Mešalić, L., Tupković, E., Kendić, S., Balić D. 2008. Correlation Between
Hormonal And Lipid Status In Women In Menopause. Bosnian Journal Of Basic Medical Sciences. 8(2):188-192
Mendelsohn, M.E., Karas, R.H. 1999. The Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System. N Engl J Med; 340:1801-1811
Misbach, J. 1999. Stroke. Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta
Misbach, J. 2007. Pandangan umum mengenai stroke. Dalam : Rasyid, A. dan Soertidewi, L. (eds). Unit Stroke. Manajemen Stroke Secara Komprehensif. Hal 1-9. Balai Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta
Mousavi, S.A., Chitsaz, A., Khorvash, F., Meghdadi, Z. 2009. Association Between Reproductive Period Length And Risk Of Ischemic Stroke In Iranian Female Patients.Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 9(1):1781-1784
Petrea, R.E., Beiser, A.S., Seshadri, S., Kelly-Hayes, M., Kase, C.S., Wolf, P.A.2009. Stroke in women - Gender Differences in Stroke Incidence and Post-stroke Disability in the Framingham Heart Study.Stroke. 40(4):1032– 1037
Rachman, I.A., Soewondo, P., Setiati, S., Kusumawijaya, K., Baziad, A., Witjaksono, J, et al. 2004. Terapi Sulih Hormon pada Wanita
Perimenopause. HTA Indonesia. 36–39
Reeves, M.J., Bushnell, C.D., Howard, G., Gargano, J.W., Duncan, P.W.,
Lynch, G., et al. 2008. Sex differences in stroke: epidemiology, clinical presentation medical care, and outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 21–23
Rocca, W.A., Grossardt, B.R., Miller, V.M,. Shuster, L.T,. Brown, Jr. R.D.
Rosamond, W., Flegal, K.,Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase,
N., et al. 2007. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2007 Update : A
Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and
Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.Circulation.115:169-171
Sacco, R.L., Kasner S.E., Broderick, S. P., Caplan, L. R., Culebras, A., Elkind, M.S.V., et al. 2003. An Up Date Defenition of Stroke For the 21st Century : A Statement For Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association. Stroke: 44:2064-2089
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung. Medan
Sjahrir, H., Machfoed, H., Suharjanti, I., Basir, H., Adnyana, M.O. 2013.
Konsensus Nasional IV. Diagnostik dan Penatalaksanaan Nyeri Kepala. Kelompok Studi Nyeri Kepala Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia (PERDOSSI). Airlangga University Press. Surabaya
Suyono, S., Waspadji, S., Soegondo, S., Soewondo, P., Subekti, I., Semardji, G., dkk. 2011. Konsensus DM Tipe 2 Indonesia 2011. PB.PERKENI. Jakarta
Szmuilowicz, E.D,, Adler, G.K,. Ricchiuti, V., Hopkins, P.N., Seely, E.W.
2007. Relationships between endogenous sex hormone concentrations and vascular function in postmenopausal women∗. J Clin Endocrin Metab.1-11
Ueshima, H,. Sekikawa, A., Miura, K., Turin, T.C., Kadowaki, N., Nakamura, Y., et al. 2008. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors in Asia: A Selected Review.Circulation.118:2702-2709
Wellons, M., Ouyang P., Schreiner P.J., Herrington D.M,. Vaidya D.2012.
Early Menopause Predicts Future Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Menopause. 19(10):1081-1087
Tan, N.C.K, Venketabsubramanian, N., Saw, S.M., Tjia, H.T.L. 2002. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Young Asian Adult. Stroke. 33:1956-1962.
Thomas, F., Renaud, F., Benefice, E., Meeus, T.D., Guegan, J. 2001.
International Variability of Ages at Menarche and Menopause: Patterns and Main Determinants. Human Biology. 2(73):271–290.