[Appendix]
Spatial Development of Seoul
-History &
Prospect-. Urban Development History
Ⅰ
. Spatial Structure Changes
Ⅱ
. Urban Development History
Ⅰ
Before Modernization(Chosun Dynasty) : Hanyang
■
o the capital city of Korea(Josun Dynasty) since 1394
o based on 'traditional geographical concept of the oriental society(風水)
- ancestral temple : the east of palace - royal temple : the west
o Population : 150,000 people (as of 1394)
the planning concept of Hanyang the street of the early 20 C
Introduction of Modern Planning : Kyungsung
■
o 1930s : the first modern planning act and plan was introduced
- Josun City Planning Act: 1934
(regulating zoning, infra-facilities and urban development, etc) - Gyungsung City Plan: 1936 (target population : 700,000)
■ After the Korean War(1950s) : Era of Reconstruction
o The Korean War devastated the entire urban structure of the city.
o Urban problems : poverty, housing shortages, waste management.
The devastation of street and historical building
The Growth of Seoul
■
o a leading place for the nation-wide economic and social growth since 1960s.
o Rapid increase of population and concentration of socio-economic functions to Seoul brought about congestion problem.
- 593 ('60s)㎢ → 605 (from '73 present)㎢ ∼
o Between 1970 and 1980, about 3 million people emigrated from local region to Seoul city.
Increased distribution of urban centers according to spatial expansion
Growth Statistics of Seoul
■
1960 1990 2010 population(million) 245 1,061 10.450
income $90 $5,886 $28,794('05) car 11,000cars 1.193 million 2.954 million house 580 thou.('70) 1.43 million 3.258 million
The Change of Housing types
■
o According to rapid increase of population, many houses have been constructed by a Big Urban Development Project(Land Adjustment, Urban and Housing Renewal, ect.)
o The ratio of 'Apartment' goes on increasing continuously.
54.3%(2005) 56.8%(2010)
. Spatial Structure Changes
Ⅱ
1960s~'70s : Industrialization and Urban Sprawl
■
o Main factors and issues
- Concentration of Population → Rapid Urban Sprawl → Relocation of population in Seoul Metropolitan Region
- Implementation of policies for decentralizing the principal functions and facilities of the city, e.g., public offices, and major educational institutions, ect.) from Gangbuk(old town: the north of the Han River) to Gangnam(new developed area : the south of Han Rive)
Development Plan of Yoido(1969), Under Construction of Kangnam Street
Main Infrastructure and Facilities
■
Covering Construction of Cheonggyecheon(1958 1961. 12)∼
Gwanghwamun Under Pedestrian Passage(1966)
Sewoon Mixed Use Building(1967. 6)
Subway Line 1(1974. 8)
Sejong Center (1978. 4) Sungsoo Bridge(1979. 9)
Main Measure for Urban Development
■
o Land Adjustment Development Project('60s~'80s)
- Developed Area : 113 (80.7% of street)㎢
o Development of Apartment District
year District Size of Area( )㎢ Household Total 14 11.321 141,109 Low Density APT. District 1976~79 5 3.793 50,152 High Density APT. District 1976~83 13 7.528 90,957
Low Density District High Density District
Goals of project: extension of housing supply & development of ※
orderly arranged sites.
The Change of Floor Area Ratio(FAR)
■
o The FAR of Residential and Commercial Area(legal zoning) has changed frequently following socio-economic situations and policy considerations. o The regulations of FAR shall be designated as municipal ordinance under
the law.
- General Residential Zoning Area(in relation to Act)
: 400%('70) 500%('72)→ →
- General Commercial Zoning Area
: 800%('70) 1,000%('72)→ → 1,500%('86) 500 1,100%('88)→ ～
1,300%('92) 600% 800%(2000) → → ～
The History of Revised 'Parking Act'
■
o 1962 : Legal defining Parking as one of public facilities in City Planning Act o 1967 : Obligatory establishing Parking in the building having total floor area over than 2,000 (Architecture Act)㎡ ▶Expansion of underground parking o 1976 : Regulation of Parking Standards(Architecture Act)
o 1979 : Institution of Parking Act(parking attached to a building) o 1982 : Policy inducing underground parking around Station Area and CBD o 1988 : Development Plan of Underground Parking under Public Land
and Space(11 places, 5,100 lots)
o after 1996 : Inducing and encouraging parking lots in residential area, transfer station in the outer city
Restriction in CBD, Sub-Center, Commercial Zone
■ Towards a World City in the Age of Globalization (1980 '90)
∼
o Remarkable Progress
- The Asian Game(1986) and the Olympic Game(1988) became important steppingstones to promote national status.
(Urban Development, Innovation of IT and Acceleration of High Tech, Bio Sector and so on)
Olympic Trunk Road(1986.5) Inner-Circular Road(1991.1)
Mokdong New Town(1983~95) Olympic Park and Hostels
Main Infrastructure and Facilities
■
Subway Line 2(1978. 3 1984. 5)∼
Subway Line 3(1978. 3 1984. 5)∼ Subway Line 4 (1985. 10)
88 Olympic Trunk Road(1986. 5)
Collapse of Sampoong Department Store(1995. 6)
Subway Line 5(1990. 5 1995. 11)∼
■ Residential Area Development: government-initiated development
o Serious housing shortage in Seoul committed the government to initiate policy focusing on housing supply and public development
- Development Sites: 41 Sites, 32 , 310 thousands houses, 1.23 millions㏊ inhabitants(Gaepo, Mokdong , Godeok, Sanggye, Moonjung, ect.)
■ The Construction of High-rise Apartment(above 30 stories)
o High-Rise Apartment began to be constructed from the mid-1990s; This contributed efficient lands use, housing supply, improving urban environment.
o Mixed Use Buildings have been constructed in commercial zones.
Issue: Proper land use in urban center ※
Prospects of Seoul in the 21C.
■
o Maximum Utilization of Strength and Opportunities
- Global City: held the World-Cup Football Game(2002)
- The Human City Harmonizing with Nature: Restoration of Cheonggyecheon & Creation of Seoul Square
- Balancing Sectoral Development: "New Town in Town"
- Focusing on Public Traffic System : Bus, Metro(subway), Walk and Bike
Restoration of Cheonggyecheon (before → after)
Seoul Square(2004) (before → after)
Construction of Gwanghwamun Square(2009)
Intelligent Buildings(SKT Tower $ POSCO)
Seoul Forest(2005)
The New Town Project
■
o Main Purposes as a comprehensive plan: Rational planning for proper land use and preparation of infrastructure.
o Deregulation in line with public contribution(donation & preparation)
. Prospect as a Global City
Ⅲ
High Rise-Density Mixed Used Development(MXD)
■
o The Functions of International Business Districts are as follows :
- Finance, Insurance, International Organization, Education, Media, Convention, Art-Cultural Center, Commercial, Housing and so on
Yongsan IBD(106F) Sangam DMC(133F) Jamsil Lotte World(123F)
Mixed Utilization of Underground Space
■
Underground Space at COEX Mall in the Sub-center of Gangnam, Seoul
Diverse Utilization of Underground
■
o Reviewing to plan U-Smartway(underpass) & Great Train Express(GTX)
- U-Smartway : E W 3 Lines, S N 3 Lines, Length : 149↔ ↔ ㎞
- GTX : Gyeonggi Province Seoul Gyeonggi Province 3 Lines, 145.5↔ ↔ ㎞
노선도 수도권 광역 급행철도
U-Smartway (GTX)
Development of Waterfront for Regeneration
■
"Hangang(river) Project"
o Main Theme: Restoration of Ecological Environment and Creation of Economic Potentiality along the Han River.
- Improving Accessibility, Developing Waterfront Town, Reinforcing Urban Center, Inducing Fine Townscape and Skyline, Forming Riverfront Park, etc.
Typical Themes and Functions of Each Region
■
o Central Region : Yongsan, Yoido(Business, Culture)
o Western Region : Sangam, Magok(Industry, Nature, History) o Eastern Region : Ttuksom, Jamsil(Leisure, Sports)
Cafeteria and Observatory on the bridge of the Hangang(river)
