Auxiliary Verbs
&
LEARN FROM THE EXPERT
AUXILIARY VERBS &
MODAL AUXILIARY
AUXILIARY VERBS & MODAL AUXILIARY
Oleh
Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan— Tim Bahasa ILT 200278102
ISBN 10: 979-074-351-3 ISBN 13: 978-979-074-351-9 Penyunting: Marthina Aprilianty Penyelaras Akhir: Angelia Samori
Desain: Vidya Prawitasari © 2010, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer
Jl. Kebahagiaan No. 11A Jakarta Barat 11140
Penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer No. Anggota IKAPI: 46/DKI/04 Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang.
Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini
tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit
DAFTAR ISI
Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar
PART 1: Auxiliary Verbs and Modals Auxiliary Verbs and Modals
What Is an Auxiliary Verb? What Is a Modal?
Modal + Ininitive without to The Usage of an Auxiliary Verb
To Make a Negative Sentence and a Question To Make Short Responses
To Make Question Tags Final Exercise
Key to Exercises
PART 2: Modal Auxiliary More on Modals
To Form Negatives and Questions with Modals Can and Able To
Must, Have To and Need Will and Shall
Dare and Used To
v vii
1 3 5 6 41 54 63 65 68 77
Making Conclusions Final Exercise Key to Exercises Tentang Penulis
KATA PENGANTAR
Belajar bahasa tidak ada batasan waktunya, apalagi jika me-nyangkut tata bahasa. Entah itu Anda mulai dari cara berkenal-an atau lberkenal-angsung membuat kalimat. Begitu pun dengberkenal-an bahasa Inggris, Anda bisa mulai dari mana saja. Pembahasan setiap topik akan sangat menarik dan membuat kita ingin langsung mendalami semua aspek yang ada pada topik tersebut.
Buku ini membahas tentang Auxiliary Verbs, termasuk di
dalamnya Modal Auxiliary dan berbagai latihan untuk
mem-perdalam pengetahuan Anda dalam penggunaannya.
Modal Auxiliary merupakan salah satu anggota Auxil-iary Verbs (kata kerja bantu) yang digunakan dalam kalimat permintaan, usulan, atau kesimpulan dari suatu kondisi. Pola kalimatnya sangat mudah. Kekuatan modals auxiliary terletak pada kekayaan artinya. Pembahasan buku ini dimulai dari pe-ngenalan modals auxiliary, pola kalimat, sampai pemahaman khusus untuk membedakannya.
Kami mengundang komentar positif dan saran dari para pembaca untuk kemajuan buku ini. Anda dapat menghubungi kami di: peni_rpramono@yahoo.com.
Salam,
Auxiliary Verbs
&
PART 1
AUXILIARY VERBS
AND
Auxiliary Verbs
&
Auxiliary Verbs and Modals
What Is an Auxiliary Verbs?
Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu. Disebut demikian ka-rena fungsinya sebagai kata kerja bantu bagi kata kerja.
Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut, akan lebih mudah jika kita mengetahui terlebih dulu apa saja yang termasuk dalam auxiliary verbs.
kelompok to be: •
be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being kelompok do:
•
do, does, did kelompok have: •
have, has, had kelompok modals: •
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Auxiliar
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s & Modal Auxiliar
y Contoh:
I am studying English.
(Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.) I do not know the answer. (Saya tidak tahu jawabannya.) I have studied for the exam.
(Saya telah belajar untuk persiapan ujian.) I can do the exam.
(Saya dapat mengerjakan ujian itu.)
Berdasarkan contoh di atas, Anda dapat mengetahui bahwa: Auxiliary verb
1. am pada kalimat pertama membantu kata kerja “studying” untuk membentuk kalimat con-tinuous/progressive (kata kerja yang artinya sedang). Auxiliary verb
2. do pada kalimat kedua berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama “know” menjadi bentuk negatif.
Auxiliary verb
3. have membantu kata kerja utama “studied” untuk membentuk perfect tenses (keadaan yang menunjukkan kegiatan “belum” atau “sudah”).
Auxiliary verb
4. can pada kalimat terakhir berfungsi un-tuk memberi makna tambahan pada kata kerja utama, “do”.
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What Is a Modal?
Modal verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menjelas-kan kata kerja utama lebih lanjut. Dengan kata lain modal verb memberikan makna baru pada kata kerja utama.
Contoh:
I draw on the wall.
(Saya menggambar di dinding.)
Jika kita menambahkan modal verb will, maka kalimat di atas memiliki arti baru, menjadi:
I will draw on the wall.
(Saya akan menggambar di dinding.)
Berdasarkan artinya, modal verbs atau modals, dibagi dalam tiga kelompok:
Permission (pemberian izin),
possibility (kemungkinan), ability
(kemampuan), request (permintaan),
offer (penawaran)
can, could, may, might
Obligation/necessity (keharusan),
advice (saran)
have (got) to, should, must,
had better, ought to, need
to, be supposed to
Prediction (kemungkinan), desire
(keinginan), request (permintaan),
offer (penawaran)
will, would, shall, be going
to
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Auxiliar
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y Untuk menggunakan modals Anda hanya memerlukan
kata kerja bentuk dasar.
Modal + Ininiive without To
Contoh:
I can drive a car.
(Saya dapat mengendarai mobil.) I will guide you.
(Saya akan membimbingmu.) They might drink the liquor.
(Mereka mungkin akan meminum minuman keras itu.) Sebagian modals, baik bentuk positif maupun bentuk negatif, dapat di singkat sebagai berikut:
Positif/bentuk
panjang Singkatan
Negative/bentuk
panjang Singkatan
Can - Can not can’t
Could - could not couldn’t
May - may not
-Might - might not mightn’t
Shall ‘ll shall not shan’t
Should ‘d should not shouldn’t
Will ‘ll will not won’t
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The cat sings every night. I can’t sleep. Contoh:
I’ll help you paint the wall.
(Saya akan membantumu mengecat dinding itu.) They wouldn’t dare to bother you again. (Mereka tidak akan berani mengganggumu lagi.) Our customers may not like the products.
(Para pelanggan kita mungkin tidak menyukai produk-produk itu.)
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I will not walk without looking.
Exercise 1
Correct the words in the brackets.
I shall (goes) ……… back to the hotel now. 1.
You had better (listened) ……… to this. 2.
You are supposed to (coming) ……….. at 3.
seven.
Ule shouldn’t (yells) ………. to his friends. 4.
Sri Lestari can (raised) ………. her children 5.
well.
Would you (opening) ……….. the door? 6.
She ought to (told) us ……… what has 7.
happened.
They must (following) ………. the rule or got 8.
expelled.
He needn’t (takes off) ………. his shoes. 9.
We have to (achieved) ……….. our goal. 10.
They will (can) ………. organize this team. 11.
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May I (took) ……… you for a walk? 13.
Should she (sits) ……….. all by herself ? 14.
We have to (kept on) ………. moving or we 15.
will (are) ……… left behind.
Permission: can, could, may, might
Modals dalam kategori permission digunakan untuk meminta atau memberi izin.
Can I sing “Balonku ada Lima”? Contoh:
Can I open the window? (Bolehkah saya membuka jendela?) Could I break the gate?
(Bolehkah saya merusak gerbangnya?) May I borrow your doll?
(Bolehkah saya meminjam bonekamu?) Might I come tonight?
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What’s new?!
Apa perbedaan keempat modals di atas? Semuanya memili-ki tujuan yang sama (meminta izin) namun memilimemili-ki tingkat ketegasan yang berbeda, sebagai berikut:
Can
a. merupakan bentuk yang paling tidak formal. Could
b. paling sering digunakan, baik dalam
keadaan formal maupun informal. May
c. lebih formal daripada could.
Might
d. menandakan keraguan. Si pembicara
khawatir jika permintaannya akan menganggu/ membuat si pendengar tidak nyaman.
Can, could, may, dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk present (saat ini) atau future (akan datang).
Contoh:
Can I use your car next week?
(Bolehkah saya menggunakan mobilmu minggu depan?) Could you write this note now?
(Bisakah Anda menulis catatan ini sekarang?) May I go with Salma tonight?
(Bolehkah saya pergi dengan Salma nanti malam?) Exercise 2
Circle the correct permissions. May I use the bathroom? 1.
Would you turn down the TV? 2.
Could I taste your cake? 3.
May I go with my friend? 4.
Can I leave now? 5.
Could you put off your cigarette? 6.
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Could you carry my bag? 8.
I want to study. 9.
I am bored. 10.
I want to know the word “lust” means. 11.
Your smoke makes me cough. 12.
You have a meeting soon. 13.
Your bag is very heavy. 14.
I want to wash my face. 15.
Your cake smells good. 16.
The dealer said I could have it for ifty millions only.
Exercise 3
Ask permission based on the situations below. Choose the answers from the box.
May I drive the new car? May I go out?
May I play kite with my friends? May I see the movie? May I buy an ice cream?
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y 1. You want to go out.
………..? You want to play kite with your friends.
2.
………...…………...? You want to play the drum.
3.
………..? You want to see a movie.
4.
………..? You want to build a tree house at the backyard. 5.
………..? You want to buy an ice cream.
6.
………..? You want to have a puppy.
7.
………..? You want to go to the beach.
8.
………..? You want to drive the new car.
9.
………..? You want to get out of the house.
10.
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Sure. Of course.
Certainly/Yes, certainly.
Of course you may/can/might/could.
Jika kita tidak mengizinkan, biasanya kita akan mengucapkan: I’m sorry, you may not/can not/might not/could not. I’m afraid you may not/can not/might not/could not.
Possibility: may, might
Kali ini, kita akan membahas possibility atau kemungkinan. Possibility diungkapkan dengan may atau might.
Contoh:
They may come to the party next week.
(Mereka mungkin akan datang ke pesta minggu depan.) He might deliver the paycheck soon.
(Ia mungkin akan mengirimkan gajinya segera.)
Perlu dicatat bahwa might menunjukkan kadar keraguan lebih tinggi daripada may.
May dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk present maupun future.
Note:
Jika Anda menggunakan may pada kalimat conditional
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May I have the umbrella? Contoh:
If you were there, I might come. (conditional) (Jika Anda berada di sana saya mungkin akan datang.) If you give me the money, I may buy this car.
(Jika Anda memberikan uangnya saya mungkin akan membeli mobil ini.)
If you told me earlier, I might come. (conditional) (Jika Anda mengatakan lebih awal saya mungkin datang.) He said that he might come late. (reported speech) (Ia berkata bahwa ia mungkin datang terlambat.)
Exercise 4
Answer these questions with “may” or “might”. Example:
A : “Where is John?”
B : “I don’t see him. He may come late.”
1. Tono : “Lupi hasn’t called me.”
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2. Cintya : “I can’t ind my wallet.”
You : “It ………...…”
3. Heru : “The movie hasn’t started yet.”
You : “………...”
4. Humi : “The oficials put off the game.”
You : “………..…”
5. Tia : “I don’t want to go. The cloud is very dark.”
You : “………...”
6. Nina : “What are you going to do tonight?”
You : “I don’t know. ...………..”
7. Nia : “What kind of a car is that?”
You : “I don’t know. ...………..”
8. Jono : “Your cake tastes bad.”
You : “………...”
9. Umi : “My knees hurt.”
You : “………...”
10. Leni : “What are you going to do after
graduating?”
You : “I’m not sure. ……….”
Ability: can, could
Can atau could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan
atau kebisaan kita. Untuk menyatakan ketidakmampuan, kita
hanya perlu menambahkan not pada auxiliary verb berikut:
can menjadi can not dan could menjadi could not. Contoh:
The old man can chew the gum.
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y Can dan could dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan
kemam-puan. Yang perlu diingat adalah can digunakan jika ingin me-nyatakan kemampuan pada masa sekarang, sedangkan could digunakan untuk bentuk lampau.
Contoh:
I can run fast.
(Saya bisa berlari dengan cepat.)
He could run fast when he was in high school. (Ia dapat berlari dengan cepat ketika ia masih di SMU.) I could jump if my knee didn’t hurt. (conditional) (Saya dapat melompat jika lutut saya tidak sakit.)
He said that he could run 25 km/h. (reported speech) (Ia berkata bahwa ia mampu berlari 25 km/jam.)
An elephant can break the lamppost easily. Exercise 5
Fill in the blank with “can” or “can’t”.
Remi : “Of course I …………. play basketball. I love to
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Fahri : “Good. You see, I ………….. ind any man to
play basketball with me. I am sure that you know how to dribble, shoot, and pass, don’t you?”
Remi : “Of course I do. Basically, I ……….. do every
move.”
Fahri : “Great. ……….. you do a dunk?”
Remi : “Of course I ………….. I love to do it in my
house. I have a basketball ring in my house.”
Fahri : “Great. Do you have any partner when you are
playing basketball?”
Remi : “Sure I do. I play with Shaq. I learn a lot from him.”
Fahri : “Do you mean Shaquile O’Neil?”
Remi : “No. His name is Little Shaq. He is my little brother. He is ive.”
Exercise 6
Compare these two things using “can” and “can’t”. Fish and chickens
1.
Example: Fish can swim but chickens can’t.
……… Boys and girls
2.
……… Babies and adults
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We can have some holidays after all is done!
Note:
Bentuk lain dari can yang memiliki arti serupa adalah
1. be
able to. Contoh:
I will be able to accomplish my task before the deadline.
Atau
I can accomplish my task before the deadline. Atau
I am able to accomplish my task before the deadline. Jika could merupakan bentuk lampau dari can, maka 2.
was/were able to adalah bentuk lampau dari be able to. Contoh:
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What’s new?!
Apa perbedaan antara can dan be able to?
Be able to lebih menekankan pada usaha untuk mencapai suatu maksud. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
I could climb a coconut tree.
I was able to climb a coconut tree after trying ive times.
Pembicara menunjukkan adanya usaha luar biasa untuk me-manjat pohon kelapa. Itulah yang ingin ia tekankan dengan menggunakan be able to.
Requests: can, could, will, would
Request artinya permintaan. Jika Anda menginginkan
sesua-tu maka Anda dapat menggunakan can, could, will, atau
would. Contoh:
Can you show me where the post ofice is?
(Dapatkah Anda menunjukkan di mana letak kantor pos?) Could you pass the salt?
(Dapatkah Anda menyodorkan garam itu?) Will you get that hat for me?
(Maukah Anda mengambil topi itu untuk saya?) Would you close the door, please?
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Will you help me cook? Exercise 7
Make a request using “can”, “will”, “could”, or “would” based on these situations.
Your brother is about to go out. You want him to mail 1.
your letter.
………? Your friend is good at electronics. Your radio is 2.
broken.
………? You want to get a history book on the part of the 3.
bookshelf. You can’t reach it. There is Yao Ming standing beside you.
………? You feel very cold. Your little brother opens the 4.
window widely.
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You have dificulties on Mathematics. You have your 5.
classmate, who is good at Mathematics.
……….? You carry three big luggages. There is your friend in 6.
front of you.
……….? This is your irst time standing in front of the 7.
Borobudur Temple. You want somebody to take a picture of you in front of the temple.
………? You want to eat omelette, but you don’t know how to 8.
cook it. You ask your brother to do it for you. ………? You want to drive in the new car but you cannot drive. 9.
You ask your big sister to take you.
………? Your friend has 3 sausages on his plate. You want to 10.
eat one.
………? Jika kita bersedia melakukan permintaan orang lain, kita bisa meresponsnya dengan mengatakan:
Sure.
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y Jika kita tidak bisa mengerjakan permintaan orang lain, kita
bisa berkata:
I’m sorry, I’m very busy. I’m afraid I can’t do that.
What’s new?!
Sebenarnya kita juga bisa menambahkan mind pada kalimat
permintaan. Penambahan ini membuat kalimat menjadi lebih sopan. Namun satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah tata bahasanya.
Contoh:
Would you close the window? Atau Would you mind closing the window? Would you fetch me a glass of milk?
Atau
Would you mind fetching me a glass of milk?
Dari contoh di atas kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa “would you mind” digunakan bersama verb + ing.
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Exercise 8
Change these requests using “would you mind”. Would you pick me up at the airport? 1.
………? Would you help me move this table?
2.
………? Would you accompany me to the bank?
3.
………? Would you turn on the air conditioner?
4.
………? Would you get me a glass of ice tea?
5.
………? Would you cut the grass?
6.
………? Would you shut the door?
7.
………? Would you put off your cigarette?
8.
………? Would you take that dictionary off the shelf ?
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Ofer: can, would
Offer berarti penawaran. Kita biasa menggunakan kata bantu can atau would untuk menawarkan sesuatu kepada orang lain.
Contoh:
Can I get you a drink?
(Apakah Anda ingin saya ambilkan minum?) Would you like to have a cup of tea? (Apakah Anda mau secangkir teh?)
Perbedaan dari kedua kalimat di atas adalah: can digunakan untuk situasi yang tidak formal, sedangkan would untuk situasi yang formal.
Exercise 9
What would you offer if you had these situations?
Your friend is coming to your boarding house. 1.
Examples: Would you like to have a glass of ice tea?
Can I get you a drink?
Would you like ………? Can I get you ………..? You are a waiter or waitress in a restaurant. There is a 2.
customer coming.
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Would you like a banana party?
Obligaion/necessity: have (got) to, should, had
beter, must, ought to, need to
Obligation adalah kewajiban atau suatu hal yang harus dilaku-kan.
Contoh:
You have to post the letter. (Anda harus mengeposkan surat itu.) You need not to make an appointment. (Anda tidak perlu membuat perjanjian.)
I must drive on the right in the United States of America.
(Di Amerika Serikat, saya harus menyetir di sebelah kanan.) Lawan dari must (harus) yaitu mustn’t atau must not yang artinya
“tidak boleh” bukan “tidak harus”. Frasa “tidak harus” diter-Frasa “tidak harus”
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y have to drink milk) setiap malam, Anda pasti tidak akan
memu-singkan diri sendiri apakah akan minum atau tidak. Akan ber-beda jika Anda tidak boleh minum susu (must not drink milk) setiap malam. Itu berarti Anda memang punya kewajiban un-tuk tidak minum susu. Mungkin saja Anda sedang menjalani diet atau alergi terhadap susu.
Contoh:
He mustn’t drink coffee. (Ia tidak boleh minum kopi.)
He does not have to drink coffee. (Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.)
He needn’t drink coffee. (Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.)
What’s new?!
Must memunyai kesan lebih kuat/lebih penting daripada have to. Have got to hanya terdapat dalam spoken English, se-dangkan have to bisa digunakan baik dalam spoken maupun written English.
Selain itu, Anda juga perlu mengetahui bahwa must di-gunakan jika orang yang berbicara memiliki wewenang untuk mewajibkan orang melakukan pekerjaan tersebut.
Contoh:
You must come at 08.00 or I’ll ire you.
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No, you mustn’t kick the cat.
Karena si pembicara punya wewenang untuk untuk memecat (mungkin orang tersebut adalah pemilik perusahaan) maka ia menggunakan must. Jika Anda tidak memunyai wewenang maka Anda menggunakan modal verb selain must.
Contoh:
You have to come at 08.00 or you’ll get ired.
(Anda harus datang pukul 08.00 atau Anda akan dipecat.) Contoh kalimat lain yang menggunakan subjek “I”.
Contoh:
I must attend the meeting. I ought to attend the meeting.
me-28
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Fill in the blank with “don’t/doesn’t have to” or “must not”.
The weather is perfect. We ………….. drive a car. We 1.
can ride the bike.
You ………. forget to send this letter. It’s urgent. 2.
She ……… work. Her father is very rich. 3.
As a parent, you ………. give a bad example for 4.
your children.
We ……… bring any stationery. The oficial 5.
has already prepared it.
You ……… tell Lenny about the party. We are 6.
going to give him a surprise. A: “Do you have any sugar?” 7.
B: “Sure, I have plenty.”
C: “Good. Now, I ………… go to the supermarket to buy sugar.”
According to the rules, we ……… touch the 8.
ball.
If you are in the public area, you ……… 9.
smoke.
Doni, you ………. say that word again. It’s not 10.
good to say that word. Exercise 11
Complete these sentences with your own words.
You must ……… 1.
Political leaders must not ……… 2.
I don’t need not to ……….. 3.
Students don’t have to ……… 4.
A secretary has to ……….. 5.
An athlete doesn’t needs not to ………. 6.
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I must ……… 8.
Professional singers must ……….. 9.
A lawyer doesn’t have to ……… 10.
Advice: should, had beter, ought to
Advice adalah saran. Kita mengartikannya dalam bahasa In-donesia dengan kata “seharusnya”.
Contoh:
She should responds to all the incoming mails. (Dia seharusnya membalas semua surat-surat yang masuk.) You ought to take a rest.
(Anda seharusnya beristirahat.)
They had better save some money for their future. (Mereka seharusnya menabung untuk masa depan mereka.)
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Choose the correct answer from the box and give some advices.
polish them drink lots of water
have some rest turn on the fan
speak louder comb your hair
repaint it wear a seatbelt
sprinkle the seeds to a wider area study with me
I can’t hear his voice. 1.
……… There are only some plants in one peculiar area. 2.
……… Your shoes look dirty.
3.
……… I have just inished working.
4.
……… I am sweating all over my body.
5.
……… The wall is very dull.
6.
……… Your hair looks awful.
7.
……… I want to drive a car.
8.
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It is hot in here. 9.
……… I have dificulties in Mathematics.
10.
……… Exercise 13
Give advice to Jono from the story below. Stubborn
Jono lives in a boarding house. His boarding house is small. He never sweeps the loor. The paint on the wall is getting peeled off. He rarely washes his dishes. His books are all over the loor. And when he arrives at his boarding house, he turns up his radio very loudly. And what is more, he never listens to someone else’s advice.
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s & Modal Auxiliar
y
Predicion, desire: will, would, shall, be going to
Dalam prediction dan desire kita mengungkapkan tentang ke-mungkinan dan keinginan kita.
Contoh:
I will dispatch your order soon.
(Saya akan mengirimkan pesanan Anda segera.) He said that he would render a song.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan membawakan sebuah lagu.) We shall inish this meeting.
(Kita akan menyelesaikan pertemuan ini.)
I am going to go to New York this summer. (Saya akan pergi ke New York musim panas ini.)
Note:
Would
1. merupakan bentuk lampau dari will. Jadi untuk
prediction dalam bentuk waktu lampau digunakan would.
Will
2. merupakan rencana yang belum pasti atau rencana
yang spontan. Be going to
3. bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan will.
Namun, be going to digunakan untuk rencana yang pasti.
Shall
4. merupakan bentuk lain dari will. Shall
y V
erb
s and Modals
I shall inish reading these novels soon.
Exercise 14
Underline the correct answer. “I
1. will, am going to have a honeymoon at the end of this month.”
“What do you want to do with this soap and bucket?” 2.
“I am going to, will wash my car.” “What do you want to do with this money?” 3.
“I don’t know? Maybe I will, am going to use it for
building an apartment.” He said that he
4. will, would run the program. “You look very neat.”
5.
34
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y
What’s new?!
Frasa yang serupa dengan modal verb adalah would rather. Would rather juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pilihan.
Walaupun bentuk would rather terlihat seperti bentuk lampau,
namun kita menggunakan would rather untuk menyatakan pi-lihan saat ini atau masa yang akan datang.
Contoh:
I would rather sleep than watch TV. (Saya lebih baik tidur daripada nonton TV.)
Would rather di atas memunyai subjek yang sama yaitu “I”. Jika subjek yang digunakan berbeda, maka would rather me-munyai peraturan yang berbeda pula; Anda harus mengguna-kan verb past (verb II).
Contoh:
I would rather that my mother cooked the food. (Saya lebih suka kalau ibu saya yang memasak makanannya.)
y V
erb
s and Modals
Exercise 15
Choose the correct answer in the bracket.
Your mother would rather that you
1. leave, left the
tiger alone.
They would rather
2. study, studied Math’s than
English.
She would rather not
3. thinks, think about the past.
She would rather that her brother
4. doesn’t, didn’t
make any noise.
The children would rather that their mother 5.
give, gave them milk than tea.
Bayu would rather
6. become, becomes a doctor than
an attorney. I would rather
7. bring, bringing the snack than the bag.
Note:
36
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y
Tingkat kepasian dengan must/may/might/
could + be
Must/may/might/could + be kita gunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat kepastian saat ini.
Must be
a. : sangat yakin (tingkat keyakinan lebih dari
90%)
May/might/could be
b. : kurang yakin (tingkat
keyakinan kurang dari 50%) Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Joko: “Where is Eka? I haven’t seen her.” Jono: “She must be in the library.”
Kalimat “She must be in the library.” (Dia pasti ada di perpus-takaan.) menunjukkan keyakinan Jono yang kuat bahwa Eka ada di perpustakaan. Jono merasa begitu yakin karena dia tahu kebiasaan Eka yang selalu berada di perpustakaan pada waktu istirahat sekolah.
Jika jawaban dari Jono kita ganti dengan “She may/might/ could be in the library.” (Dia mungkin berada di perpusta-kaan.), maka Jono tidak begitu yakin apakah Eka ada di per-pustakaan. Mungkin Eka ada di kantin sekolah atau bahkan Eka mungkin tidak masuk sekolah.
y V
erb
s and Modals
Tingkat kepasian dengan should/could/might/
must + have
Bentuk ini juga untuk menyatakan sebuah tingkatan kepas-tian, tetapi untuk kejadian di masa yang lampau.
a. Should have
Should have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seha-rusnya sudah dikerjakan di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
You should have discussed the problem last night. (Anda seharusnya sudah berdiskusi tentang masalah itu tadi malam.)
Kalimat di atas mengandung makna bahwa Anda seharusnya mendiskusikan suatu masalah tadi malam, tapi ternyata Anda tidak mendiskusikannya.
b. Could have
Could have menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya dapat dikerja-kan di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
Tom could have shared my room because we stayed at the same hotel.
(Tom seharusnya dapat berbagi kamar denganku karena kami tinggal di hotel yang sama.)
c. Might have
mung-38
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Contoh:
I might have gone to New York. (Saya mungkin sudah pergi ke New York.)
Kalimat di atas memiliki arti bahwa saya mungkin sudah pergi ke New York beberapa waktu yang lalu. Mungkin ada sesuatu yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York, misalnya kekasih saya melarang saya atau mungkin ada masalah penting lain yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York.
It must have been a book before. d. Must have
Must have agak berbeda penggunaannya dengan ketiga bentuk sebelumnya. Must have digunakan untuk membuat kesim pulan yang logis berdasarkan sesuatu yang telah terjadi di wak-tu lampau.
Contoh:
My wall looks colorful now. It must have been repainted.
(Dinding saya kelihatan penuh warna sekarang. Dindingnya pasti sudah dicat ulang.)
mengguna-y V
erb
s and Modals
kan beberapa warna di waktu lalu sebelum saya melihatnya sekarang.
Exercise 16
Write the response using “must be/may be/might be/could be”. Get the answer from the box below.
he must be sad he must have won a lottery
I may be in Rome
she may ind you funny
it may be infected it might be a hospital it may be in my room there must be someone in the house
I must have spilled the water
Example:
John goes on vacation to Bali. He must be very happy.
Why is she crying?
I don’t know. She might be losing something. She has just passed the exam well. 1.
……… Why is she smiling at me?
2.
……… Where is my laptop?
3.
40
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 5. The man has just bought a new house and two new
cars.
……… What building is it?
6.
I’m not very sure. ……… Where are you now?
7.
I don’t know. ……….. His dog has just died.
8.
……… The table is all wet.
9.
……… The light is on.
10.
……… Exercise 17
Do as the example. Example:
Lisa is sneezing and coughing. (have a cold now) She must be having a cold now.
The dead squirrel smells bad. (dead on the previous day)
It must have been dead on the previous day.
Heru is reilling another glass of fresh water. (thirsty) 1.
y V
erb
s and Modals
My uncle makes another piece of sandwich. (hungry) 2.
……… I have a message on my phone. (somebody called me 3.
last night)
……… The streets are wet. (it rained last night)
4.
……… He has just run for 15 miles. (tired now)
5.
42
The Usage of An
Auxiliary Verb
Sekarang kita akan melihat kegunaan auxiliary verb atau kata kerja bantu. Kita sudah membahas kegunaan dari salah satu kelompok auxiliary verb yaitu kelompok modal verb. Seperti yang kita tahu, kita menggunakan modal verb untuk
menam-bah arti pada main verb. Nah, masih ada tiga kelompok
aux-iliary verb yang lain. Ketiga auxaux-iliary verb yang belum kita bahas adalah kelompok to be, to have, dan to do. Mari kita bahas satu persatu.
TO BE
Anda masih ingat apa saja yang masuk kelompok to be? Ya, kita memunyai is, am, are, was, were, been, being. Fungsi dari to be sebenarnya cukup sederhana. Kita menggunakan to be pada saat kita membuat kalimat dengan tenses progressive atau continuous—yang berarti “sedang berlangsung”—dan saat kita membuat kalimat pasif.
To form a progressive tense
Kalimat progressive (continuous) adalah kalimat yang kata kerjanya sedang Anda lakukan. Ciri utamanya adalah adanya
Ving.
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
Contoh:
I am typing now.
(Saya sedang mengetik sekarang.) She was talking about Rome. (Dia sedang berbicara tentang Roma.) Exercise 18
Correct the words in the brackets.
Ijah is (drink) ……… the
1. wedang jahe.
The boy is (knock) ………. at the window. 2.
Saylendra and his friends are (run) ………. for 3.
the ball.
We are (work) ……….. very hard to get this job 4.
done.
All the employees were (have) ……… their lunch 5.
in the canteen.
I am (laugh) ……… at your joke. And I was 6.
(practice) ……… my acting.
She was (be) …………. interviewed by a renowned 7.
businessman.
He is (try) ………. very hard to pass the driving 8.
test.
Look! The car is (move) ……… towards us. 9.
We are (make) ……… a fortune. 10.
To form passive sentence
Sebuah kalimat pasif terdiri dari be + VIII.
44
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Contoh:
This handkerchief is made by Lina. (Saputangan ini dibuat oleh Lina.) You are fooled by Patrick. (Anda dikerjai oleh Patrick.) Exercise 19
Choose the correct passive sentences. Circle the numbers. The boy was kidnap two years ago. 1.
They are being expelled by the teacher. 2.
We are taught by Mrs Susi. 3.
Our game is cancelled until tomorrow. 4.
My team is being survey by the managing director. 5.
He decided that his car should be sold. 6.
The bird is kept in this birdcage. 7.
His car is being repaired. 8.
My little sister was given a doll. 9.
My watch is steal. 10.
Note:
To be tidak hanya bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb saja, namun bisa berfungsi sebagai ordinary verb. Perhatikan ketiga kalimat di bawah ini:
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
Ketiga to be is di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja pada
u mumnya, walaupun to be di atas tidak memunyai arti apa-apa. Lalu mengapa kita tidak menghilangkannya jika to be di atas tidak memunyai arti? Karena dalam bahasa Inggris, setiap kalimat tersusun atas subjek dan kata kerja. Oleh karena itu, to be di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa atau kata kerja utama. To be sebagai kata kerja utama terletak sebelum:
1. kata benda atau noun (a loafer) 2. kata sifat atau adjective (lazy)
3. kata keterangan atau adverb (in the garage)
Ketiga kalimat di atas sering disebut dengan kalimat nominal. Sekarang lihat padanan antara subjek dengan to be berikut ini:
Subject To Be
I am, was
he, she, it is, was we, they, you are, were
Contoh:
He is afraid of the dark. (Dia takut gelap.)
He was here yesterday. (Dia berada di sini kemarin.)
The children are busy with their toys. (Anak-anak sibuk dengan mainannya.) I am clever and beautiful.
46
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Contoh:
He will be here soon.
(Dia akan segera sampai di sini segera.) Don’t be noisy.
(Jangan ribut!) Exercise 20
Put the correct form of “be” where necessary. I ……… kind and diligent. 1.
My mother ……… at the verandah. 2.
She ……… works at the department store. 3.
My sister ……… an attorney. 4.
The children ………… very happy with their new 5.
T-shirts.
Don’t ………. greedy! 6.
I think grandma will ……… angry. 7.
I don’t ………. know what to do with him. 8.
He ……… a sarcastic person. 9.
Don’t ………. tell him anything about the 10.
project.
TO HAVE
Kelompok have yaitu: have, has, dan had digunakan untuk membuat kalimat perfect. Untuk membuat kalimat perfect tense, have diartikan sebagai “telah”. Setiap kalimat perfect ditandai dengan:
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
Sekarang kita lihat padanan antara subjek dan to have.
Subject To have (present) To have (past)
he, she, it has had
I, you, we, they have had
Contoh:
Gugun has arrived since two hours ago. (Gugun telah datang sejak dua jam yang lalu.) They have inished their homework.
(Mereka telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah mereka.) I had eaten the food when you asked for it. (Saya telah makan makanannya.)
Exercise 21
Correct the words in the brackets.
Bagas has (write) ……… twenty pages. 1.
The director has (direct) ……… all the actresses 2.
well.
We have (manage) ……….. the issue. 3.
Some of the boy scouts had (igure out) …………. 4.
the puzzle.
All the passengers have (check in) …………. . We are 5.
ready to take a board.
There are few children who have (take) ……….. 6.
a bath.
It has (be) ……… solved with a great result. 7.
This company has (grow) ……… faster than I 8.
48
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y
Note:
To have juga bisa berperan sebagai kata kerja utama yang ber arti “memunyai”.
Contoh:
I have lots of cockatoos.
(Saya memunyai banyak burung kakatua.) The dog has a long tail.
(Anjing itu memunyai ekor yang panjang.) When I was a kid, I had a teddy bear.
(Ketika saya anak-anak, saya punya boneka teddy bear.)
Grandpa has dreamed of lying to the moon.
TO DO
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
Subject To do (present) To do (past)
he, she, it
(third person singular) does did
I, you, we, they
(irst person and plural subject) do did
I do work hard and don’t have much time to rest.
To form a negaive sentence
Dalam membuat kalimat negatif yang perlu kita lakukan ada-lah:
Auxiliary do + not Contoh:
I do not know. (Saya tidak tahu.)
She doesn’t get the prize.
50
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y
To form a quesion
Dalam membuat kalimat tanya, yang perlu Anda lakukan ha-nya menempatkan auxiliary verb di depan kalimat.
Contoh:
Do I know? (Apakah saya tahu?) Doesn’t she get the prize?
(Bukankah dia mendapat hadiahnya?) Do the workers feel tired?
(Apakah para pekerja merasa kelelahan?)
Anda bisa mempelajari lebih lanjut bagaimana membuat kali-mat tanya atau negatif dalam sub bab di bawah.
Note:
To do bukan hanya bisa berperan sebagai auxiliary verb saja tetapi juga bisa berperan sebagai main verb atau ordinary verb. Do sebagai main verb berarti “mengerjakan”.
Contoh:
I do the assignment. (Saya mengerjakan tugas itu.)
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
What’s new?!
“Used to” as an auxiliary verb
Used to dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu yang berarti sebuah kebiasaan yang dulu dikerjakan namun sekarang sudah tidak dikerjakan lagi.
Used to + VI Contoh:
I used to smoke.
(Saya dulu merokok namun sekarang tidak.)
Jika used diawali dengan be, maka artinya menjadi “terbiasa”. Polanya akan menjadi:
Be used to + Ving Contoh:
I am used to living in big city. I am ine with this trafic jam.
(Saya terbiasa tinggal di kota besar. Saya baik-baik saja dengan kemacetan ini.)
52
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Meskipun demikian, dalam perjalanannya used to kurang
men dapat tempat sebagai auxiliary verb. Used to akhirnya le bih berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penuh yang menggunakan bentuk did untuk membentuk kalimat negatif dan tanya. Contoh:
I used to smoke a lot. I didn’t use to smoke a lot. Did I use to smoke a lot?
There used to be a farm in the year 1960
What’s new?!
“Need” as an auxiliary verb
Kata need yang berarti “perlu” bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb, tetapi hanya dipakai dalam bentuk negatif.
Contoh:
I needn’t go. She needn’t go.
e of an Auxiliar
y V
erb
Bentuk ini bisa kita gantikan dengan “I don’t need to go.” dan “She doesn’t need to go.” di mana keduanya memunyai arti sama seperti terlihat di bawah ini.
I needn’t go. = I don’t need to go.
She needn’t go. = She doesn’t need to go.
Need sebagai auxiliaty verb akan membuat arti kalimat ber-beda dalam bentuk lampau.
Contoh:
I needn’t have come (but I did anyway, and wasted my time).
Bandingkan dengan:
I didn’t need to come (so I didn’t come). Exercise 22
Use “needn’t have” or “didn’t need to” to complete these sentences. The verbs are given in parentheses.
He ……… (put) any more sugar. Now the 1.
tea is too sweet.
He ……… (put) any more sugar. The tea 2.
is already sweet.
I ……… (type) the letter. There are double 3.
copies of the letter now.
I ………(type) the letter. She had done it 4.
for me.
We ……… (pack) our things. But it’s 5.
done and we have to repack now as the new house is not yet ready.
54
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 8. Rani ……… (hurry) to the airport. The
plane was delayed and the travel agent had called her before she left.
I ……… (pay) for the balloon. It was given 9.
for free in the next booth.
I ……… (pay) for the balloon. I got it free 10.
To Make a Negative
Sentence and a Question
Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah memperhatikan kata kerja bantunya. Secara umum langkah-langkah yang harus Anda perhatikan adalah:
Untuk kalimat negaif (negaive sentence):
Cari auxiliary verbnya. •
Tambahkan not setelah auxiliary verb. •
Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogaive sentence):
Cari auxiliary verbnya. •
Pindahkan auxiliary verbnya ke depan kalimat. •
Agar lebih mudah, mari kita bahas mengenai auxiliary verb satu-persatu.
TO BE
Anggota to be adalah: be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being.
Negaive sentence
56
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Contoh:
I am writing a book. Be yang dipakai adalah “am”.
Langkah kedua adalah menambah not setelah be. Sehingga kalimat di atas akan menjadi:
I am not writing a book. Exercise 23
Put these sentences into negative. Toni is yawning. 1.
……… I am mending my watch.
2.
……… The boys are running very fast.
3.
……… Yuni and I are eating pineapple together.
4.
……… My alarm was beeping last night.
5.
……… Mother is baking a cake.
6.
……… The professor was talking about the effect of 7.
Renaissance.
……… They were wandering around in the city last Saturday. 8.
To Mak
e a Neg
aiv
e Sen
tence and a Ques
ion
Bayu was drinking
9. beras kencur when Dodi entered Bayu’s room.
……… Dodi was playing with a doll when Bayu phoned him. 10.
………
Interrogaive sentence
Ingat langkah-langkah pada bagian sebelumnya. Langkah per-tama dalam membuat kalimat tanya adalah mencari auxilary verbnya.
Contoh:
I am writing a book. Be yang dipakai adalah “am”.
Langkah kedua, letakkan kata kerja bantunya di awal kalimat. Contoh:
Am I writing a book? Exercise 24
Put these sentences into interrogative. I am telling the truth. 1.
……… The police oficers are capturing the thief.
2.
……… My toy ship is sinking into the river.
3.
……… The committee is focusing on the matter.
58
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 5. Romi was working hard when he was a teenager.
……… My little brother was shattering my CD’s.
6.
……… The painter is just spattering the paint onto the wall. 7.
……… All the children were reciting the topic they discussed. 8.
……… I am scratching this coupon to see if I win the grand 9.
prize.
……… We are planning to issue the magazine by the end of 10.
this summer.
………
To Mak
e a Neg
aiv
e Sen
tence and a Ques
ion
TO DO
Seperti yang telah dibahas sebelumnya bahwa Auxiliary verb to do digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kali-mat tanya. Nah, yang membedakan dalam membuat kalikali-mat negatif maupun kalimat tanya adalah auxiliary verb to do di-ambil dari kata kerja utamanya.
Negaive sentence
Contoh: “I take the bag.”
Kata kerja utama : take (present)
Auxilary verb : do
Menjadi : “I do not take the bag.”
“She tells the truth.”
Kata kerja utama : tells (present)
Auxilary verb : does
Menjadi :“She doesn’t tell the truth.”
“The guests came at dawn yesterday.”
Kata kerja utama : came (past)
Auxilary verb : did
Menjadi : “The guests didn’t come at
dawn yesterday.”
“She screamed too much.”
Kata kerja utama : screamed (past)
Auxilary verb : did
60
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Exercise 25
Change the verbs in italic into negative. Yesterday I
1. went to a party.
……… People
2. welcomed me nicely.
……… And somebody
3. gave presents.
……… All the people
4. became very happy knowing that I was there.
……… I
5. was singing a song at the party.
……… They said that my voice
6. was beautiful and delicate.
……… This
7. is a lie.
………
Interrogaive sentence
To Mak
e a Neg
aiv
e Sen
tence and a Ques
ion
to do tersembunyi di dalam main verb, Anda harus berhati hati dalam memilih auxiliary to do yang sesuai. Lihat kembali padanan antara subjek dan auxiliary to do di atas.
I do not like playing in the mud. I just love it. Contoh:
“I take the bag.”
Kata kerja utama : take (present)
Subjek : I
Auxilary verb : do
Menjadi : “Do I take the bag? ”
“She tells the truth.”
Kata kerja utama : tells (present)
Subjek : she
Auxilary verb : does
Menjadi : “Does she tell the truth?”
“She screamed aloud.”
Kata kerja utama : screamed (past)
62
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y
TO HAVE
Have sebagai auxiliary verb memunyai arti “sudah” atau “be-lum” (have not). Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya, sama seperti biasa kita perlu menambahkan not pada auxiliary verb untuk kalimat negatif. Sedangkan untuk kalimat tanya, Anda hanya perlu memindahkan auxiliary verb ke de-pan kalimat.
Negaive sentence
Untuk membuat kalimat negatif, Anda perlu mencari auxi-liary verbnya kemudian tambahkan kata not sesudah auxil-iary verb.
Contoh:
I have eaten.
Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) eaten. I have spoken to him
Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) spoken to him. Exercise 26
Fill in the blanks with “to have + VerbIII.”
Example: She ……… the movie twice. (watch) She has watched the movie twice.
They ……… the right formula. (discover) 1.
The sailor ……… the whale for years. (hunt) 2.
The detective ……… the victim last week. 3.
(identify)
Your son ……… since I came. (yell) 4.
My company ……… for twenty years. But still 5.
To Mak
e a Neg
aiv
e Sen
tence and a Ques
ion
We ……… by the junior team. (be beat) 6.
My girlfriend ……… there for two hours wait-7.
ing for me. I felt very bad. (stand)
They ……… to go to the semiinal. (fail) 8.
Nania ……… to the sea before. (not be) 9.
He ……… that he does what he says. (never 10.
prove)
Interrogaive
Membuat kalimat tanya sebenarnya sangat mudah. Hal yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah mencari auxiliary verb to have kemudian pindahkan ke awal kalimat.
Contoh:
64
To Make Short Responses
Short responses adalah sebuah jawaban singkat. Jika kita ditanya “Anda mau buah?” kita bisa menjawab dengan “Ya.” Dalam bahasa Inggris tertulis kita diharuskan untuk menyertakan auxiliary verb dalam membuat short response. Jadi bila di tanya “Anda mau buah?” kita menjawabnya dengan “Ya, saya mau.” Bagian “saya mau” diungkapkan dengan auxiliary verb.
Dalam menggunakan short responses, Anda perlu mem-perhatikan kata kerja bantu yang ada dalam kalimat tanya. Contoh:
“Are you reading a magazine?”
Auxiliary verb : are dari kelompok to be
Respons : “Yes, I am.”
Ingat padanan subjek “I” untuk auxiliary verb to be adalah “am” bukan “are”.
Begitu juga dengan short response berbentuk negatif, yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah menambahkan not setelah auxiliary verb.
Contoh dengan penjabaran: “Do you make a note?” Auxiliary verb : do
Respons : “No, I don’t.”
To Mak
e Short R
esponses
Have you done your homework? Yes, I have.
Were you sleeping at the class? No, I wasn’t.
Are they hiding in the park? Yes, they are.
Did you borrow my dictionary? No, I didn’t.
66
To Make a Question Tags
Question tags adalah pernyataan pada akhir kalimat yang digu-nakan untuk mendapatkan penegasan. Sama seperti yang te-lah kita pelajari sebelumnya bahwa yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah memperhatikan auxiliary verbnya.
Contoh:
You are studying English, aren’t you? (Anda sedang belajar bahasa Inggris, bukan?)
“You are studying” merupakan kalimat pernyataannya, sedang-kan bagian yang dicetak tebal adalah question tags-nya.
Dalam membuat question tags, Anda tidak hanya perlu
memperhatikan auxiliary verbnya saja. Perhatikan aturan aturan mengenai question tag berikut:
Bila pernyataannya positif (+) maka question tags-nya 1.
negatif (-), begitu juga sebaliknya. Contoh:
You run fast, don’t you? You don’t run fast, do you?
Question tag berbentuk negatif selalu dalam bentuk 2.
singkatan (don’t, didn’t, aren’t, etc). Contoh:
To Mak
e Ques
ion T
ags
Kata yang bermakna negatif, seperti
3. never, few, little
memiliki tag question positif. Lantas kata-kata apa saja yang bermakna negatif ? Hafalkan kata-kata berikut ini:
never few/little hardly seldom nothing rarely nobody
Contoh:
Lisa seldom goes to the cinema, does she? We have nothing, do we?
The child could hardly breathe, could he? Subjek yang dipakai dalam question tag berbentuk 4.
pronoun (he, she, I, it, etc), bukan my friend, the lawyer, Lisa, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
The police oficers are giving me a ticket, aren’t they? The dog eats the meat, doesn’t it?
Untuk pernyataan yang berupa kalimat ajakan, question 5.
tag-nya menjadi shall. Sedang untuk pernyataan yang berupa kalimat perintah, question tag-nya menjadi will.
Contoh:
Let’s go to the zoo, shall we? (ajakan) Drink this medicine, will you? (perintah) Exercise 27
68
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 5. That couple often go to this restaurant, ………?
I seldom listen to the teacher, ………? 6.
Put on the light, ………? 7.
He’s ixed the broken air conditioner, ……….? 8.
Those children have little happiness, ………? 9.
Final Exercise
Choose the correct answer.
“You ………….. bring a lantern. I have brought two 1.
for us.” must not a.
needn’t b.
must c.
could d.
“The streets are wet.” 2.
“It ……… last night.” must be raining
a.
could have rained b.
should have rained c.
must have rained d.
This amazing building ………. in 1967 by a fa-3.
mous architect. built a.
build b.
was built c.
70
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y c. isn’t he
wouldn’t he d.
“Where is Hari? I haven’t seen him for a while.” 5.
“He might have gone to Chicago. He said that he want-ed to continue his study there.”
From the above sentence we may conclude that …… Hari went to Chicago
a.
Hari is going to Chicago b.
Hari is probably in Chicago now c.
Hari is certainly not going to Chicago d.
You ……… get another bulb. This room is too 6.
dark for you to study. will a. can b. may c. should d.
You ……… come with us if you want to. 7. may a. will b. must c. cannot d.
Brenda is ……… a letter for his new friend. 8. writing a. written b. writes c. write d.
My uncle would rather ………. the car. He 9.
Final Ex cer cises don’t drive a. not drive b. didn’t driving c. didn’t drive d.
He seldom has visited this place, ………? 10. hasn’t he a. has he b. didn’t he c. does he d.
To study Mathematics you ………. a lot. 11. must practice a. have practice b. must practices c. ought practice d.
The police stopped me and said, “When you are riding 12.
a motorcycle you ……….. wear a helmet.” should a. must b. may c. can d.
72
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 14. They were ………. in the football ield when you
arrived. play a. plays b. played c. playing d.
They used to play in the T Park happily. 15.
The above sentence means ………. they are now playing in the T Park.
a.
they always play in the T Park b.
they played in the T Park in the past, but they don’t c.
play in the T Park again now.
they are accustomed to playing in the T Park. d.
Valentino Rossi may, if he keeps up resulting good lap 16.
time on testing Ferrari, ……… to Formula 1. move a. moves b. moving c. moved d.
Has she ……… to you? 17. wrote a. write b. written c. writted d.
cer
cises
Get me an ice cream, ………? 19. shall you a. do you b. will you c. should you d.
I don’t know where Nimo is. He ………. early. 20.
must have leave a.
must left b.
must have left c.
must leave d.
I couldn’t ind Nana and Nini, they ………… in the 21.
library after class. must be a.
must have be b.
must have being c.
must have been d.
She ……… making her dinner by herself. 22. used to a. is used b. used c.
is used to d.
I called Rino last night, but he didn’t pick the phone 23.
up.
74
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 24. After they had ……… for several hours, they
decided to sleep in a motel. drives a. drove b. driving c. driven d.
You should ……… your umbrella, it’s 25. raining. bring a. brought b. bringing c. brings d.
“Nobody is answering the bell.” 26.
“Husni ……… now.” must have slept
a.
could be sleeping b.
should be sleeping c.
must be sleeping d.
“I hope you don’t mind with the sound, Miss 27.
Daphne.”
“Don’t worry, I am used to hearing loud and noisy sound especially that in the factory.
The sentence above means that ………. Miss Daphne don’t like the sound in the factory a.
Miss Daphne is accustomed to loud and noisy b.
cer
cises
Miss Daphne used to hear the loud and noisy c.
sound in factories
the sound bothers Miss Daphne d.
“My blind date didn’t come to the dinner.” 28.
“Oh I am sorry. She ……… you before.” should have called
a.
must have called b.
could have called c.
would have called d.
I can hear the sound of a radio, my uncle ……… 29.
to the radio now. must be listening a.
must listen b.
must listening c.
must have listened d.
Nini is……… in England with its spacious 30.
area.
used to live a.
used to lives b.
used to living c.
used to be living d.
76
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y 32. Jane is ……… to the post ofice this
afternoon. goes a. go b. going c. to go d.
I have ……… here since this morning. 33. been a. be b. being c. to be d.
The police had ……… the robber of the 34. bank. catch a. to catch b. catches c. caught d.
78
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Exercise 1
1. go; 2. listen; 3. come; 4. yell; 5. raise; 6. open; 7. tell; 8. fol-low; 9. take off; 10. achieve; 11. be able to; 12. smile; 13. take; 14. sit; 15. keep on, be
Exercise 2
The correct forms of permission are sentences 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Exercise 3
May I go out? 1.
May I play kite with my friends? 2.
May I play the drum? 3.
May I see the movie? 4.
May I build a tree house in the backyard? 5.
May I buy an ice cream? 6.
May I have a puppy? 7.
May I go to the beach? 8.
May I drive the new car? 9.
May I get out of the house? 10.
Exercise 4
1. may forget; 2. may be in your bag; 3. There may not be enough people 4. It might have been raining; 5. It may rain any time; 6. I may do nothing; 7. It may be a BMW; 8. It may lack of sugar; 9. It might be because of the scratch. 10. I might ind a job.
Exercise 5
can – can’t – can – can – can Exercise 6
e y T o Ex cer cises Exercise 7
“Can” can be replaced by “could” or “would” or “will”. Can you mail my letter?
1.
Can you ix my radio? 2.
Can you reach that book for me? 3.
Can you close the window? 4.
Can you teach me Mathematics? 5.
Can you help me carry the luggages? 6.
Can you take a picture for me? 7.
Can you make an omelette for me? 8.
Can you take me for a drive? 9.
Can you share one of your sausages? 10.
Exercise 8
Would you mind picking me up at the airport? 1.
Would you mind helping me move this table? 2.
Would you mind accompanying me to the bank? 3.
Would you mind turning on the air conditioner? 4.
Would you mind getting me a glass of ice tea? 5.
Would you mind cutting the grass? 6.
Would you mind shutting the door? 7.
Would you mind putting off your cigarette? 8.
Would you mind taking that dictionary off the shelf ? 9.
Would you mind bringing the lost duck tomorrow? 10.
Exercise 9 NA
80
Auxiliar
y V
erb
s & Modal Auxiliar
y Exercise 11
NA
Exercise 12
“Had better” bisa diganti dengan “should”.
1. You had better speak louder; 2. You had better sprinkle the seeds to wider areas; 3. You had better polish them; 4. You had better have some rest; 5. You had better drink lots of wa-ter; 6. You had better repaint it; 7. You had better comb your hair; 8. You had better wear a seatbelt; 9. You had better turn on the fan; 10. You had better study with me
Exercise 13 NA
Exercise 14
1. am going to; 2. am going to; 3. will; 4. would; 5. am going to
Exercise 15
1. left; 2. study; 3. think; 4. didn’t; 5. gave; 6 become; 7. bring
Exercise 16
e
y T
o Ex
cer
cises
Exercise 17
1. He must be thirsty; 2. He must be hungry; 3. Somebody must have called me last night; 4. It must have rained last night; 5. He must be tired now
Exercise 18
1. drinking; 2. knocking; 3 running; 4. working; 5. having; 6. laughing, practicing; 7. being; 8. trying; 9. moving; 10. mak-ing
Exercise 19
The correct passive sentences are 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Exercise 20
1. am; 2. is; 3. ; 4. is; 5. are; 6. be; 7. be; 8. ; 9. is; 10. -Exercise 21
1. written; 2. directed; 3. managed; 4. igured out; 5. checked in; 6. taken; 7. been; 8. grown, thought; 9. found; 10. read Exercise 22
1. needn’t have put; 2. didn’t need to put; 3. needn’t have typed; 4. didn’t need to type; 5. needn’t have packed; 6. didn’t need to pack; 7. needn’t have hurried; 8. didn’t need to hurry; 9. needn’t have paid; 10. didn’t need to pay
Exercise 23
Garis besar
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