MODULE SEMESTER 1
HOBBIES AND INTEREST
(HOBBY DAN KESUKAAN)
SOME EXPRESIONS USED IN TALKING ABOUT HOBBIES AND INTEREST (ungkapan tanya tentang hobby dan kesukaan)
Do you like (apa yang kamu suka) ?
What do you like doing in your spare time (apa yang suka kamu lakukan di waktu senggang) ?
What do you do on your spare time (apa yang kamu lakukan di waktu senggang) ? Example :
Do you like swimming? Yes, i like swimming
What do you like doing in your spare time? I like reading a novel. What do you do on your sapre time? I do writing a pome.
CONTOH PERCAKAPAN
Contoh 1:
A : What is your hobby, Deanna? Apa hobimu, Deanna?
B : I like watch movies and read books. What about you, Andrew? What do you usually do in your spare time?
Aku suka menonton film dan membaca buku. Bagaimana denganmu, Andrew? Apa yang biasanya kamu lakukan di waktu senggangmu?
A : I usually play sports in my spare time.
Aku biasanya berolahraga di waktu senggangku.
B : Really? What kind of sports are you into? Benarkah? Olahraga apa yang kamu gemari?
A : Basically I like all kinds of sports bt I play tennis a lot lately.
Pada dasarnya aku suka segala macam olahraga tapi akhir-akhir ini aku sering main tenis.
B : Do you plan on being a professional tennis player?
Apakah kamu berencana menjadi pemain tenis profesional?
A : Yes, I do. As a matter of fact, I am concentrating myself on a serious practice. There will be a tennis tournament next month and I plant to participate.
Ya, benar. Saat ini aku sedang berkonsentrasi untuk latihan yang serius. Bulan depan akan diadakan turnamen tenis dan aku berencana akan ikut
berpartisipasi.
B : Well, I wish you good luck. I'll be there to support you.
GUEST HANDLING
Expressions for handling guests In an office
Greetings (Good morning/afternoon/evening).
What can I do for you, Sir/Ma’am?
Could I take your name, please?
Just a moment, please. I’ll see if Mr./Mrs….is free/available?
Have a seat, please.
Would you like something to drink?
I’m sorry, Sir/Ma’am. Mr/Mrs…is not in.
Would you like to leave a message? In a hotel
Welcome to our hotel. Hope you enjoy your stay.
Have a nice rest, Sir/Ma’am.
Would you like some help with your luggage? Here is your key.
Please, check your bill. In a restaurant
Welcome to our restaurant. May I take your order, please?
Are you ready to order, Sir/Ma’am? Can I take your coat, Sir/Ma’am?
Hope you enjoy the food. In a shop
Can I help you? May I help you? Which one fixes you? Which one do you like?
Pengertian Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan
atau kegiatan yang berlangsung/terjadi pada waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, kebiasaan sehari-hari, peristiwa atau perbuatan yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan waktu, dan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum.
Simple Present Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"
TO BE 1 terdiri dari: am, is, are (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)
I Am
You
Are They
We He
Is She
It
I
Do / Don't You
They We He She It
CATATAN:
DO dan DOES digunakan pada kalimat tanya.
DON'T (DO NOT) dan DOESN'T (DOES NOT) digunakan pada kalimat negatif.
TO BE 1 (am, is, are) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB)
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB) + Subject + Verb 1 + Object
- Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object ? DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
? Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1? Contoh :
+ I speak English everyday
She speaks English everyday
- I don't speak English
She doesn't speak English
?
Do you speak English?
Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English?
Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
? Why do you speak English everyday ?
PENTING:
Hanya pada kalimat positif, untuk subject "He, She, It", penggunaan kata kerjanya (VERB) harus diakhiri dengan "s/es." Penambahan “s/es” pada kata kerja dasar (inifinitive) adalah sebagai berikut:
Pada umunya kata kerjanya langsung ditambah dengan akhiran “-s”, contohnya: Work – Works
Write – Writes Speak – Speaks
Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “ch, o, s, sh, x”ditambah akhiran “-es”, contohnya: Pass - Passes
Finish - Finishes Teach - Teaches Go - Goes Fix - Fixes
Kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” dan dimulai dengan huruf mati, akhiran “ -y”diubah menjadi “-i” kemudian ditambah “-es”, contohnya:
Study - Studies Carry - Carries Cry - Cries
Sedangkan kata kerjanya berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” yang diawali dengan huruf hidup, cukup
ditambah dengan akhiran “-s” saja, contohnya: Buy - Buys
Apabila kata kerjanya diawali dengan huruf kata kerja bantu (Modal Auxiliaries), maka tidak mendapatkan tambahan “s/es”,contohnya:
He Will work She Can open He Must close
Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat verbal
Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan atau yang dilakukan pada waktu-waktu tertentu (Habitual Action), contohnya:
We study hard everyday.
She visits the library twice a month.
Menyatakan suatu kebenaran atau kenyataan umum, atau suatu kebenaran yang dianggap terjadi terus-mnerus (The General Truth), contohnya:
A year has twelve months. The sun rises in the East.
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB) + Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object ? To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? Contoh :
+ I am a teacher.
She is a teacher.
- I am not a teacher.
She is not a teacher.
?
Are you a teacher?
Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is she a teacher?
Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not ?
What are you ?
Jawaban: I am a teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here
Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat nomial
Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini atau sekarang atau perbuatan yang merupakan suatu kebiasaan, contohnya:
I am a teacher. They are here now.
Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, tetapi dalam kalimat nominal ini tidak digunakan keterangan waktu, contohnya:
Ice is cold. Fire is hot.
Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Present Tense yang digunakan adalah:
Pengertian Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau
kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya persitiwa itu telah diketahui.
Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis"TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 terdiri dari: was & were(untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)
I Was
You
Were They
We He
Was She
It I
Did / Didn't You
They We He She It
CATATAN:
DID digunakan pada kalimat tanya.
DID NOT (DIDN'T) digunakan pada kalimat negatif.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB)
VERB 2 hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif saja.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB) + Subject + Verb 2 + Object
- Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object ? DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
? Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ? Contoh :
+ He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
- He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday. ?
Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
? Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Pada contoh kalimat positif diatas menggunakan kata kerja bought (bentuk Verb 2 dari katabuy). Hanya pada kalimat positif saja Verb 2 digunakan.
Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat verbal
Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang telah dilakukan diwaktu lampau dan selesai pada saat itu juga atau untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau, contohnya:
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB) + Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object ? To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? Contoh :
+ I was a singer 5 years ago.
We were a singer 5 years ago. - I was not a singer 5 years ago.
We were not a singer 5 years ago.
? Were you a singer 5 years ago?
Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not ?
Where were you last night? Jawaban: I was at home. Why was she absent yesterday? Jawaban: She was sick yesterday
Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat nomial
Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan diwaktu lampau tetapi tidak berlangsung lagi sekarang, contohnya:
When I was young, I worked hard
Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Past Tense yang digunakan adalah:
yesterday, last night, last week, yesterday morning, an hour ago, two days ago, and so on.
Pengertian Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan,
keadaan atau peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Dan pada saat berbicara kegiatan/perbuatan tersebut telah selesai dilakukan.
Present Perfect Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 adalah: been (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)
I
been You
They We He She It
CATATAN:
TO BE 3 (been) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB).
Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Present Perfect
Tensemenggunakan VERB 3.
I
Have You
They We He She It
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB) + Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
- Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object ? Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
? Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object? Contoh :
+ I have lived here for 2 years.
- I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
? Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
? Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?
Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)
+ Subject + Have/Has + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + (Have/Has + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object ? Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object? Contoh :
+ She has been here for 4 hours
- She has not (hasn't) been here for 4 hours
? Has she been here for 4 hours?
? Where have you been for the last 4 hours?
Fungsi Present Perfect Tense
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang baru saja terjadi hingga hasilnya atau akibatnya dari tindakan tersebut masih dapat dilihat hingga saat dibicarakan, contohnya:
She has written a letter.
Artinya: dia sudah menulis surat.
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai pada saat yang tidak tertentu diwaktu lampau, tetapi waktu terjadi peristiwa tersebut tidak dipentingkan. Yang paling penting adalah hasil dari perbuatannya sekarang, contohnya:
She has locked the door, and now we can’t open it.
Artinya: dia sudah mengunci pintu, dan sekarang kita tidak dapat membuka pintunya.
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi tetapi waktu terjadinya persitiwa tersebut belum selesai, contohnya:
I have written this letter this week.
Artinya: Saya sudah menulis surat ini pada minggu ini (tidak tepat kapan hari/jam pebuatannya). Menyatakan suatu kegiatan ulangan yang tidak tertentu sebelum sekarang. Pada umunya bentuk kalimat ini sering diikuti oleh before, ever, already, never, yet, contohnya:
I have heard this before.
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi di masa lampau dan masih terjadi pada saat sekarang dan akan datang, contohnya:
I have been here since yesterday.
Artinya: saya sudah di sini sejak kemarin (dan sampai sekarang masih tetap disini/ di lokasi yg sama).
Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang selesai dalam waktu singkat. Pada umumnya digunakan kata-kata at last, finally, just, contohnya:
I have just met him.
Artinya: saya sudah (baru saja) bertemu dia.
Keterangan waktu untuk Present Perfect Tense yang digunakan adalah:
since yesterday, since two days ago, since last week, for three days, for three weeks, and so on.
Pengertian Simple Future Tense / Present Future Tense
Simple Future Tense atau Present F uture Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang akan terjadi dimasa akan datang. Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Future Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB) + Subject + WILL / SHALL + Verb 1 + Object
- Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + Verb 1 + Object ? WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
? Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 ? Contoh :
+ She will go to Paris tomorrow.
- She will not (won't) go to Paris tomorrow.
? Will she go to Paris tomorrow ?
Jawaban: Yes She will, atau She, will not (won't)
? When will she go to Paris?
Who will come here?
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Future Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (NON VERB) + Subject + WILL / SHALL + be + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + WILL / SHALL + NOT + be + Non Verb + Object ? WILL / SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
? Question Word + WILL/SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ? Contoh :
+ He will be alone tomorrow.
- He will not (won't) be alone tomorrow.
? Will he be alone tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes he will, atau No, she will not (won't)
? When will he be in Las Vegas?
Menggunakan "To Be Going To"
Pola kalimat verbal Simple Future Tense dapat diganti dengan kalimat yang menggunakan to be + going to untuk menggantikan shall dan will.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat menggunakan "To Be Going To"
+ Subject + To be + going to + Verb 1 + Object - Subject + To be + Not + going to + Verb 1 + Object ? To be + Subject + going to + Verb 1 + Object ?
? Question Word + To be + Subject + going to + verb 1 +? Contoh :
+ I am going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
- I am not going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
? Are you going to read a newspaper tomorrow?
?
What are you going to read?
Who is going to come here tomorrow?
Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Future Tense yang digunakan adalah: tomorrow morning, tomorrow night, next week, next year and so on
GERUND
Pengertian dan Jenis-Jenis Gerund
Gerund bisa didefinisikan sebagai bentuk present participle (V-ing) dalam suatu kalimat yang
berfungsi sebagai subyek, obyek maupun pelengkap atau complement. Cara ‘membuat’ gerund
cukup mudah. Kamu hanya perlu menambahkan –ing di akhir kata kerja kerja, misalnya running, drinking, buying, going, dan sebagainya.
1. Gerund sebagai Subyek
Untuk menandai atau membuat kalimat yang mengandung gerund sebagai subyek, kita hanya perlu meletakkan V-ing tersebut di awal kalimat. Bagaimana dengan tenses kalimat tersebut? Tenses kalimatnya akan tergantung pada kata kerja yang kita gunakan, bisa dalam bentuk lampau, masa kini atau masa yang akan datang.
Sebagai contoh:
Smoking is prohibited in this room. (is merupakan bentuk present tense)
Visiting my grandparents was my weekly routine when I was a child. (was merupakan bentuk past tense)
Being a pilot will be his job when he’s older. (will merupakan bentuk future
tense)
2. Gerund sebagai Obyek
Gerund sebagai obyek ditandai dengan bentuk V-ing yang terdapat setelah kata kerja dalam kalimat. Misalnya dalam contoh:
He doesn’t like travelling.
Mary enjoyed writing letters for her boyfriend.
Tom and Jerry will always delay doing their homework.
Dari contoh-contoh di atas, kita bisa mengetahui tenses apakah yang digunakan dalam kalimat tersebut. Kalimat pertama merupakan bentuk present tense karena terdapat kata
kerja doesn’t like, kalimat kedua merupakan bentuk past tense karena kata kerja enjoyed,
3. Gerund sebagai Pelengkap
Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap atau complement dalam kalimat biasa dijumpai ketika V-ing terletak setelah auxiliary be (is, am, are, was, were). Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
My favourite activity during summer is sunbathing.
That dog’s habits are chewing leather shoes and jumping on the sofa.
4. Gerund setelah preposisi Penggunaan Gerund setelah preposisi
Preposisi-preposisi yang diikuti dengan gerund :
about, of, from, about, after, apart from, before, by, in, instead of, on, without, because of. Examples:
· Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
· She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road. · We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
· He told the joke without laughing.
Kata Kerja dan Preposisi yang Diikuti Gerund
Beberapa kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris akan diikuti gerund jika digunakan bersama dalam kalimat. Sayangnya, tidak ada rumus khusus selain menghafalkan kata-kata tersebut jika kita ingin menggunakan kata-kata tersebut dengan benar.
Contoh:
He should avoid getting caught by the police.
Would you mind opening the door?
Dad will never quit smoking.
Please stop running inside the classroom!
Mike didn’t watch her waving at him.
Selain kata-kata kerja di atas, preposition atau preposisi juga biasa diikuti oleh gerund. Preposisi bisa bermacam-macam, ada in, on, at, for, into, for, dan sebagainya. Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan contoh berikut:
I’m tired of arguing with you.
The police arrested them for stealing the diamond.
She is good at telling jokes.
You should give up winning her heart.
Katty was interested in singing.
Gerund vs. To-Infinitive
Pernahkah kamu bingung dengan kalimat, “I like to swim” dan “I like swimming”? Ya, beberapa
kata kerja bisa diikuti oleh gerund maupun to-infinitive (to + Verb I). Ternyata, kalimat tersebut bisa memiliki arti yang berbeda jika diikuti oleh gerund maupun oleh to-infinitive, loh. Seperti apakah perbedaannya?
like, love, prefer
I like to swim. (aku senang berenang)
I like swimming. (aku senang berenang, aku senang menonton perlombaan renang atau aku senang apapun yang berhubungan dengan renang)
stop
I stop to smoke. (aku berhenti melakukan aktifitas sebelumnya untuk merokok. Aku masih senang merokok)
I stop smoking. (aku berhenti merokok dan tidak akan merokok lagi)
forget, remember
She forgot to tell me her secret. (dia lupa memberitahu rahasianya, meskipun seharusnya dia memberitahuku)
I remembered to go to the party. (aku ingat bahwa aku seharusnya pergi ke pesta)
I remembered going to the party. (aku ingat bahwa aku pergi ke pesta)
TOO AND ENOUGH
1. Penggunaan Enough
Enough artinya cukup.
Dapat berlaku sebagai kata sifat atau kata ganti yang digunakan bersama kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung atau yang tak dapat dihitung.
Contoh :
Is that enough ? Apakah itu cukup ?
That’s enough, thank you Itu sudah cukup, terima kasih There is enough bread for breakfast Ada cukup roti untuk sarapan
We haven’t enough butter Kami tidak punya cukuo mentega
Enough dapat digunakan sebagai kata keterangan yang digunakan bersama kata sifat. Contoh :
This stick is long enough Tongkat ini cukup panjang That man is strong enough Pria itu cukup kuat
That girl is clever enough Gadis itu cukup pandai
Jack isn’t tall enough Jack tidak cukup tinggi (kurang tinggi)
Enough dengan kata kerja. Contoh :
The children play enough Anak-anak itu cukup bermain They sleep enough Mereka cukup tidur
We eat enough Kami cukup makan
Tom doesn’t work enough Tom tidak cukup bekerja
2. Penggunaan Too
Too artinya terlalu.
Dapat digunakan dengan kata sifat. Contoh :
The ceiling is too high Langit-langit itu terlalu tinggi The question is too difficult Soal itu terlalu sulit
The tea is too hot The itu terlalu panas He is too young Dia terlalu muda
Too dapat digunakan dengan kata keterangan. Contoh :
He drives too carefully Dia mengendarai terlalu hati-hati They played too noisily Mereka bermain terlalu gaduh He walked too slowly Dia berjalan terlalu pelan He answered too carelessly Dia menjawab terlalu ceroboh
Too berarti juga. Dapat digunakan dalam kalimat positif. Contoh :
They will come, too Mereka akan datang juga They work hard, too Mereka bekerja keras juga
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Jenis Question Words
Ada 2 jenis kalimat tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris (question words), yakni: 1. Question words (WH)
2. Yes or no questions
Pengertian Yes or No Questions
Yes or no questionsadalah kalimat tanya yang memiliki ide jawaban hanya “YA” dan
“TIDAK”.
Contoh Yes or No Questions
They are Indonesian. – Are they Indonesian? (Jawaban: Yes, They are/ No, They are not)
He is nice. – Is he nice? (Jawaban: Yes, He is/ No, He is not)
1. JIka kata kerja utama dari kalimatnya berbentuk “to be”, silahkan letakkan to be pada awal kalimat kemudian diikuti dengan subject. Contohnya:
They are Indian. – Are they Indian?
Jenny is sick. – Is Jenny sick?
Ali was sick yesterday - Was Ali sick yesterday?
2. Jika pada suatu kalimat mengandung kata kerja utama atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), silahkan letakkan subject setelah kata kerja bantunya. Contohnya:
She is visiting Bali. – Is shevisiting Bali?
They have finished the homework. – Have they finished the homework?
My sister will be cooking fried rice. – Will my sister (she) be cooking fried rice?
Tony has been working all day long. – Has Tony been working all day long?
3. Jika pada suatu kalimat mengandung kata kerja dan tidak ada “to be” pada kalimat tersebut atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), cara merangkai yes or no questions– nya adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Jika kata kerjanya dalam bentuk simple present tense silahkan
tambahkan “do” atau “does”kemudian diikuti dengan subject dan object kalimatnya. Agar lebih mudah untuk merangkaiyes or no question menggunakan “do” atau “does”, silahkan perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:
Do Untuk Subject: I, You, They, We Does Untuk Subject: He, She, it
Contohnya:
They like her. – Do they like her?
She goes to library every night. – Does she go to library every night?
b. Jika kata kerjanya dalam bentuk simple past tense silahkan tambahkan “did” kemudian diikuti dengan subject dan objectkalimatnya. Contohnya:
He arrived here yesterday. – Did he arrivehere yesterday?
Her mother went to the market. – Did her mother goto the market?
Question Tags (Pertanyaan Penegas)
Question Tags (Pertanyaan Tegas) adalah suatu pertanyaan pendek di akhir kalimat pernyataan
yang berfungsi untuk mempertegas pernyataan yang bersangkutan. Fungsi Question Tags (Pertanyaan Penegas)
Pada umumnya Question Tags berfungsi untuk meminta penegasan dari pendengar tentang sesuatu yang belum begitu meyakinkan pembicara atau dapat dikatakan untuk meminta persetujuan dari pendengar atas pernyataan yang diucapakan.
Contoh:
He is a doctor, isn’t he? (Artinya: Dia seorang dokter, bukan ?)
He is a doctor (dia seorang dokter ) merupakan kalimat pernyataan(Statement) yang
diajukan, sedangkan isn’t he? (bukan) merupakan pertanyaan tegasnya (Question Tags).
CATATAN
Question Tags (Pertanyaan Tegas ) dibentuk dari to be, modal auxiliaries, dan Auxiliary Verb lainnya (is, am, are, does, do, did, can, have, may, must, will, shall, etc) yang dikombinasikan dengan Personal Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang) yaitu I, we, you, they, he, she, it. Cara Membuat dan Contoh Question Tags
Ada beberapa aturan yang harus diperhatikan pada saat membentuk Question Tags(Pertanyaan Tegas), yaitu:
Apabila Pernyataannya (Statement) merupakan Kalimat Positif (+), maka pertanyaan tegasnya Negatif (-), contohnya:
He is a doctor, isn’t he? (Artinya: Dia seorang dokter, bukan ?)
Sebaliknya apabila Pernyataannya (Statement) merupakan Kalimat Negatif (-), maka pertanyaan penegasnya Positif (+), contohnya:
You are not happy, are you? (Artinya: Kamu tidak senang, bukan?)
Mary isn’t here, is she? (Artinya: Mary tidak disini, bukan/kan?)
Subject dalam Pertanyaan Penegasnya (Tag)-nya harus selalu berbentuk personal pronouns (Kata Ganti Orang/Orang), contohnya:
George goes to school by bicycle, doesn’t he?
(Artinya: George pergi ke sekolah naik sepeda, bukan?) You Like Tea, don’t you?
Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan menggunakan To Be (Kata Kerja Bantu To Be ) yaituis, am, are, was, were, maka to be tersebut harus diulang dalam Pertanyaan Penegas (Tag)dengan bentuk yang berlawanan, contohnya:
You are not a policeman, are you? (Artinya: Kamu bukan polisi, bukan/kan?) *sama seperti contoh cara membentuk question tag nomor 1 & 2 di atas.
PERKECUALIAN:
Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataan positif terdapat to be “am” yang berpasangan dengan subyek I (I am), maka dalam pertanyaan penegas to be harus diganti dengan “are”, contohnya:
I am a student, aren’t I? (Artinya: Saya seorang pelajar, bukan?)
Sedangkan apabila kalimat yang menggunakan subyek “I am” berbentuk negatif, maka dalam pertanyaan penegasnya, to be, “am” tidak mengalami perubahan, contohnya:
I am not a servant, am I? (Artinya: Saya bukan pelayan, bukan?)
Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataaan menggunakan Kata Kerja Bantu (Auxiliary Verb) yaitucan, may, should, would, will, shall, has, had, selain to be, maka Kata Kerja Bantu tersebut harus diulang di dalam Pertanyaan Penegasnya (Tag) dengan bentuk yang berlawanan, contohnya:
She will invite us, won’t she? (Artinya: Dia akan mengundang kita, bukan ?)
Apabila dalam kalimat pernyataanya tidak menggunakan Kata Kerja Bantu (Auxiliary Verb) atau hanya berupa Kata Kerja (Verb), maka dalam pertanyaan penegasnya (Tag)harus menggunakan do, does, atau did (tergantung Tenses yang digunakan), contohnya:
Patricia looks pale, doesn’t she? (Artinya: Patricia kelihatan pucat, bukan?)
Sedangkan untuk kalimat perintah atau ajakan, maka Pertanyaan Penegas (Question Tag)dibentuk dengan menggunakan “will you” dan “shall we”, contohnya:
Stop the noise, will you?
Ada beberapa kalimat positif yang di anggap sebagai Kalimat Negatif apabila kalimat pernyataan positif tersebut diikuti oleh kata-kata berikut ini:
never: tidak pernah seldom: jarang rarely: jarang hardly: hampir tidak few/little: sedikit Nothing: tidak ada
Karena kalimat pernyataanya bersifat negative, maka Pertanyaan Penegasnya (Tag)-nya harus positif, contohnya:
He has never gone to Jakarta, has he?
(Artinya: Dia belum pernah pergi ke Jakarta, bukan?)
She seldom comes late, does she?
(Dia jarang datang terlambat, bukan?)
Pertanyaan penegas juga memerlukan jawaban untuk meyakinkan atas kebenaran pernyataan yang diajukan. Untuk memperoleh jawaban yang positif atau yes,…., maka kalimat
She is a doctor, isn’t she?
(Artinya: Dia seorang dokter, bukan?) Jawaban: Yes, She is. (Iya)
Sedangkan jika ingin mendapatkan jawaban negatif atau no ,…, maka kalimat pernyataanya harus negatif, contohnya:
He doesn’t like swimming, does he?
(Artinya: Dia tidak suka berenang, bukan?) Jawaban: No, He doesn’t. (Tidak)
Cara Pengucapan Question Tags
Dengan intonasi meninggi jika si pembicara benar-benar ingin memastikan atau menegaskan bahwa informasi, ide, dan keyakinannya benar.
Contoh: Samuel lives in an apartment, doesn’t he ?
Dengan intonasi merendah jika si pembicara sedang mengekspresikan ide dengan sesuatu yang hampir pasti si pendengar akan setuju.
Contoh: It’s a nice day today, isn’t it?
QUESTION WORDS
Pengertian WHQuestion Words
WH Question Words adalah kata tanya yang diawali dengan huruf “W” dan “H”.
Jenis Question Words
Ada 2 jenis kalimat tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris (question words), yakni: 1. WH question words
2. Yes/no questions
Macam-macam, Fungsi dan Contoh WHQuestion Words Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:
WH Question Words
Fungsi Contoh Kalimat
what Menanyakan informasi
tentang sesuatu.
What is your name?
Menanyakan pengulangan, menanyakan kenapa.
What? I can't hear you.You did what? what...for Menanyakan
alasan,menanyakan kenapa.
What did you do that for?
when Menanyakan tentang
waktu
When did he leave?
where Menanyakan posisi atau tempat.
Where do they live?
which Menanyakan tentang pilihan.
Which color do you want?
whose Menanyakan tentang kepemilikan.
Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? why Menanyakan alasan. Why do you say that? why don't Memberikan saran. Why don't I help you? how Menyakan tentang cara. How does this work?
Menanyakan tentang kondisi atau jumlah.
How was your exam?
how + adj/adv Menanyakan tingkatan Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
how far Jarak How far is Pattaya from
Bangkok?
how long Panjang (waktu atau ruang) How long will it take? how many Jumlah (countable) How many cars are there? how much Jumlah (uncountable) How much money do you
have?
how old Umur How old are you?
how come (informal)
Menanyakan alasan,menanyakan kenapa.
How come I can't see her?
Arti dan Contoh WHQuestion Words
WH Question Words
Arti Contoh Kalimat
who Orang Who's that? That's Nancy.
where Tempat Where do you live? In
Boston
why Alasan Why do you sleep early?
Because I've got to get up early
when Waktu When do you go to work?
At 7:00
how Cara How do you go? By car
what Object, ide atau tindakan What do you do? I am an engineer
which Pilihan Which one do you prefer?
The red one.
whose Kepemilikan Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
whom Object dari kata kerja Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
what kind Deskripsi/ gambaran What kind of music do you like? I like quiet songs
what time Waktu What time did you come
home?
how many Jumlah (countable) How many students are there? There are twenty. how much Jumlah/
kwantitas,harga (uncountable)
How much time have we got? Ten minutes
how long Durasi, panjang How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks. how often Frekwensi How often do you go to the
gym? Twice a week.
It's one mile far.
how old Umur How old are you? I'm 16.
how come Alasan How come I didn't see at
the party?
Jika anda ingin menanyakan tentang subject dari suatu kalimat, langsung saja tambahkan kata tanya pada awal kalimat. Contohnya:
Shellybuys new car. – Who buys new car?
Jika anda menanyakan tentang predicate dari suatu kalimat (bagian dari kalimat yang mengandung kata kerja dan memberikan informasi tentang subject), ada 3 pilihan:
1. Jika ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) yang mendahului kata kerja utama (seperti: can, is, are, was, were, will, would, … etc), silahkan tambahkan kata tanya kemudian diikuti dengan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan subject. Contohnya:
He can speak Japanese. – What can he speak?
They are working tonight. – When are they working?
2. Jika anda menanyakan predicate tetapi tidak ada kata kerja bantu-nya (auxiliary verb) dan hanya ada“to be”, silahkan tambahkan kata tanya kemudian diikuti dengan to be dan subject. Contohnya:
The play was interesting. – How was the play?
3. Jika tidak ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) pada predicate dan kata kerja utama bukanlah berupa “to be”, silahkan tambahkan kata kerja bantu “do/ does” dalam bentuk yang sesuai. Contohnya:
They go to the movies every Saturday. – When dothey go to the movies? He wakes up early. – When does he wake up?
MODUL SEMESTER : II
Giving invitations
Some expressions used in giving invitations: would you like to come to my party?
Will you come to my party? Could you come to my party?
Won’t you come to my party?
How about coming to my party?
Responses :
(+) yes I’d love to (-) if you don’t mind, I’d rather not (+) thank you (-) thank you but I am afraid
(+) that’s a good idea (-) I’d love to but I have another appointment (+) I would, thank you (-) I’m sorry but I can’t
Task : Make 5 sentences about giving invitations and its responses!
Bargaining (menawar)
Some expressions used in bargaining Is there any discount??
What about Rp. 50.000,00? Can you make it $ 1? What about 20% off?
Task : Make 5 sentences about bargaining and its responses!
Expression certainty
Some expressions show certainty: I am absolutely sure about it
I am sure that….
I have no doubt at all
It’s quite certain I’m certain about it
Task : Make 5 sentences expressing certainty and its responses!
4. Giving and responding compliments (pujian) Giving compliments
Your performance is amazing
Your performance on the stage is amazing. How wonderful to listen to your great voice. How marvelous.
Great! (You look great) / Great for you.
Terrific! (Hey, that’s terrific!).
Fantastic! Smashing.
That’s really remarkable / well done.
Responding to compliments Thank you
It’s very kind of you to say so I can’t say how delighted I am
Thanks for your compliment
5. Giving congratulations
6. memberikan ucapan selamat selalu menggunakan “CONGRATULATIONS” dan
responnya “thank you”
Task : Make 5 sentences about giving congratulations and its responses!
6. Giving opinions
Asking for someone’s opinions
what do you think of…..?
what is your opinion about?
Would you give me your opinion about….
How do you feel about? Giving opinion:
I think I like it
I don’t thing think I care for it In my opinion, I would rather…. As far as I concerned….
Task : Make 5 sentences about asking and giving opinions!
7. Agreement and disagreement Saying agreement:
you are perfectly right you may be right there
that’s true I suppose
I think that was a good idea I agree wiyh you.
I think that’s a good idea.
I thunk so. I suppose so.
He’s right/ you’re right.
That’s just what I wasking thinking. That’s true/right.
I couldn’t agree more.
I totally/extremely agree with you. Etc.
Task : Make 5 sentences about saying agreements!
Saying disagreement :
I think you’re wrong
I don’t really agree with you
I don’t agree with you/ I disagree with you.
I (totally) disagree wit you.
I don’t think so.
You/he can’t mean that.
Surely not, I can’t agree with that…
No way/ nonsense.
I’m afraid, I have my own opinion. I don’t hink that is a good idea.
That’s not right/ that’s not true.
Etc.
Task : Make 5 sentences about saying disagreement
8. Expressing argument
I see what you mean but,…
I agree with you but, in the other hand….
Complete the following dialogue using the expressions showing Agreement (=) / Disagreement (-). Number one is done as an example.
1.A : Western films on television are interesting.
B (+) : I agree with you, western films in TV are entertaining. C (-) : I don’t think so, western films on TV are not entertaining.
2.A : In my opinion, Internet helps us to have better living in the world.
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 3.A : Anyone willing to work can get easily a job in this country.
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 4.A : Celebrities aern more money than clever graduates
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 5.A : It’s better to have just any job than to be jobless.
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 6.A : All kind of jobs can be done by any women
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 7.A : Your fluent English will help you to find job easily.
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. 8.A : Television has positive influence for people.
B (+) : ……….
C (-) : ………. Choose the best response to each question.
1. Welldone, Gilang, you have done your exams excellently. A. Thank you. I feel very disappointed.
B. Thanks for your nice compliment. C. Thank you very much about it.
2. The logo is very well designed, congratulation! A. I’d like to be the first to congratulate.
B. It’s nice of you to say so.
C. Yes, you designed it amazingly.
3. What a wonderfull painting, are you the artist? A. I’m delighted to know that you like it.
B. That’s really a beautifull art.
C. I’m pleased that you make it for me.
4. Could you show me how to use this software program? A. Gladly, it’s very easy.
B. I’m sorry, I’am confusing. C. Why should I show you?
5. Do you really think that the film is good? A. I suppose so.
Now read the article about NAJIP ALI, than answer question no 1-5 below.
The first thing you notice about Najip is that you actually will notice him, whether he’s striding across the street, sitting an a café sipping juice, or a storming up a scene in the discos. He’s hard
to miss, with his spaced-out spectacles, winsome wig and even more winsome smile. In one of his 30-odd hats, Najip is, in the words of one of his friends, “a character”. Entertainment is a
word very near to Najip’s heart – a heart which, you will notice, is in the right place.
“I want to entertain, that’s my job. But I want to create arts for the masses, for the normal people, not some elite group”. Mohd Najip Ali is Singapore’s premier choreographer.
So when one talks about entertaining the masses, out for. The “normal” people, according to
Najip, are the young, especially, and he usually targets his shows for them.
“I try to make my shows appealing and relevant to youngsters. I like to combine fashion and
music, so they can be informed and inspired. (taken from Her world magazine 1996). Questions.
1. Describe about Najip Ali external appearance! _____________________________________ 2. When does Najip Ali live?
_____________________________________ 3. In what occasion can you see him? ___________________________
4. What is Najip Ali’s job? __________________
5. What can his life be related to? ________________________
Find the error on every sentence below. Discuss the answer wiyh your friends. 1. The secretary checked the spelling before sending the book to the publish. 2. I want to be the first to congratulation on your success.
3. If it rains, we had to cancel the parade scheduled for today.
4. Rizwar did not win the competition because he had sung the songs wonderfully. 5. It is amazed that those children can perform the play on the stage well.
6. The beautifully dance has been performance by the art students. 7. Computerized word processing so much fastest than typing on a typewriter.
8. The M supermarket annual sell is held the first two weeks in December every years. Read the following teks, thean answer the questions underneath!
TEETH CARE Tooth care at home.
According to dentist, the most important part of tooth care happens at home. Brushing and flossing properly, along with regular dental check-ups, can help prevent tooth decay and gum
disease. And if you’re like most people, you don’t axactly look forward to facing a dentist’s drill. So, wouldn’t it be better to prevent cavities before they begin?
Giving Plaque the Brush-Off.
To prevent cavities you need to remove plaque, the transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth, by brushing your teeth twice a day. Brushing also stimulates the gums, which help to keep them healty and prevent gum disease. Brushing – along – with flossing – is the mist important thing that you can do to keep your teeth and gums healthy.
Did you know that tootbrush was invented by the Chinese in 1,000 AD? We now have lots of choises in toothbrushes, including different size, shapes, types of bristles and colors. Your dentist will tell you which toothbrush in the right size and shape for you. Most often, however, dentists recommend a soft-bristled brush to minimize damage to teeth and gums.
Tooth pastes contain abrasives, detergents, and foaming agents. Fluoride, the most common active ingredient in toothpaste, is what prevent cavities. So, you should always be sure your toothpaste contains this ingredient.
About one in 10 people has a tendency to accumulate tartar (another word for plaque) quickly. Using tooth pastes and mouthwashes, as well as spending axtra time brushing the teeth near the salivary glands (the inside of the lower front teeth and the outside of the upper back teeth), may slow the development of new tartar.
If you have teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold and pressure, you may want to try a special tooth
paste for sensitive teeth. But you’ll still need to talk to your dentist about your sensitivy because
it may indicate more serious problem, such as a cavity or nerve inflammation (swelling). Question.
1. What are the benefits of brushing and flossing teeth? 2. How can cavities be prevented?
3. What is the maning of plaque? 4. When was tooth-waste found?
5. What ingredients does tooth-waste contain?
6. What do dentists suggest in order to minimize damage to teeth and gums? 7. What will you do when yor teeth are too sensitive in terms of toothpaste?
Read the following text and answer the question below. Dentist Can Help You to Brush Up on Baby Care
As many as 20 percent of children have cavities by the age of 3, and those cavities might be avoided with early checkups. Children are to see their dentist by the age of 1 but many parents do not bring children in for their first checkup until age 2 or 3. This delay means dentists miss a
chance to educate parents on caring for their young children’s teeth. And parental education is
critical, because children under the age of 5 or 6 lack the physical skills to really do a good job of brushing and flossing on their own.
Children do develop decay, and some of it is oftent rampant decay. If this decay isdetected at an earlier age it would be far less difficult for the children and the parents. Extensive decay
may require a root canal and caps on baby teeth at a surgery cost of around $5,000.
When children wake at night and are breast feed or bottle feed and than put back to bed without brushing their teeth, this occurrence leaves milk on the teeth overnight which invites the growth of bacteria that cause tooth decay. Cleaning their mouth is important to prevent decay and to
help them get use to having someone in their mouth. Since babies can’t pit, use infant tooth and gum cleanser without fluoride and brush from the gum line, not just the tips of teeth. Flossing should start by age 4 – or sooner if the teeth have ground close enough to eliminate the spaces between them.
Parents if your child doesn’t want you to brush his teeth remember that just because he doesn’t like it, doesn’t mean you are off the hook. There’s a lot of things children don’t like!, but yu have
to take tooth and dental care seriously. Question
1. How do parents avoid their children’s teeth cavities?
2. Why should parents bring their children to see the dentist by the age of 1? 3. Why is the parental aducation critical?
4. What will happen when the children’s teeth decay is detected at a later age? 5. What does the extensive decay require?
6. What causes children’s teeth decay?
7. How do parents minimize their children’s teeth decay? 8. When do parents start flossing?
Read the text about SMOKING. Try to answer the last word on the text. List your opinions and discus them with your friends.
Cigarettes are Rizky
for another bus, and I was still gasping for air when it arrived. The next day I gave up smoking. For the first few days I was very irritable, but now I feel much better. Now I can ask: Why on earth do people smoke?
Every years theams of doctors publish report saying that smoking is dangerous for your health. Every years the British Government pays for advertisements telling people that smoking is bad for them. But there are millions people who still smoke twenty or thirty cigarettes a day.
There sre no advertisements for cigarettes on television in Britain. The Government banned them six minth ago. If you read an English newspaper. You will see cigarette
advertisements, but at the bottom of each advertisements you will see the words: “Every
warning: Some can damage your health”.
People die every year from the effects of smoking. When a machine in a factory causes serious injuries, the Goverments prohibits its use. Cigarettes cause death but they are sill In the shops. Why?
Write down your opinion here:
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ __________
Find the incorrect word or phrase, than put it into the right form.
1. The sequence of manufacturing processes are first established for each part of the product and
recorded on a process sheet.
2. One important mechanical test in the tensile test to destructions which in a specimen is subjected
to increasing tensile forces until it fractures.
3. In advanced design work, special in designing skyscraper blocks, loadings up to theplastic state
of metals are now used.
4. The work done by a machine on a load is aqual as the load times the distance moved by the load.
5. To simplifying engineering calculations, it is assumed that gravity is the sameeverywhere
on the earth’s surface.
6. The force which must be overcome to keep one surface moving over another is smallthan static
friction.
7. A force may make a body rotating about a point and move in a straight line at the same time.
8. A body is in stress when forces which cause its size and shape to change are applying to it. Read the text below and answer the question that follow.
A jet propulsion motor, in principle, is merely a combustion chamber in wigh solid or liquid fuel is burned, and wich has an opening or jet to direct the gaseous product of combustion in the desired direction. For concreteness, consider the flight of a rocket. The momentum of the rocket is initially zero. When its charge of fuel is ignited, the stream of exhaust gases acquires a momentum in the downward direction, and since momentum in conserved, the rocket acquires an aqual and oppositely directed momentum. From the viewpoint of the forces involved, the gas in the combustion chamber pushes downward on the gases in the jet, and upward on the body of the rocket.
B. It does not have a chamber.
C. It is a chamber without any opening or holes.
D. The direction of gaseous product of combustion can be controlled. 2. What is true about the rocket?
A. It cannot move in a horizontal direction. B. The momentum of the rocket is always zero.
C. The flow of gases pushes the rocket in the opposite direction.
D. The combustion chamber does not follow the principle of a jet propulsion motor. Most ceramics material exhibit good resistance to chemicals, with the main exception of Hydrofluoric acid. Glasess are among the most chemically stable materials, and they have exceptionally good resistance to attack by water,aqueous solutions of most acids, alkalis and salts. However, their relative performance in various environments may vary considerably between diferrent grades. For example, borosilicate and silica glasess show much higher
resistance to boiling water and hot dilute acid solution than do soda lime and lead alkali glasess. Enamels, which are made of silicate and borosilicate glass with the addition of fluxes to promote edhesion, are highly resistant to corrosion and are widely used to protect steels and cast iron. 1. What can be said about the movement of a rocket?
A. Its follows the principle of Newton law. B. It only uses the gas fuel.
C. It always neess fresh air in burning the fuel. D. The direction of movement cannot be controlled. 2. Which of the following resist best to heat?
A. Hydrofluoric acid B. Borosilicate glasses C. Alkali glasses D. Soda lime
3. What is most dangerous to ceramics material? A. Alkali
B. Salts
C. Hydrofluoric acid D. Hot water
9. Conjunction/concessive relationship
Conjunction adalah kata hubung antar klausa. Misalnya untuk manjelaskan alasan/reason menggunakan because, as, atau since (KARENA), although, even though (MESKIPUN) v because
- she couldn’t come on time because she was sick v as
-as it is public holiday, you won’t find any shops open v since
-I didn’t meet the boy since I didn’t come to his house v although
- I am going to buy a computer even though I don’t have much money v even though
- I am going to buy a computer although I don’t have nuch money Learn the complex sentence showing concessive relationship. Example:
Although the agenda had been carefully discussed, there were complaints from the participants. Now, join the sentence below using the sentence connectors such as:
Althought, however, nevertheless, anyway. Find the meaning of those words in your dictionary.
1. It’s late. We’ll stay a little longer.
2. Things are bad. We mustn’t give up hope.
=>………..
3. The English book is very expensive. Ms. Tya buys one for herself.
=>………..
4. The man is poor. He always shares his foof with the beggars.
=>………..
5. The girl is smart. She can’t work well in a team.
=>………..
6. His voice is wonderful. He wouldn’t join the song competition.
=>………..
Practise a discussion between Winny and Tya, than answer the questions. Tya : you really don’t like “Rumah Cemara” film on TV?
Winny : No, not at all.
Tya : And you don’t like “Bajaj Bajuri”? Winny : No, I think it’s boring.
Tya : But those are my favourite television programs. What about “Indonesian Idol”? Winny : To be honest, I don’t like it. Sometimes I watched it but I never do it on purpose. Tya : I can’t believe it. You must be joking.
Winny : I’m not kidding. I mean it. Tya : What program is your favourite? Winny : Legend films. I like legend films. Tya : Wow. … that’s a litlle bit schoking.
Legend films. … what’s so interesting about them?
Winny : Well you don’t see the essence of it. In legend films, there’re conflicts between the forces of goodness and the forces of evil.
