DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH OIL PALM
SHELL (OPS) AGGREGATES
Collin Tiong Inn Seng
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
TA
683
2010
T59IJ 2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH OIL PALM
SHELL (OPS) AGGREGATES
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006 - 2010
Saya COLLIN TlONG INN SENG
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dcngan syarat-syarat kegunaan scperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pcngajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( '" ) di kotak yang berkcnaan
o
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah kcselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tcrmaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).o
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasil bad an di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).o
TIDAK TERHADDisahkan olch
(TANDATANGAN PENYELlA)
(TAN~NGAN
PENULIS)Alamat tetap: 38, LANE 35, OYA ROAD, 96000 SIBU
SARAWAK DR. DELSYE TEO CHING LEE
(Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh: 12 April 2010 Tarikh:
---~---
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak bcrkuasalorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali scbab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
The Following Final Year Project:
Title : Durability Properties of Concrete with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) aggregates
Author : Collin Tiong Inn Seng Matric number: 16140
has been read and certified by:
Dr. Delsye Teo Ching Lee Date
(Supervisor)
PlJsal Kbidl"al M4Uumat Akaderuil
IJ NJV ER
n
MA 'iSlA S WAY.DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH OIL PALM SHELL (OPS) AGGREGATES
COLLIN TIONG INN SENG
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010
To my beloved parents and cherished friends
Acknowledgments
I would like to take this opportunity to thank and acknowledge certain people, whom if not for their contribution and helps, the completion of my study will not be possible.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Delsye Teo Ching Lee for giving me the chance to complete my study under her supervision. Her abundant knowledge in civil and construction field is a benefit especially for an undergraduate like me.
A special thank you is reserved to the management of Kilang Sawit
Samarahan for their support and cooperation in making this project possible.
Special gratitude and thanks goes to all of my friends in the self-leadership field for your kindness.
Last but not least, I would like to end by saying thanks to all who contributed intellectually, materially and morally will forever hold dear in my heart and will never been forgotten. Thank you all.
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ABSTRAK
Perkembangan terbaru di bidang konkrit telah mengakibatkan pelbagai aspek yang
perlu diambil kira bagi menghasilkan konkrit yang berkualiti tinggi dengan ciri yang
lebih baik daripada konkrit biasa dan banyak memberi manfaat bagi kehidupan kita
dalam jangka masa lama. Dalam indudtri pembinaan kini, pengunaan konkrit ringan
juga semakin popular kerana isipadunya yang ringan dan ia mampu mengurangkan
kos pembinaan bagi sesuatu projek. Kajian dilakukan bagi memenuhi keperluan
industri pembinaan pada masa kini supaya sebuah bangunan yang ekonomi dapat
didirikan. Kajian dilakukan bagi sisa tempurung kelapa saw it (OPS) telah dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang banyak daripada industri pertanian di Malaysia. Penggunaan
(OPS) ini sebagai agregat dalam konkrit dapat mengurangkan masalah pencemaran.
Objektif daripada kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan sifat-sifat keawetan konkrit
OPS dan membandingkan sifat keawetan antara konkrit OPS dengan konkrit nonnal.
Ujian-ujian yang dilakukan keatas sample ialah kekuatan tegangan, jerapan air,
"sorptivity" dan kekalisan konkrit. Kesumua sample yang disediakan melalui
pengawetan air pada umur konkrit 3 hari, 7 hari, 28 hari dan 56 hari. Dimensi sample
blok yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah lOOmm x lOOmm x IOOmm, 150mm x
150mm x 150mm dan silinder adalah 100mm x 204mm. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa prestasi keawetan konkrit OPS menurun apabila peratusan penggantian OPS
sebagai agregat kasar dalam campuran konkrit meningkat.
IV
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UNlVERSlTl MALAYSIA SARAWAK
CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11
ABSTRACT III
ABSTRACK IV
CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES XlI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS XIV
CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION
1..1 Overview
1..2 Research significance 3
1..3 Research objective 5
1..4 Scope of project 5
1..5 Thesis organization 7
v
. ---
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
General8
2.2
Waste material based concrete9
2.2.1
Inorganic waste10
2.2.1.1
Recycled Aggregate 102.2.1.2
Waste Glass11
2.2.2
Industrial waste12
2.2.2.1
Blast-Furnace Slag13
2.2.2.2
Air-cooled Slag 132.2.2.3
Red Mud14
2.2.2.4
Burnt Clay14
2.2.3
Organic waste15
2.2.3.1
Rice Husk16
2.2.3.2
Coconut Shell17
2.2.3.3
Saw Dust18
2.2.3.4
OPS aggregate19 2.3
Lightweight concrete21
vi
I
2.3.1 Types of lightweight concrete 22
2.3 .2 Types of lightweight aggregate 24
2.3 .3 Properties of lightweight concrete 25
2.4 OPS concrete 27
2.5 Durability properties of lightweight
OPS concrete 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY & MATERIAL USED
3.1 General 30
3.2 Aggregate properties test 30
3.3 Material used 32
3.3.1 Oil palm shell (OPS) 32
3.3 .2 Coarse aggregate 35
3.3.3 Fine aggregate 37
3.3.4 Portland cement 40
3.4 Concrete mix design 40
3.5 Concrete testing 42
vii
I 3.6 Determination durability properties of OPS concrete
3.6.1 Water absorption test 43
3.6.2 Sorptivity 44
3.6.3 Concrete Impermeability Test 45
CHAPTER 4 RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General 47
4.2 Specify gravity and water adsorption 47
4.3 Mix design 48
4.4 Mix proportions of concrete for various
percentage of OPS replacement 50
4.5 Properties of fresh concrete
4.5.1 Slump 51
4.5.2 Wet density of concrete 52
4.6 Properties of hardened concrete
4.6.1 28 days air-dry density 54
4.6.2 Compressive strength 55
viii
I
4.6.3 Water adsorption test 57
4.6.4 Sorptivity 59
4.6.5 Concrete impenneability test 62
CHAPTERS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 General 64
5.2 Conclusions 64
5.3 Recommendations 66
REFERENCES 67
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1
Physical and mechanical properties of20
crushed granite and OPS aggregates
2.2
Types and Grading of Lightweight concrete23
2.3
Physical properties of Lightweight aggregate24
3.1
Aggregate properties test31
3.2
OPS properties33
3.3
Sieve analysis for OPS33
3.4
Coarse aggregate properties35
3.5
Sieve analysis for coarse aggregate36
3.6
Fine aggregate properties38
3.7
Sieve analysis for fine aggregate38
3.8
Mix proportion trials41
3.9
Compressive strength and slump of mix proportion trials41 4.1
Specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates48 4.2
Optimum Mix Proportion Used For Production of Concrete49
x
4.3 Compressive Strength 49
4.4 Slump, Wet Density and Air-Dry Density of
Mix Proportion 49
4.5 Mix proportions of concrete for various percentage
of OPS replacement 50
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1
Gradation of crushed granite, OPS and river sand 213.1 Grading curve for OPS 34
3.2 Grading curve for coarse aggregate 37
3.3 Grading curve for fine aggregate 39
4.1 Slump of concrete specimens 52
4.2 Wet density of concrete specimens 53
4.3 28 days air-dry density of concrete specimens 54
4.4 Comparison of compressive strength for different percentage
of OPS replacement in concrete specimens 57
4.5 Comparison of water adsorption for different percentage
ofOPS replacement in concrete specimens 59
4.6 Comparison of sorptivity for different percentage of OPS
replacement in concrete specimens 61
xii
4.7 Sorptivity test 61
4.8 Comparison of concrete impenneability (penetration) for
different percentage of OPS replacement in concrete
specimens 63
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIAnONS
OPS
SSD
GWT
CMS
i
s
t
K
Cc
h
A p
AND NOTATIONS
FULL NAME
OIL PALM SHELL
SATURATED SURFACE DRY
GERMANN WATER PERMEATION TEST
CAHA Y A MAT A SARA W AK Sdn. Bhd.
Cumulative water absorption per unit area surface
Sorptivity coefficient
Time at which the weight is determined
Permeability coefficient (m1s),
Volume of water collected (m3)
Height of specimen (m)
Area of specimen (m2)
Pressure (m of water column)
xiv
CHAPTER!
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world, and is second only to water as the most utilized substance on the planet. It is obtained by mixing cementitious materials, water and aggregates (and sometimes admixtures) in required proportions. The mixture when placed in fonns and allowed to cure hardens into rock-like mass known as concrete (Beall et aI, 2003).
The hardening is caused by chemical reaction between water and cement and it continues for a long time, and consequently the concrete grows stronger with age. The hardened concrete may also be considered as an artificial stone in which the voids of larger particles (coarse aggregate) are filled by the smaller particles (fine aggregate) and the voids of fine aggregate are filled with cement. In a concrete mix the cementitious
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material and water fonn a paste called cement-water paste which in addition to filling the voids of fine aggregate, coats the surface of fme and coarse aggregates and bind them together as it cures, thereby cementing the particles of the aggregates together in a compact mass (Gambhir, 2004).
The major factors responsible for wide usage of concrete are mouldability, early hardening, and high early compressive strength. The concrete also have desired properties with admixture to be used in adverse situations, pumpability and durability.
These are simple reasons for its extensive use in construction within a wide range by using appropriate ingredients and by special mechanical, physical and chemical processing techniques.
Based on the research of Mannan et al (2006), oil palm shell (OPS) concrete can potentially be utilized in lightweight concrete applications that require low to moderate strength such as pavements and infill panel for floorings and walls. OPS are light and naturally sized; therefore, they are ideal for substituting aggregates in lightweight concrete construction. OPS are agricultural solid waste which is biodegradable and can decay over a period of time if the environment is congenial, i.e. if enough moisture and sufficient air are present unless preservative treatment is done on the OPS aggregate.
Compared to nonnal weight concretes of 2400 kg/m3, OPS concrete is approximately 20% lighter. This shows that OPS concrete would decrease 20% dead load when used in construction. By reducing the weight of the structure, the catastrophic
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earthquake forces and inertia forces that influence the structures can also be reduced since these forces are proportional to the weight of the structure (Mannan et aI, 2006).
1.2 Research Significance
In Malaysia since last two decades, the extensive building and infrastructure development projects have led to an increase in construction waste material generation.
However, construction wastes which represent a greater proportion of total solid waste generation in the country and create greater problems such as illegal dumping should receive greater attention. On the other hand, the prices of construction materials increase from year to year due to the depletion of the natural resources. Therefore, the engineers do many researches and develop new materials relying on renewable resources. The resources include the use of by-product and the waste materials in building construction.
It helps to reduce the pollution problems and improve the quality of environment.
Malaysia is well known for its palm oil industry and has become the world largest producer and exporter of palm oil. However, it is also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem. The labors pick up the oil palm and send to the mill for process. After being processed, solid residues and liquid wastes are generated. These by
products include empty fruit bunches, fibre, shell, and effluent. According to Teo et al (2006), there are over 4 millions tones of OPS production per year in Malaysia and large amounts of waste OPS are left at the mill area.
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Recently, the demand of low cost houses has increased and OPS can be used as the alternative for the normal aggregate to fulfill this demand. There are few examples with respect to this, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) had built a small footbridge of
about 2 m in span in May 2001 and a low-cost house with a floor area of about 59 m2 in 2003, both using OPS concrete and constructed near the coastal area within the campus (Teo et aI, 2006).
Currently, research efforts have been directed towards the potential use of OPS as aggregate for the production of lightweight concrete. OPS is ideal as replacement of coarse aggregates replacement in concrete. The bulk density of OPS is much less than stone aggregate with a density of about 1850 kg/m3. The compressive strengths of OPS concrete range from 20 to 24 N/mm2 for 28 days; this satisfies the strength requirement of structural lightweight concrete (Mannan and Ganapathy, 2004).
From their research, concrete with OPS as coarse aggregate can be used for the construction of low-cost houses, farm structures, bus stop, wayside, pavements, blocks and paving drains. The most important concern for OPS concrete is the compressive strength and the durability characteristic because OPS as an organic aggregate may decay after a certain period.
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Pusst h..Illamal. l~laJU~AK.ademik.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA-WAX.
1.3 Research objective
The specific objectives of this research are as follow:
1.) To investigate the compressive strength development of OPS concrete.
2.) To detennine the durability perfonnance of OPS concrete.
3.) To compare the durability perfonnance between OPS concrete with nonnal concrete.
1.4 Scope of project
This project is classified as an experimental project. Several experimental works have been carried out to obtain the required data needed to accomplish this project. The research have been carried on define the durability of concrete with the OPS as replacement for coarse aggregates.
Firstly, laboratory test have been carried out to study the physical properties of both OPS and nonna! aggregates. For the aggregates, the laboratory tests will be carried out to detennine the specific gravity, unit weight, total moisture content, surface moisture content, void ratio and absorption rate.
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Secondly, the mix design and trial mix have been prepared to obtain the optimum mix proportion that achieves required design strength, workability and durability. Then,
the control mixes have been prepared. After that, the coarse aggregates proportions of control mix have been replaced by OPS in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
For all the specimens, the target slump test for the concrete in this research is between 50mm to 75mm. The tests for the hardened concrete properties will be conducted at the specific age of 3 days, 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. All the information
and results obtained from the tests will be used in order to carry out the obj ectives of the research.
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1.5
problems
Thesis Organization
This thesis is divided into five chapters.
i. Chapter 1 : Introduction ii. Chapter 2 : Literature Review iii. Chapter 3 : Methodology
iv. Chapter 4: Result, Analysis and Discussion v. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one IS mainly gives an introduction to the entire research project. It elaborates in general the definition of concrete, background of OPS concrete, objective and the scope of work in this project.
Chapter two describes the literature review related to the study of OPS concrete and compares the OPS concrete with normal concrete.
Chapter three describes the methodology used to carry out this project. The details of methods use and laboratory works are also explained in this chapter. Chapter
four presents the laboratory tests. The raw data have been analyzed and illustrated in table and graphical form. The discussions in this chapter regarding the results and faced in laboratory works. Finally, chapter 5 contains the summary, CODClusions and also the recommendations from this research.
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