LEXICAL META
Submitt
ENGLISH
FACU
STA
ETAPHOR IN
BON JOVI’S SELECT
A THESIS
itted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requireme for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
ROSNI L PASARIBU
Reg. Number: 209220043
GLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMEN
CULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ECTED SONG
ment
LEXICAL META
Submitt
ENGLISH
FACU
STA
ETAPHOR IN
BON JOVI’S SELECT
A THESIS
itted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requireme for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
ROSNI L PASARIBU
Reg. Number: 209220043
GLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMEN
CULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ECTED SONG
ment
ABSTRACT
Pasaribu, Rosni. 209220043. Lexical Metaphor In Bon Jovi’s Slected Song Lyrics. A Thesis. Medan. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. UNIMED. 2013.
This thesis deals with Lexical Metaphor as found in the Selected Song of Bon Jovi. It was conducted to discover the types of Lexical of Metaphor as proposed by Saragih (2006:162) namely Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing Noun with Noun, Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing Noun with verb, Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing Noun with Adjective, Lexical metaphor that is comparing two ideology or concept, Lexical metaphor that used as symbol of sound. In this researh the writer find out three type of lexical of metaphor that applied in the Bon Jovi’s songs. The research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The subject of the study is all entire contetnt of the selected on Jovi’s songs.
The findings indicate that lexical metaphor found in the song include, Verbal/Verbal-Nominal (61%), Nominal (16%), Nominal-Adjective (13%). Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing Noun with Verb was the most dominat type in Lexical metaphor used in Bon Jovi’s Selected song. It is dominantly used when he describes the meaning and represent his feelings
Keywords: Lexical Metaphor, Bon Jovi’s Selected Song
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A great thank to Heavenly Father Jesus Christ for blessing and protection
that the writer has been granted so she can finally complete this thesis as a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra. The writer is
aware that only by God’s help; she can finish her study and find some solutions
for many difficulties and troubles during the completion of this thesis.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistance and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express
her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
• Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University of Medan.
• Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts for her leadership and administrative assistance during the process of
writing this thesis.
• Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English Department, Rika S.Pd., M.Hum., as Secretary of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., as the Head of English Literature Department and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., as the Head of English Education Department.
• Dr. Siti Aisah Ginting, M.Pd., her thesis adviser, for the advice, guidance, constructive comment, valuable knowledge, and precious time
she spent in correcting and supervising the draft of writing during the
completion of this thesis. And all beloved lecturers in English and
Literature Department who advised and guided the writer during academic
years.
• Prof. Lince Sihombing as the academic adviser and reviewers, M.Pd., Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum., Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., for the valuable advice and suggestion as the reviewers at Seminar Proposal and
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• Her beloved parents; her father, Sihar Sitohang and her mother, Risma Sitohang for the pray, love, moral support, and financial support. And also thanks for the love and support from her dearest brothers Liber Pasaribu
and Jekson Pasaribu; dearest sister, Sorta.
• Her friends, a special partnership of all this hard and leisure times, Devi mulyanti, Lusi Rengsiana Hutagalung, Ingrid Gibreta, Suci, Delima Sari Simamora and her beloved Applied Linguistics A and B Reg’09, Abadi 109B that could not be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their support, info, encouragement, and beautiful day spent together.
• Maam Endah and Maam Euis, for helping the writer in preparing the files for the purposes of this thesis.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the
Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions, and advices are
expected from the readers.
Medan, September 2013 The writer
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITURATURE ... 8
A. Metaphor ... 8
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 21
A. Research Design ... 21
B. The Source of Data ... 21
C. Technique of Collecting Data ... 22
D. Technique for Analyzing Data ... 22
CHAPTER IV DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 24
A. The Data ... 24
B. Data Analysis ... 32
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSSONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 40
A. Conclusions ... 40
B. Suggestions ... 41
RFERENCES ... 42
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE PAGE
1.1 Example of Metaphor ... 2
1.2 Example of Metaphor ... 3
2.1 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 10
2.2 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 10
2.3 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 11
2.4 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 11
2.5 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 11
2.6 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 12
2.7 Example of Metaphorical Concept... 12
4.1 Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s song ... 24
4.2Lexical Metaphor Noun-Noun in Bon Jovi’s song ... 32
4.3Lexical Metaphor Noun-Verb in Bon Jovi’s song ... 33
4.4 Lexical Metaphor Noun-Adjective in Bon Jovi’s song ... 36
4.5 Identification the percentage of Lexical metaphor... 37
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LIST OF FIGURE
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 ... 43
APPENDIX II ... 51
APPENDIX III ... 61
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
Human is unable to communicate with each other without language.
Language is inseparable part of human life to express thoughts, feelings, desires
and intention both in spoken and written way. People use language to
communicate between and among them. Spoken is the process of expressing ideas
and feelings or giving information orally. Spoken language can help people to
express their feelings, intentions and emotions directly. Written is done in writing
activity, available in short story, article, poem, song lyrics, and etc. Written
language can help people send their message by using a sequence of letters or the
others to express their feelings.
Language can be combine with art in order to find various kind of
communication or to entertain people with messages contain in it. There are many
ways do communication which is used to deliver message from the creator to the
people, for example: poem, poetry, paint, movie, and song. Song is the most
universal one. Every song has lyrics which contains with meaning and message.
The lyric of the song shows the feeling or experience of the writer. The lyric has
its own meaning related to the writer and also to affect the hearer’s feeling
because it is usually based on personal experience and most of the songs are not
just using the literal meaning but also use some figures of speech, one of which
metaphor.
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Metaphors have been used to make knowledge of semantic rules with
other meanings and effects. They are more than just semantic meanings. Then
metaphors are taken to be the most fundamental form of figurative language,
carrying the assumption that terms literally connected with one object that can be
transferred to another object. It can be said that metaphor is considered the most
basic where one object is used to describe or represent another object and both the
objects are essentially disparate entities, but common in one or more attributes.
Generally people like to listen to the music, especially songs. Song is as
universal as language is. People can express their feelings, their thought, and their
experience by using a song, either by writing song or singing song. Sometimes
people do not know what the meaning of the song is because they just enjoy the
rhythm. That is why it is significant to explain about language which its essence is
to give information. A singer always tries to deliver the ideas of his or her songs
to the listener. One of the legends of music Bon Jovi was not just writes songs
about romance in their life but they also wrote songs about struggle of love story
of people to gain their true love. The song writer expreses their feelings through
song by using lexical metaphor as follow in this examples:
1. Looking at the pages of my life. Which pages extended life.
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2. Baby blind love is true.
Love as a human.
Table 1.2. Example of metaphor
Source Target Feeling that can make human happy
and sad
Strong feeling of deep affection for something
Strong feeling of afecction and sexual atraction for something
Unable to see
It can caused by accident
From the example above it can be seen that “Bon Jovi’s songs” are songs
that apply lexical metaphors for some purposes has encouraged the writer to see
the characteristics of each type of lexical metaphors that is applied in the songs.
Then, through the description of a number of lexical metaphors in the songs, it is
drawn which kind of lexical metaphor.
The very frequent tendency to use metaphors in the song also forces the
study to see the line between metaphors and the songs, besides conveying the
sequence of experiences through relation of words in the text of the songs and
expressing feelings or ideas within the songs, metaphors must have particular
function in the songs.
(Goatly, 1997:149) states that the purpose of metaphor is to give the
color and vigor in the sentence where it force readers open their mind to find the
poet’s needs by their interptetation. Metaphor is one way to make abstract
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reader’s grasp difficult concept. It makes and clarifies something to be clear.
Metaphor also can be used to beautify words in the song lyrics.
Burke (1945), states that Metaphor is a device for seeing something in
terms of something else. Metaphor uses to find alternative expressions of a given
meaning which only differ from each other in one lexeme. Simply, the function of
a metaphor is to convey a 'new truth' to the reader/listener, helping the person
receiving the information to be enlightened in a succinct manner. For example:
distinctly, he throws his opinion in meeting. (Opnion as noun that is compared
throw as verb). Usually the word “ throw” relates with stone or thing, so in this
clause opinion is compared with stone, it’s not saying opinion of stone but throw
of his opinion.
In this case, the study is focuses on lexical metaphor. The expression of
the meaning is metaphorical in relation to a different way of expressing the same
meaning which would be more congruent. Examples of lexical metaphor can be
seen in the clause:
Indonesian economic development, now days crawl with a large number
of burdens of increasing loans.
The realization of crawl and burdens in the text show lexical metaphor, since the
congruent meaning of crawl (verb) is to walk on knees and palms of hands, as a
baby learns to walk, whereas burden (noun) is a heavy load which should be
brought on a person’s back. Thus, the clause expresses the meaning of a difficult
situation faced by the Indonesian economic to grow faster because it has a big
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Lexical metaphors are categorized in five kinds.
1. Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing noun with noun.
2. Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing noun with verb.
3. Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing noun with adjective.
4. Lexical metaphor that is formed by comparing two concept or ideology.
5. Lexical metaphor that is formed by sound.
Therefore, the writer is interested in analyzing the Lexical Metaphors use
in Bon Jovi’s song lyrics which are contains with beautiful and meaningful lyrics
to give useful contributions for many people especially students of language to
enrich knowledge about analyzing text in terms Lexical Metaphor.
B. The Problems of The Study
Based on the background of this study, the problem of the study will be
formulated as follows:
1. What lexical metaphor are applied in Bon Jovi’s songs?
2. What is the dominant type of lexical metaphor applied in Bon Jovi’
songs?
3. In what context is the dominant Lexical Metaphor found?
C. The Objectives of The Study
The objectives of the study are:
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2. to find out the dominant type of lexical metaphor applied in Bon Jovi’
songs
3. to elaborate the contextual occurrence of the use of dominant Lexical in
Bon Jovi’ song.
D. The Scope of The Study
In linguistic studies there are two types of metaphor, namely: Lexical
metaphor and grammatical metaphor. (Saragih, 2001: 190)
This study focuses on Lexical Metaphor especially in 5 types of Lexical
Metaphor applied in Bon Jovi’s selected song namely: 1). Lexical Metaphor
Nominal-Nominal. 2). Lexical Metaphor Nominal-Verbal/Verbal-Nominal. 3).
Lexical Metaphor Nominal-adjective. 4). Lexical Metaphor with social-ideology
concept. 5). Lexical Metaphor used as a sign of sound. To limit the data, every
repetition on the lyric of ten songs will not be analyzed. The data is taken from
browsing internet.
E. The Significance of The Study
This study is conducted to give advantages and contribution for the people
in order to develp their knowledge about the Lexical Metaphor.
1. Theoritically
a. The significance for english teachers as to improve the ability to
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b. Learners provide valuable information in enhancing students’
develop the knowledge of lexical metaphor.
2. Practically
The significance of this research in practice are:
a. The teacher can use the authentic material can be used in teaching of
Lexical Metaphor to students in understanding song lyrics.
b. The learners can use the findings of this research to give a new point
of view of interpreting Lexical Metaphor in studying listening and
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
There were 3 points of the result of the data. The descriptions were:
a. There were three types of metaphor in Bon Jovi’s selected songs. The
percentage of each metaphor: Nominal-Verbal/Verbal-Nominal (61%),
Nominal-Nominal (16%), Nominal-Adjective (13%).
b. The most dominant type of metaphor, which was found in Bon Jovi’s
selected song is Nominal-Verbal/Verbal-Noun with the percentage is
60%.
c. The context of situation from Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi selected
song is about love. He loves his girl so much and always wants to stay
beside her. Extremely romantic way to express his feeling to his girl.
And sometimes his girl ignored him, but he always try to be loyal
forever. When he lived by her he can’t survive, because he loves her so
much. Generally his song tells about his love to his girl. And it’s also
happen in his real life he is love his wife so much. The author also good
father for his child. His love for his family also affects the way he wrote
songs.
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B. Suggestions
There are (3) points of a suggestion of the writer as below:
1. It is suggested to the readers to listen and read Bon Jovi’s songs and
seek for the meaning. The songs of Bon Jovi contain of romanticism.
2. It is also suggested to the students of language in studying of metaphor
to see that metaphor gives style and colour of language in
communication between the authors and the readers.
3. The last is also suggested to the other writer to develop her ability more
and more about metaphor in order to understand that metaphor is a
special form of language, which has a different meaning its literal
REFERENCES
Aisyah, Sity. 2008. Metafora Leksikal Dalam Novel Larung Karya Ayu Utami Suatu Kajian Linguistik Fungsional Sistematik. Medan:USU (unpublished)
Burke, Kenneth. 1945. A Grammar of Motive. New York: Francis Fergussion
Cook, G. 1989. Language Teaching. Oxford University Press
Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphor. New York: Rouledge
Jumrieni, 2008. Metaphor of Gender in Pranita Dewi’s Poems. Medan: UNIMED (unpublished)
Halliday, M.A. K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar (SecondEdition). London: Edward Arnold.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Nazir.1988. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia
Saragih, Amrin. 2001. Bahasa dan Konteks Sosial: Pendekatan Linguistik Fungsional Sistemic. Medan: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Medan. UNIMED
Rahmah. 2012. Functional Grammar. Medan: UNIMED (unpublished)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi// Accesed on November 3rd October 2012
http://www.lyricsfreak.com/b/bon+jovi/biography.html// Accesed on November 3rd October 2012
