DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan, July 2015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank Jesus Christ for the blessing, guarding, guidance and for everything that have been given along her life, especially in accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistances and academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department and also her first Thesis Advisor.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study Program.
Dr. Rahmah, M.Hum., her previous first Thesis Advisor.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S.S., M.Hum., her second Thesis Advisor.
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd., her Academic Advisor and also the Reviewer.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., her Reviewer.
Juli Rachmadani Hasibuan, S.S, M.Hum., her Reviewer.
All the Lecturers throughout their academic years at State University of Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
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Her beloved friends Andrea Veronica br. Sembiring, Juni Arta Tambunan and Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan who always share their stories, advices, thought, knowledge, jokes and always help and support the writer, and her friends from English Literature A and B 2011 that could not be mentioned one by one.
Her beloved friend Marisa Fitriana Pangaribuan, thanks for the time and support.
Her roommate in boarding house Yusni Simanungkalit, thanks for the crazy times, help and support.
At last but not least, her beloved mom, Sartini Silalahi, to whom this thesis dedicated for the endless patient, pray, love, moral and financial support. And also thanks for the love, support and great care all the time from her siblings, Agus Pangaribuan, Rameadi Pangaribuan and Edison Pangaribuan.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not be completed. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices are expected from the readers.
Medan, July 2015 The Writer,
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ABSTRACT
Pangaribuan, Hotmarina. Lexical Metaphor in Headlines of The Jakarta Post. A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan. 2015.
The objectives of this research were to find out the five concepts of lexical metaphor, namely: noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, comparing two social concepts and sound concept. This research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. It took twenty headlines taken randomly from daily newspaper The Jakarta Post which were published in November until December 2014. The findings of data analysis showed that the total numbers of lexical metaphor in headlines of The Jakarta Post were: 15 (38.46%) noun, 15 (38.46%) noun-verb, 8 (20.51%) noun-adjective, 1 (2.56%) comparing two social concepts, and no sound concept found. The most dominant are noun-noun and noun-verb with the same percentage (38.46%). Noun-verb means that the headline maker described that news as the move or alive and having certain process, and noun-noun means the headline maker described that news refers to a person, a place or a thing, a quality or an activity.
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LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. The Background of the Study ... 1
B. The Problems of the Study ... 5
C. The Objectives of the Study ... 5
D. The Scope of the Study ... 5
E. The Significance of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7
A. Theoretical Framework ... 7
1. Metaphor ... 7
2. Lexical Metaphor ... 8
a. Noun – Noun ... 10
b. Noun - Verb ... 11
c. Noun – Adjective ... 12
d. Comparing Two Social Concepts ... 13
e. Sound Concept ... 14
3. Newspaper ... 15
4. Headlines ... 16
5. The Jakarta Post ... 16
6. Previous Study ... 19
B. Conceptual Framework ... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 23
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B. The Source of Data ... 24
C. The Technique for Collecting Data ... 24
D. The Technique for Analyzing Data ... 25
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 26
A. The Data and Data Analysis ... 26
B. Research Findings ... 35
C. Discussion ... 36
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 39
A. Conclusion ... 39
B. Suggestion ... 40
REFERENCES ... 41
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LIST OF TABLES
Pages Table 4.1 The list of the headlines of The Jakarta Post ... 26
Table 4.2 The percentage of lexical metaphor in
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX A The use of lexical metaphor in headlines of
The Jakarta Post ... 42
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Newspaper plays an essential part in most human lives. It is one of the means of communication that is reasonably priced whereby status is not an obstacle for people to reach out each morning, to get hold of the daily paper to obtain current events of the day worldwide. In this digital era, people are easier to gain information around the world by their gadget freely. People not only rely on printed newspaper but also on online newspaper. In Indonesia, many newspapers can be accessed by both in printed and also online. One of them is the daily of The Jakarta Post.
Content of newspapers are various, one of them is headline. The headlines
are important; the reader’s eyes go to them first. The headlines initially attract the
readers, not only in printed newspaper but in online newspaper as well. Newspaper headlines look different from regular English sentences because headline writers or the editors don’t want to use too many words. The headlines
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Metaphor usually as variation in the use of words or in the expression of meanings (Halliday 1994:341). According to Saragih (2006), lexical metaphor is classified into five concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, sound concepts and social concepts. Metaphor not just enriches the headline but also extend the meaning of a textual message, creating a lot of interpretation.
There have been some studies about the use of lexical metaphor in different objects. Pasaribu (2013) has discussed “Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s
Selected Songs” and found that lexical metaphor formed by comparing Noun with
Verb was the most dominantly in Bon Jovi’s selected songs, because Bon Jovi
described the meaning and represented his feeling. There is something to be pictured in the kind of metaphor that is to add the taste of being able to figure out the songs with real meaning and closer to experiences of life.
Triartha (2012) also found Noun-Verb as the dominant type of lexical
metaphor in “An Analysis of Metaphor in People Magazine’s Advertisements”. It
indicated that the copywriters want to make advertisement as events that happen in life and considered as a thing that move or alive.
“Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily’s Headlines” by Chuang (2012)
investigated the same object with this study. Chuang compared and analyzed the differences of metaphor in headlines between each genre in one single newspaper. Chuang found that the word ‘fighting’ may be the most important usage of
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between each genre of one single newspaper, Chuang did not pay attention to the lexical metaphor of those headlines.
So, this study is investigated lexical metaphor in newspaper headlines in Indonesian newspaper, The Jakarta Post, which is published in English. For example:
Teachers would be the ‘backbone’ of the curriculum’s implementation.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 07th, 2014.
If the readers read this sentence, they will try to understand the real meaning of ‘backbone’. The word ‘backbone’ is lexical metaphor. ‘Backbone’
means line of bones down the middle of the back to support the body of human or vertebrate. Of course, it is not true say that teachers would be the line of bones down the middle of the back of the curriculum’s implementation. It means that
teachers have big role to support the curriculum’s implementation.
Other example:
It is important to promote good governance and keep ‘healthy competition’ in infrastructure project development.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 20th, 2014.
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Another example: He is crocodile.
The word ‘crocodile’ is metaphorically used. As we know, such as the
sentence above, an image will describe in our mind that there is someone whose attitude resembles like a crocodile. It can be seen that the word ‘crocodile’ is used
to describe the attitude. Crocodile is known as an animal which has a characteristic that has no dignity, greedy, shameless and wild or cruel. Therefore that a man and a crocodile are compared based on the crocodile’s characteristic.
In reality, readers of mass media are still confused about metaphor especially lexical metaphor and its use in the newspaper. There is always comparison inside the headline maker’s mind. So it is not easy to understand the composition if the readers don’t know what lexical metaphor is.
In relation with background, it is interested in analyzing metaphor used in newspaper. It is expected that by applying these theories, it may enable us to obtain a practical way of understanding lexical metaphor in headlines of The Jakarta Post.
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B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated in the followings:
1. What types of Lexical Metaphor are used in Headline of The Jakarta Post? 2. In what context is Lexical Metaphor used in Headline of The Jakarta
Post?
C. The Objectives of the Study
Dealing with the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the types of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The Jakarta Post.
2. To elaborate the context of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The Jakarta Post.
D. The Scope of the Study
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E. The Significance of the Study
After completing this study, it is expected to be useful for:
1. The students or language learners, to use the findings as their references to learn about metaphor, especially in identifying the types of lexical metaphor.
2. Other researchers to do a depth research related to study.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the lexical metaphor in headlines of The Jakarta Post, the conclusions were drawn as follows:
1. There found four types use in headlines of The Jakarta Post, namely Noun-Noun (38.46%), Noun-Noun-Verb (38.46%), Noun-Noun-Adjective (20.51%) and Comparing Two Social Concepts (2.56%) while Sound Concept did not found there.
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B. Suggestion
With reference to the conclusion, the suggestions are:
1. It is suggested that the students or language learners have a good knowledge about lexical metaphor especially in identifying the types of lexical metaphor.
2. It is suggested that other researchers conduct further researchers about the use of lexical metaphor especially to explore other genres excluded in the current study.
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REFERENCES
Chuang, Chih lin. 2012. Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily’s Headlines. Department of Foreign Languages and Literature: National Sun Yat-sen University.
Duranti, A. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd Edition). London: Edward Arnold.
Headline, accessed on 1st February 2015 at 9:06 PM from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline
Hornby, A.S. 2008. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: Harper Collins.
Newspaper, accessed on 24th January 2015 at 7:27 PM from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper
M.S. Mashun. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Online Newspaper, accessed on 24th January 2015 at 7:26 PM from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_newspaper
Pasaribu, Rosni L. 2013. Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s Selected Songs. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts: State University of Medan. Saragih, A. 2006. Bahasa dalam Konteks Sosial. Medan: Pasca Sarjana Unimed.
Saragih, A. 2006. Metaphorical Representations and Scientific Texts. Englonesian: Jurnal Ilmiah Linguistic dan Sastra, II (1) 1-11.
Stern, J. 2000. Metaphor in Context. Cambridge: The MIT Press
The Jakarta Post, accessed on 23th January 2015 at 10:49 PM from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post
Triartha, Fenty. 2012. An Analysis of Metaphor in People Magazines’
