THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALISM AFTER INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND IN JANE AUSTEN’S PRIDE AND
PREJUDICE
Ahmad Misbahudin Taufik1, Galang Kesatria Tama2 English Literature1
English Education2 taufik_am15@gmail.com
Abstract
This research explored materialism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. The aim of the study was to explain how Austen reveals materialism in Pride and Prejudice. It was important that this analysis was focused on materialsm that appeared in England especially in Victorian era.In this research, library research and descriptive qualitative method was applied to get the data, The theory of materialism was taken from Karl marx. The data are naration in novel entidled Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen that become the data source. The result of this analysis showed materialism in England after industrial revolution. Materialism was developed in Britain as a result of the industrial revolution in England. Jane Austen described the condition of English society at the time as the effects of the revolution particularly described in this story in Mr Bennet family.
Conflict stories described the situations that focused on elements of materialism in the story of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
Key words: Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Materialism, The development
INTRODUCTION
In every society, we often hear the world “materialize”. It relates to characteristic of the people in life (Berlinda, 2015). The characteristic here are people who think that wealth or money is everything in their life. They think by having much money they can do and can get everything that they want. The concept of materialism is the study of the real economic and social life of man and of the influence of man’s actual way of life on this thinking and feeling. Human beings in history are real and creative, who enter into definite necessary relations which are independent off their will. Historical materialism is not the way the human beings gain money and have more material comfort neither the material desires to gain satisfaction. It is the way that human beings produce that determines their thinking and desires. Marx further explains his concept of materialism. It means that the material based on human living activities; it is a way of living, a life process. Human beings’
thinking and ideology, politics, law, religion, art, science, etc. are reflected in their life activities (Suryono et al., 2020).
Materialism usually involves industrial in society (Rido et al., 2020), (Amelia, 2016).
Those who believe this to be a philosophy claim that man's material interest, his wish for ever-increasing material gain and comforts, are his main motivation (Sari, n.d.), (Fahrizqi et al., 2021). While it is hard to pinpoint a beginning to the Industrial Revolution, historians generally agree that it basically originated in England, both in a series of technological and social innovations (Rido et al., 2021), (Al Falaq et al., 2021). The most far reaching, influential transformation of human culture since the advent of agriculture
eight or ten thousand years ago was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century England (van Eijck, Michiel; Hsu, Pei-Ling; Roth, 2009), (Fitri et al., 2021).
Revolution is a social and cultural change that took place rapidly and involves basic or main points of community life. In the revolution, the changes can be planned or without premeditation and can be run without violence or through violence (Evayani & Rido, 2019).
While understanding the Industrial revolution that rapid changes in the economic field of activity agrarian economy to an industrial economy that uses a machine in processing raw materials into ready-made materials (Mahendra & Amelia, 2020). Industrial Revolution has changed the people way from the use of a hand (Ferdiana, 2020).
One of literary works that discuses about industrial revolution whith to materialism england is pride and prejudice. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, is a very romantic novel. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, reflects aspirations and ambitions of a generation of the Victorian era. The novel basically deals with the man women relationship in the Victorian era and existing morals and ethics of the society then (Nurkholis &
Sitanggang, 2019). Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice had a long and varied life before it finally saw publication on January 28, 1813 (Mahendra & Amelia, 2020). The Bennets begin this story with a peculiar problem that they have five unmarried daughters and no sons. Their estate is entailed, or restricted in inheritance, to Mr. Collins, a family cousin.
Upon Mr. Bennet's death, Mr. Collins will inherit the family lands, which will leave the Bennet daughters without a home or money. Bingley brings to Nether field his two sisters, Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst his brother in-law, Mr. Hurst; and his friend, Mr. Darcy, who also happens to be wealthy and unmarried. The Bennet girls meet the Nether field party for the first time at a small ball. Darcy, while handsome and noble looking, appears proud and indifferent to participating in the activities of the evening or even socializing with the other guests.
After reading this novel, the writer thinks that the story can describe about situation England in Victorian era with industrial revolution and the culture of society. That is the reason why writer got interested to discuss the materialism in Pride and Prejudice to know what are the causes of materialism that often happen in the social life.
LITERATURE REVIEW
It was elaborated from the background of the first chapter that this paper is to find out the answer of the problem formulation. Several points will be conveyed by researcher. To understand about literary work well and to support the analysis, the researcher needs some theories and approaches related to the analysis.
2.1 Socio Historical Approach
Revolution industry is described in the novel entitled Pride and Prejudice which happened in England at the past time (Lennon, 2008). This makes the writer put the socio historical approach in this theoretical frame work to support this analysis. Socio-historical approach is a way of approaching the correlation of literature and social condition in the past time it means that socio historical approach is the way of an appreciation the literary work (Kardiansyah & Salam, 2021). According to the statement above, the understanding of the author about describes the situation that happened in the story of the novel Pride and Prejudice while the story happened to the society at the past time (Fischer-Starcke, 2009).
That is why the researcher uses the historical approach in this theoretical frame work because there is a correlation between the historical approach and the story in the novel being analyzed.
Materialism
The researcher puts the concept of materialism to help analyze the development of materialism. Before discussing Marx’s concepts of materialism in society and alienation, it is helpful to examine his concept of the human being (Puspaningtyas, n.d.). Marx places human beings at the center of his thinking. For Marx, human beings live in a given society and class and yet are able to liberate themselves, and better know their potentialities. Human beings are distinguished from animals because of creativity, vitality and energy, which are supposed to be the forces of movement (Sari, 2016). Human beings make history and they are their own creators. Marx believes that human beings have human nature, which is different from that of other animals. Fromm observes that human nature has two types of human drives: the constant drives, such as hunger and the sexual urge; and relative drives, such as economic gain. Human beings are history creators, at the same time, as they develop and transform themselves. According to Fromm, History is the history of man’s self-realization; it is nothing but the self-creation of man through the process of his work and his production (Dosia & Rido, 2017).
METHOD
In this research, the reseacher applied library researches and descriptive qualitative method to find the data and information from some books that are related to this literary study (Kuswoyo et al., 2020). Methodology is one of important parts in doing analysis (Akbar &
Rahmanto, 2020). Design of the research is a descriptive qualitative study, because the subject and the object, the research and conclusion of the result are described through words. Descriptive means that the data is not numeral or statistic, but the data can be words table, or picture (Ayu & Zuraida, 2020), (Abidin & Ahmad, 2021). The report of the research can be the quotation of the data to describe the theory and he research of the analysis. Qualitative means that analysis is formed by words it does not use the statistic method. Since giving the descriptive information in details and complete explanation of the issue in this research by words does analysis, therefore this analysis applies descriptive qualitative method. The data of this analysis is the naration the novel entitle “ Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen. In collecting the data , the researcher uses some methods including Finding the novel that will be discussed, reading the data source, the novel of Jane Austen in title Pride and Prejudice, specifically to comprehend the important points that have correlation to the problem, Identifying data by highlighting, understanding, making and noticing, arranging all data gathered into right pattern as needed in this research (Kuswoyo & Susardi, 2017), (Mertania & Amelia, 2020), (Sensuse et al., 2020), (Wahyudin & Kuswoyo, n.d.).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the problems presented in the first chapter, this study wants to dig up how Austen links materialism in the story Pride and Prejudice to the circumstances that occurred in England at that time. To understand clearly about the materialism that occurred in England
after the industrial revolution in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, this chapter answers and portraits materialism in from narration in the novel.
Materialism in Mr. Bennet family
In the previous chapter the writer has discussed about the materialism that those who believe this to be socio historical claiming that the material interests of the people, his desire for material gain increasing and comfort, is the main motivation, forgetting the simple fact that the word "idealism" and "materialism" has occurred in British society as a result of the revolution industry and make English society was divided into several classes.
That resulted in social inequality that occurred in British society.
The novel Pride and Prejudice by Austen described that humans are very dependent on money, possessions and wealth. They believe that by richness the life will be happy and prosperous. Parents who have daughters really then hope their daughter get married with a man who is from upper class or with man who has high income. As pointed out by Mrs Bennet in the novel
“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune;
four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
The above explains that there has been a social gap between employers and workers Austen tries to describe the situation that the money four or five thousand dollars a year is enough to make ends meet. The quotation above is about Mrs. Bennet's first reaction to the arrival of Mr. Bingley. It shows her interest to what sort of man Mr. Bingley is. Mrs.
Bennet immediately thinks of the rich bachelor as a prospective suitor for her daughters, without knowing anything of his character. Her only concern is that he has a large income, which immediately makes him a well esteemed prospect no matter what his personal characteristics. Status during this time is focused on wealth rather than merit and the narrative is a portrait of the establishment and a high income at every man. It constructs women to be attracted to close. With that reason Mrs. Bennet believes that with a high income it will make her daughter happy. It makes people think creatively to survive.
Materialism Society in England After Industrial Revolution
In general, what happens in the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen portrait of English society after the revolution of industrial occurred in England. Which leads to a variety of problems that develop due to the impact of the industrial revolution itself.
Unemployment and a high crime rate makes a lot of people leaving the capital.
You are considering how insupportable it would be to pass many evenings in this manner.
In such society; and indeed I am quite of
your opinion. I was never more annoyed! The insipidity, and yet the noise. The nothingness, and yet the self-importance of all those people! What would I give to hear your strictures on them!.
Dialogue in the English community to explain the circumstances that they are basically economic hardship, but they are covered by partying all night.With the hope of luring one
of the famous people and will change their lives. Mr Bennet family go to parties that come with the aim of introducing they daughters to mr bingley wealthy and handsome young man.
Materialism After Industrial Revolution
Marx's thought can not be separated from the situation in 18 and 19 century which is the development of the industry as a result of the Industrial Revolution that began in England.
Marx saw no irregularities in the society met for emerging emerging human injustice and alienation from itself. This alienation is as a result of private ownership of the means of production. Ownership of the means of production makes the class difference between upper class and lower class. The shape and structure of the relations in the economic field is reflected in the structure of power in the socio-political and ideological.
The emergence of social classes and ownership of the means of production due to human efforts to secure and improve living conditions. This business is conducted by an increasingly specialized division of labor. The specialist division that is led to a sharp distinction between someone who is living in an upscale (as he mastered the means of production so it does not need to work but earn a high income) and lower class (kepilikan complete lack of the means of production forced the lower class / workers to work hard to survive).
The Industrial Revolution has changed the face of the original European economy relies on agriculture to manufacturing and industry as well as trade and money. However, the Industrial Revolution not only economic problems because of this also affects the changes in social relations and social structures in the community, and massive urbanization.
The industrial revolution made a very significant impact on British society such as rising unemployment, crime, and air pollution mebuat some people left the countryside into cities.
It is a compliment which I never pay to any place if I can avoid it. You have a house in town, I conclude? Mr. Darcy bowed. I had once had some thought of fixing in town my self. for I am fond of superior society; but I did not feel quite certain that the air of London would agree with Lady Lucas.
From the dialogue above we can see many factories in the city makes some people not want to go the city. Since the city has been polluted air pollution from factories that emit black smoke. That all is one of the effects of the industrial revolution that occurred in England.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be taken from this analysis is that materialism has grown in the UK in the background by the industrial revolution in England especially in the novel Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. As it has been described in the story Pride and Prejudice, the condition of British society after the industrial revolution has changed the way people think at that time. It has resulted differences in the English class. They think the material is the goal of their lives to obtain true happiness. Materialism that developed in the community that have been England particularly described in this story already made changes to the system of social civilization (Lim, 2018). Especially in the way of thinking
largely of middle-class society. They think that wealth and position will lead to better their lives are more configurable. Back to the notion that materialism itself goal of human life is the pursuit of material and higher class standing (Ayu, 2020). Materialism developed in Britain as a result of the industrial revolution in England. Jane Austen describes the condition of English society at the time was experiencing the effects of the revolution particularly described in this story happened in Mr. Bennet family. Conflict in the stories describes the situations that occur. There are elements of materialism in the story from novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. The writer concludes that human basically needs a decent life and meets those needs.
REFERENCES
Abidin, Z., & Ahmad, I. (2021). Effect of mono corpus quantity on statistical machine translation Indonesian–Lampung dialect of nyo. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1751(1), 12036.
Akbar, M., & Rahmanto, Y. (2020). Desain data warehouse penjualan menggunakan Nine Step Methodology untuk business intelegency pada PT Bangun Mitra Makmur.
Jurnal Informatika Dan Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak, 1(2), 137–146.
Al Falaq, J. S., Suprayogi, S., Susanto, F. N., & Husna, A. U. (2021). Exploring The Potentials of Wattpad For Literature Class. Indonesian Journal of Learning Studies, 1(2), 12–19.
Amelia, D. (2016). Indonesian literature’s position in world literature. Teknosastik, 14(2), 1–5.
Ayu, M. (2020). Online learning: Leading e-learning at higher education. The Journal of English Literacy Education: The Teaching and Learning of English as a Foreign Language, 7(1), 47–54.
Ayu, M., & Zuraida, Z. (2020). ENHANCING DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH WRITING OF SECONDARY STUDENTS THROUGH SHARED WRITING. Journal of Research on Language Education, 1(1).
Berlinda, M. (2015). Teachers’ Beliefs On The Use Of Authentic Materialis To Teach Listening. UNS (Sebelas Maret University).
Dosia, P. A., & Rido, A. (2017). Production of English diphthongs: A speech study.
Teknosastik, 15(1), 21–35.
Evayani, W., & Rido, A. (2019). Representation of Social Actors in Sexual Violence Issue in The New York Times and The Jakarta Post Newspapers: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Teknosastik, 17(2), 43–55.
Fahrizqi, E. B., Agus, R. M., Yuliandra, R., & Gumantan, A. (2021). The Learning Motivation and Physical Fitness of University Students During the Implementation of the New Normal Covid-19 Pandemic. JUARA: Jurnal Olahraga, 6(1), 88–100.
Ferdiana, R. (2020). A Systematic Literature Review of Intrusion Detection System for Network Security: Research Trends, Datasets and Methods. 2020 4th International Conference on Informatics and Computational Sciences (ICICoS), 1–6.
Fischer-Starcke, B. (2009). Keywords and frequent phrases of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: A corpus-stylistic analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(4), 492–523.
Fitri, A., Maulud, K. N. A., Rossi, F., Dewantoro, F., Harsanto, P., & Zuhairi, N. Z. (2021).
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen and Suspended Sediment in Kelantan River Basin. 4th International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2020–
Technology, Engineering and Agriculture (ICoSITEA 2020), 51–54.
Kardiansyah, M. Y., & Salam, A. (2021). Reassuring Feasibility of Using Bourdieusian
Sociocultural Paradigm for Literary Translation Study. Ninth International Conference on Language and Arts (ICLA 2020), 135–139.
Kuswoyo, H., Sujatna, E. T. S., Rido, A., & Indrayani, L. M. (2020). Theme Choice and Thematic Progression of Discussion Section in Engineering English Lectures.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education, 1–10.
Kuswoyo, H., & Susardi, S. (2017). Problems on SFG Thematic Progression in ESL Academic Writing. LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 2(1), 1–13.
Lennon, J. (2008). Irish Orientalism: a literary and intellectual history. Syracuse University Press.
Lim, F. V. (2018). Developing a systemic functional approach to teach multimodal literacy.
Functional Linguistics, 5(1), 1–17.
Mahendra, M. Y. I., & Amelia, D. (2020). MORAL VALUES ANALYSIS IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL BY JOHN GREEN. Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(2), 55–61.
Mertania, Y., & Amelia, D. (2020). Black Skin White Mask: Hybrid Identity of the Main Character as Depicted in Tagore’s The Home and The World. Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(1), 7–12.
Nurkholis, A., & Sitanggang, I. S. (2019). A spatial analysis of soybean land suitability using spatial decision tree algorithm. Sixth International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite, 11372, 113720I.
Puspaningtyas, N. D. (n.d.). THE PROFILE OF STUDENTS’LATERAL THINKING IN SOLVING MATHEMATICS OPEN-ENDED PROBLEM IN TERMS OF LEARNING STYLE DIFFERENCES.
Rido, A., Kuswoyo, H., & Ayu, R. (2020). Interaction management strategies in English literature lectures in Indonesian university setting. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 5(2), 315–337.
Rido, A., Kuswoyo, H., Suryaningsih, A. S., Nuansa, S., Ayu, R., & Arivia, R. P. (2021).
Repair Strategies in English Literature Lectures in a University in Indonesia.
TEKNOSASTIK, 19(1), 14–23.
Sari, F. M. (n.d.). STUDENTS’PERCEPTION ON THEIR PARTICIPATION: WHAT AFFECTS THEIR MOTIVATION TO TAKE PART IN CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES?
Sari, F. M. (2016). Internet-based materials in enhancing college students’ writing skill viewed from their creativity. Teknosastik, 14(1), 41–45.
Sensuse, D. I., Sipahutar, R. J., Jamra, R. K., & Suryono, R. R. (2020). Challenges and Recommended Solutions for Change Management in Indonesian E-Commerce. 2020 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI), 250–255.
Suryono, R. R., Budi, I., & Purwandari, B. (2020). Challenges and trends of financial technology (Fintech): a systematic literature review. Information, 11(12), 590.
van Eijck, Michiel; Hsu, Pei-Ling; Roth, W.-M. (2009). Citations @ Scholar.Google.Com
(pp. 611–634).
http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=_XdRuc4A AAAJ&citation_for_view=_XdRuc4AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C
Wahyudin, A. Y., & Kuswoyo, H. (n.d.). A CLOSER LOOK OF THE EFL INDONESIAN TEACHERS’UNDERSTANDING TOWARDS THE CURRICULUM 2013 IN RURAL AND URBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
