A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NEOLOGISMS FROM ENGLISH INTO BAHASA INDONESIA IN TV SERIES “SEX AND THE CITY
SEASON 6”
THESIS
Submitted as
A partial Fulfillment of Requirements For The Sarjana Degree in English Department Faculty Of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Submitted by : INDAH MULYAWATI
C1307505
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Indah Mulyawati NIM : C1307505
Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled “A Translation Analysis of Neologisms From English Into Bahasa Indonesia In TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6” is originally made by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor made by others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation
and included in the bibliography.
If it is later discovered and proven that this pronouncement is falsehood, the researcher willingly accepts any penalty from English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University.
Surakarta, April, 2012
Indah Mulyawati
DEDICATION
With all my heart,
Only, I dedicate this thesis for:
The worthiest treasure of my life, My parents, Bapak, and Ibu.
MOTTO
“
Cultivate your hunger before you idealize,
M
otivate your anger to make them all realize”
(Courtesy of my heart in “WIND” by AKEBOSHI
)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdullillahirrobil „alamin
Here, I’ve got a confession to make, in this long journey, in this long waiting, in the name of God, I just want to say, “Thanks God”. Firstly, I present all the praise and gratitude to The Author of My Life, Allah SWT, the Lord who makes me believe in strength within weakness, and the one who becomes my place to take pace a possibility within incapability.
Through His great doing to the completion of this thesis, He makes me thankful in every second I breathe; I’m still in this earth, in His blessed world. And so, through His graceful plan, I acknowledge that I could not finish this thesis successfully without supports from those below who are kind-hearted in my journey of life. Therefore, in this opportunity, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to these following great hearts:
1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University.
2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd, as the head of English Non-Regular Program of Sebelas Maret University, thank you for the time, advice and guidance.
3. Prof. Drs. M.R Nababan, M.ed, M.A, Ph.D, as my thesis consultant, thank you for advices during the arrangement of this thesis.
4. Dra. Endang S. A, M.S, as my academic consultant. Thank you for the advice and guidance during the academic year.
5. All lecturers of English program, thanks for the knowledge you all share.
6. Pak Heri, Pak Dion, And Bu Yunita who become my raters, thank you so much. Special thank for Pak Dion for validating my data.
7. For my family, thanks for the love, and the special one, for the true Rock and Roll, my parents, Bapak and Ibu, thank you. You teach me so well. Your love is the knowledge all I need. In my eyes, you are the umbrellas which block the rain and calm me down while shivering cold with no shelter. Thanks for showing me to the B-I-G thing, “A big-girl-in-a-big-world-with-a big-heart”. Every passion needs patience, and patience needs strength. It’s like I’ve been awakened, “You can
make it through this winding road, now believe tomorrow is going to be perfect.” I love you all.
8. All my friends, in English Non-Regular Program especially Translation study and other programs as well. Thanks for being around, and born to my world. I cannot write one by one, but, obviously, you’re written in the courtesy of mytube. Don’t
worry, Guys. Nothing to say, but, you all rock. You are the joy and the love, and you are the sanity and madness (for sure). Dinar, thanks for sharing everything and every moment. Special thanks for Adi Simanjuntak, thanks for your “Patronus” to sweep the “dementors” away. At your presence, at the moment,
you raised my inner and outer support up within the support-less me. And to everyone, thanks for being supportive in my last minute blessing.
9. My Past, Present, and Future Tense.
10.To all things that make me feel alive.
Finally, I realize that nothing is perfect and this thesis is neither. It is still far from being perfect. Therefore, it still needs comments and suggestions to make it better. Besides, this thesis is expected to be useful to the readers.
Surakarta, April, 2012
Indah Mulyawati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ... i
THESIS CONSULTANTS APPROVAL………... ii
THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL………. iii
PRONOUNCEMENT………iv
DEDICATION...v
MOTTO………...vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……….vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……….. xiii
ABSTRACT... xiv
ABBREVIATION………xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background... 1
B. Problem Statement……….. 10
C. Research Objective………. 11
D. Research limitation... 11
E. Research Benefit... . 11
F. Thesis Organization... 12
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A.Definition of Translation... 14
B. Translation Process... 15
C.Translation Methods... 16
D.Problems in Equivalence... 19
E.Translation Techniques... 24
F. Translation Quality ... 27
G. Subtitling 1. What is subtitle... 29
2. Constraints in subtitling... 30
3. Strategy of Subtitling... 30
H. About “Sex And The City”...31
I. Neologism...32
J. Related Study………35
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research... 38
B. Data and Source Data………. 39
C. Sample and Sampling Technique……… 40
D. Method of Data Collection………. 41
E. Technique of Data Analysis……… 42
F. Research Procedure……… 43
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS A.Data Description 1. Types of Translation Techniques... 46
2. Translation Quality
a. Accuracy Scale... 68
b. Acceptability Scale... 84
B.Discussion... 96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion... 111
B. Suggestions... 112
BIBLIOGRAPHY……….. xvi
APPENDICES……… xvii
ABSTRACT
Indah Mulyawati. 2012. A Translation Analysis of Neologisms From English Into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”. Undergraduate. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.
This research is entitled “A Translation Analysis of Neologisms From English Into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”. The research is conducted, firstly, by identifying neologism-content words/phrases in TV series “Sex And The City Season 6”. By that, the research is aimed at, analyzing translation techniques applied by the translator to translate neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”, and verifying the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
The research is a descriptive qualitative research, in which the researcher collects, arranges, and analyzes data due to certain problems in order that the researcher is able to make interpretation of data as well as draw conclusions. From the chosen source data, TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”, the data are in form of words, specifically those which are neologism-content words/ phrases. By employing purposive sampling, regarding the specific criteria of data obtained, the data obtained in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6” are 52 data. Besides, the research also applies questionnaires in compiling facts from three raters concerning translation quality, by that the facts obtained are used as the second data of the research.
After conducting the analysis, the research findings show that there are 7 techniques obtained. It comprises literal translation (44.23%), modulation (11.55%), adaptation (13.46%), compensation (13.46%), equivalence (11.55%), recognized translation (1.92%) and synonymy (3.83%). Lastly, accuracy scale notes 82.69% data are accurate data, 5.76% data are less accurate data, and 11.55% data are inaccurate data, while, the average score of accuracy scale is 1.28. In the other side, the finding of acceptability scale shows that data 80.77% are acceptable data, 11.54% data are less acceptable, and 7.69% data are unacceptable data. 1.24 is noted as the average score of acceptability scale.
SL : Source Language TL : Target Language CB : Carrie Bradshaw MH : Miranda Hobbes SJ : Samantha Jones CY : Charlotte York JJ : Jerry Jerrod SB1 : Steve Brady B : Big
SB2 : Stanford Blatch R : Robert
SAC : Sex And the City R1 : Rater 1
R2 : Rater 2 R3 : Rater 3
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NEOLOGISMS FROM
2012. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. This research is entitled “A Translation Analysis of Neologisms From English Into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”. The research is conducted, firstly, by identifying neologism-content words/phrases in TV series “Sex And The City Season 6”. By that, the research is aimed at, analyzing translation techniques applied by the translator to translate neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”, and verifying the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
The research is a descriptive qualitative research, in which the researcher collects, arranges, and analyzes data due to certain problems in order that the researcher is able to make interpretation of data as well as draw conclusions. From the chosen source data, TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”, the data are in form of words, specifically those which are neologism-content words/ phrases. By employing purposive sampling, regarding the specific criteria of data obtained, the data obtained in TV Series “Sex And
The City Season 6” are 52 data. Besides, the research also applies questionnaires in compiling facts from three raters concerning translation quality, by that the facts obtained are used as the second data of the research.
After conducting the analysis, the research findings show that there are 7 techniques obtained. It comprises literal translation (44.23%),
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Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C1307505
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Dosen Pembimbing
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary notes there are 2.000 new words within its latest release in 2007. New words reflect the changes within a society, more rapid the society changes, more new words are probably created. Therefore, the new words defined as neologisms, are considered to be mirrors of social phenomena.
www.laits.utexas.edu/wiki/theory defines a term “neologism” was derived from Greek, neos means new and logos means the word, while the suffix (–ism) forms the noun. The whole term stands for innovation in language. Meanwhile, www.erudit.org/revue/META/2006 points out neologism can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning. Therefore, new words and phrases that are used commonly in speech but are not included in dictionaries are also regarded as neologisms. That is what makes neologisms peculiar
People are able to express their new ideas, feelings, and emotions, by constructing new words. The phenomenon of newly coined words is predictable as argued by Robins, “It is after all conceivable that a habit system should itself change over time, in response to the changing needs of its users” (Robins in
Lyons, 1997: 6). It designates that human uses language as a habit system to complete their needs as well as they need foods, drinks, and clothes. They will add
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if their needs are required to add. Otherwise, they will change if their needs change.
He also adds:
It is also important to recognize that, as far as the system is concerned, some kinds of extension and modification are theoretically more interesting than others. For example, the fact that new words can enter the vocabulary of a language at any time is of far less theoretical interest than is the fact that new grammatical constructions can, and do, arise in the course of time” (ibid).
Humans characterized as language’s users are responsive to their changing
needs. For instances, terms “e-mail”, “browse”, “online”,and etc are born since
“internet” is found. ”E-mail”(Electronic Mail), an action of sending mails via internet is a breakthrough of conventional mail via post. Term “Internet” (International Net) is coined for naming an international computer network connecting other networks and computers from companies, universities, etc. The discovery of internet, gradually, stimulates the creation of new terms concerning to features within, such as, a word “tweet” which exists in response to the existence of a social network “twitter”, and so on. Thus, it proves that people are capable to extend their vocabularies by coining new words, phrases, and terms, as their responses to their changing and progressive needs. On the other side, human’s creativity enables language to be modifiable by they combining words
more words, for instance, a word “Surel (Surat Elektronik)”, which is recognized as official equivalent of “e-mail” in Bahasa Indonesia. However, the loan form is more widely popular than the translated one.
In Indonesia as well as other countries, such media as television, advertisement, magazines, songs, and so on frequently popularize neologisms. A term “gpl”, an abbreviation of “Ga Pake Lama” is popularized by a fast food advertisement that can be seen in commercial breaks during television’s programs.
The term, in Standard English, has the closest meaning with “A.S.A.P (As Soon
As Possible)”. Another example is a term “Sephia” firstly coined by an
Indonesian group band in one of their song title. It refers to a person who becomes someone’s affair. New words are common phenomena in the world to reflect
particular conditions of persons or a society, which can change after one to another. Thus, it is not bound to people in America or people in Europe, but also those in Korea, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, and all over the world. Moreover, the usage of social media nowadays, enables people throughout the world to get connected. At last, the presence of social media has successfully changed how people socialize. Now, people are able to get along with others through both conventional way and virtual one. Undoubtedly, such media enables the users to greatly influence each other by information that they share right away, including new words or expressions. To follow up the phenomenon, Karaveitseva states that “Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, or
in a situation where there is easy and fast propagation of information”1. In line with it, media, either printed or electronic, highly contribute in the creation of
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Karaveitseva pg. 31
neologisms. The creation of neologisms turns out to be useful to broaden vocabularies, in which language grows and changes. Besides, some people creatively explore their language by coining new words just for fun or particularly for serious reasons.
Neologism has been an interesting issue in many fields. In translation field, Newmark argues that neologism is required to take into account as well as other problems such as metaphors, idioms, institutional and cultural terms (1981, p. 32). Translation of neologisms as well as metaphor, and other problems mentioned have been common issues in translation study. Adapted books, movies, and mass media from foreign language that have a progressive culture and information lead to a progressive language too. It can be a tremendous gap since lexical, contextual, social, or even cultural gap between Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL) is possible. New words sometimes reach its popularity, so that the words are easily accepted by society. By that, they often become common language since they are used as habitual conversation in daily life. However, many cases of new words temporarily survive or even are unknown at all. They are simply left behind and paid no more attention due to its unusual and temporary usage. Thus, irreverent, and new words, identified as neologisms are definitely troublesome for many translators. In this research, the researcher uses film as source data. Sometimes, neologisms in a film reflect phenomena and references in the film that do not conceptualize a worldwide acceptance by public, which is in contrary in the case of invention of technology. In this case, to enable Target Readers to understand the film story as Source Readers do, sensibility is essentially prominent for modern translators, nowadays. Translation does not
solely deal with words, and equivalence. There are many supportive aspects, such as context, social, and culture to consider.
Neologism is basically an everyday phenomenon. It can be part of cultural communication within a country as well as among countries. As a means for mass entertainment, television nowadays offers a wide variety of programs. Those cover both feature film and TV series, and some other kinds of entertainment. The exchange of information through such media seems to increase over years. Besides, the entertainment world touches many areas in our life, such as, through television, magazines, newspapers, etc. The exchange of information can be encountered through many ways, like distribution of CD’s, VCD’s, or DVD’s
from a country entering to a country outside. The distribution of those kinds of home entertainment tends to be preferable for some people due to many factors, such as an economical reason in which a person is able to watch a film in a VCD bought in home rather than in a theater. Concerning with this, distribution of film VCD’s from world entertainment industries, such as Hollywood, HBO (Home
Box Office), etc and those from U.S becomes most wanted including in Indonesia. A great variety of story, motion picture technology, and worldwide strategy of promotion lead them into a major of popularity. In a mass production, many producers have been aware of language variety, regarding from which language of a film is produced, and where it is re-distributed. The story can only be understood if it is translated into consumers’ language. This is expected that
people are able to understand the film story in the language they speak. Film translation or subtitling commonly applied in VCDs or television programs is definitely helpful for many parties, the distributors itself, and the consumers at the
same time. VCDs with subtitles will certainly be the first choice for consumers than without one. Thus, distributors can get more advantages.
Subtitling version of film is identified through written forms of language appearing in the bottom of screen. It appears in a synchronized way to the running images. In this method, the original dialogues remain available, at the same time, the written or translated version of verbal expressions that the characters speak appears in a written form. By that, through the change of medium, from spoken to written form, the form of translation is called as subtitling, In addition to the medium, the “subtitler” have to synchronize between the dialogues spoken, the
image on the screen and the subtitles in order that the viewers can understand the story. Linguistics and cultural values will always be inevitable problems in written translation. In film translation, it gets more critical. It is true while seen through the limitation of time and space. Moreover, the translated version should be synchronized to scenes while the image is in progress. Therefore, both factors have to be considered more. Each factor has norms, such as the amount of characters, line, and time. It is patterned that two lines are the maximal line to be allowed with 30-35 characters for each line. Meanwhile, a line should range only in 2-3 seconds, so that it is approximately 5-6 seconds for two lines. Sometimes, the image goes faster, and at the moment, the problem goes worse as well. If some information is reduced, it is the only solution to overcome the problems. Furthermore, other aspects in translation previously mentioned are not easy to handle too.
Dealing with this interest, the researcher proposes TV Series “Sex and
neologisms is conducted to provide a broader research’s variety. Particular reason on which the researcher concerns is that the show is well known for its frank neologisms, dialogue about women, and their problematic life. In “Sex And The
City”, despite, it is fictitious, its neologisms commonly deal with reality since the experiences the characters have can be other young women’s experience in a real
life too. The phenomena within the series portrait self-sufficient women getting through their life, such as falling in love, disappointment, broken heart, making friend, which those are verbalized into women’s subjectivity-based point of views,
etc. The characters are used to un/consciously coin uncommon and unique words, which are even peculiar to them selves, but make sense, to express their ideas about trivial things into serious one.
Concerning to neologisms in the series, one of its data acquired in this research is as follows:
Example I:
00:14:T20/IV/019/SAC-CB/SL
With her high school boyfriend, Charlotte doodled. With Harry, she jewdled.
The difficulty is identified to a word in bold and italic. “Jewdled” is an irreverent word coined by one of characters in the series, Carrie Bradshaw, in her monologue. The possible difficulty is that the word itself is unknown in common language so that it is not understandable to the translator. If it happens, all s/he can do to define its meaning is by going for related references elsewhere or its construction, where the word is attached. In this regard, the possible meaning has to be decided since the information is required to exist. The speaker, however, does not coin the word for nothing. Undeniably, she has an urgent message she
wants to convey to the viewers. Instead of listening to the speaker’s talk in the
series, target readers read the subtitles in the VCDs. In this case, the translator has an important role to convey the message as the speaker intends to. It becomes problematic for the translator since s/he probably misinterprets the correct meaning of the word. Just in case, the word is not identified in any dictionaries, no question, it leads the translator into confusions. How comes a translated word is understandable to target readers definitely relies upon how a translator makes decision. If the translator misunderstands, the viewers will do too automatically.
In relation to the case above, Majava in Sorvali suggests:
Every utterance is the product of interaction between speakers and the social situation in which the utterance is produced. It is thus the social environment, which is regarded as the most important element. This is quite obvious for a modern translator, in fact, so that the principle that “the social environment gives people words and control their verbal reactions”
has also become an important one in translating (1996).
Based on the statement, it is clear that supportive aspects are alternatively thinkable. The utterance is produced based on many factors. The sentence “With
Harry, she jewdled” is a sentence with referential-bound. Meaning of the word can only be clarified by a reference within paragraphs or somewhere else, excluded the sentence. Referential phenomena are inseparable to context of situation as the speaker’s response toward phenomenon she faces in the scene.
Majava (in Sorvali) clearly mentions social situation. In the case above,
merely rhyme. It has a message that the translator is required to reveal. To reveal the content of the expression, what it is seen in the scene is able to help the translator while encountering problem loss in meaning. When an expression occurs, at the same time, the image goes, on which context can be clarified, it is by which the problem of loss in meaning hopefully can be compensated.
Apparently, in the series, the phenomena of translation of neologisms tend to be lexical with referential-bound. In relation to this, in his book, Newmark suggests, “he must finally make some kind of guess at the word he cannot find,
some compromise between the most likely contextual meaning of the word, and the meaning suggested by the morphology or form of the word, if such exists” (1988, 183). According to him, neologisms are “unfindable” words which are
obviously not going to be an easy duty to trace their meanings. Play with
language does not denote Play with meaning. Nevertheless, Newmark’s
suggestion will be the fresh air to the translator. S/he is suggested to be sensible and think far outside as it is seen. In simple way, the translator’s duty is to
translate ideas or messages of neologisms. To make equivalent effects as SL readers get, the translator has to make an accurate conveyed message in TL, in other side, it is acceptable too. S/he has to consider such aspects as topic of the scene, the speaker’s way of thinking, style of writing, and all relatable referential
phenomena in the series to have an accurate interpretation, and adjust some aspects such as TL grammatical structure and cultural background to make an acceptable translated text. Therefore, this research is aimed at identifying translation procedures applied by the translator concerning to neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV series “Sex And The CitySeason 6”,as well
as its translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability scale. Before that, the researcher analyzes the source text and target text materials at the first place to define all possible translation problems, at the same time; it enables him/her to estimate a specific solution applied by translator. Then, the researcher is able to identify all possible translation techniques. Hence, in this research, like what the translation is produced, as well as accuracy and acceptability scale of the translation will be verified and recommendation of an appropriate translation will be given. Constraints in film translation as well as linguistic and cultural gap have challenged translators in creating perfect ideas of information. S/he has to communicate what the SL speaker s/he represents intends to communicate in such a way as the SL speaker does to the SL viewers. In translation of neologism, a problem like loss in meaning is possible to occur. Nevertheless, like any other problems, they should be handled. Whether it is correct or not and whether it makes sense or not, these will be verified in this research.
B. Problem Statement
In this research, the researcher proposes these following problem statements:
1. What are the translation techniques applied in the translation of neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And
The City Season 6”?
2. How is the quality of translation of neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6” in terms of accuracy and acceptability?
C. Research Objective
Research objectives of this research are as follows:
1. To analyze the translation techniques employed by the translator in the translation of neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series
“Sex And The City Season 6”.
2. To rate the quality of translation of neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6” in terms of accuracy, and acceptability.
D. Research Limitation
To avoid the expansion of the research, the researcher highlights the research on the translation techniques applied in the translation neologisms from English into Bahasa Indonesia in TV Series “Sex And The City Season 6”. Besides, the researcher intends to rate the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability. In short, the research limitation of this research is embodied in the problem statements mentioned in the previous sub chapter.
E. Research Benefit
This research, hopefully, will be beneficial for these following parties: 1. For the students of English Department, this thesis is expected to expand
their knowledge and capability concerning translation studies. Besides, this research will inspire other students to give more concerns and awareness to English neologisms.
2. For the translator, the thesis is expected to give additional reference as problem solving reference so that they are able to decide a proper strategy dealing with neologism.
3. For other researchers, the thesis is expected to stimulate them in conducting further research related to English neologisms translated into Bahasa Indonesia. They are hopefully inspired to make a fresh idea related to the translation studies along with a varied and a new direction of research in translation
F. Thesis Organization
In this occasion, the researcher organizes this thesis based on these following formats:
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION, the chapter consists of background, problem statement, objective, problem limitation, research benefit, and thesis organization.
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW, the chapter discusses the definition of translation, translation process, translation method, problems in equivalence, translation technique, subtitling, about “Sex and The City”, and neologism.
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, the chapter presents about type of research, data and data source, sample and sampling technique, technique of data collection, technique of data analysis, and research procedure.
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, the chapter covers analysis of translation technique, the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION, the chapter covers the conclusion and suggestions.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is going to explain some literature reviews obtained from books, journals, and other literatures either published or unpublished by many parties. This chapter is aimed at supporting the research done by the researcher related to the analysis. It will be explained based on these following sub chapters.
A. Definition of Translation
Brislin in his book entitled “Application and Research” defines that translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form (1976, p. 1).
Besides, Pedersen more closely sees, “translation is generally believed
to the ‟transfer‟ of the „content‟ or „meaning‟ of given SL-text to a similar or
„equivalent‟ TL-text (Pedersen, 1988: 13).
In translation, there are three important aspects to consider, they are
„transfer‟, „content‟/ „idea, and „equivalent‟. In a simple way, translation deals
with finding equivalents from one language (source language) to another (target language), to transfer a message/idea, which represents content of source text from which language are taken. This thus is expected to enable people who do not have any idea about what it is written or spoken in a language to be then understandable in their own language. Last but not least, translation always deals
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with equivalent. Equivalent refers to words/phrases/sentences to which language are translated, devised by translators to interpret the messages/ideas from source language that they get and keep on their mind.
B. Translation process
Translation can be seen as a product or a process. Bell defines translation as a process, translating is the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object (1991, p. 13).
This diagram below shows the process of translation which is adapted from Larson:
The translation process (1998, p. 4)
From the diagram, there are some steps in the process of translation. First of all to concern is the text to be translated. Knowing first what the text genre is purposively helpful in the case of what the translator deals with. This is aimed for anticipating difficulties and problems within the text. Second, the translator has to read the source text as many as possible to discover the content of the text. In any
1.Text to be translated
2. Discover the meaning
Meaning
4. Translation
3.Re- express the meaning
translation process, reading the text is always a start. Understanding what it is about is essentially required to determine suitable translation methods. The method is devisable, when the translator is able to identify the problems s/he faces. From the activity, the step number two, the translator is then expected to discover the meanings/messages of the text. A translation can not be called as
translation without a term called “transfer”. The process ranges from the
meanings/messages kept on the mind of the translator, which are thus re-expressed into target language by taking many considerations of cultures and grammar in written form or spoken one. This step is figured on step number three.
The transfer deals with source language‟s equivalent in target language form. If
the step is committed, the best thing the translator should do after all is re-reading the translated text to do some checking and quality control. This is concerned to minimize the occurrence of possible errors and mistakes during the transfer process. Besides, some such aspect as accuracy, acceptability, and readability are definitely required to be a substantial agenda in this process of translation. Hence, the translated text is produced. The translation is then completed.
C. Translation Methods
Translation methods are classified based on two emphases. They are SL emphasis and TL emphasis as proposed by Newmark. He puts it in the form of a flattened V diagram:
(1988, p. 45)
SL Emphasis TL
Emphasis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation
The concepts of each category will be given in these following explanations:
1. Word-for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of contexts.
2. Literal translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and
lexical „abnormality‟ (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It
attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.
4. Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from „faithful translation‟ only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and
natural sound) of the SL text, compromising in „meaning‟ where
appropriate so that no assonance, word-play, or repetition jars in the
finished versions. The distinction between „faithful‟ and „semantic‟
translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, adits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator‟s intuitive empathy with the original.
5. Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the theme; characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatists or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but
other adaptations have „rescued‟ period play.
6. Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called „intralingual translation‟, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
7. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the „message‟ of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
8. Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
(Newmark, 1988: 45-47)
D. Problems in equivalence
Finding equivalents is a very important thing during the translation
process. This is along with Catford (1965, p. 21) who says, “the central problem
of translation practice is that of finding TL translation-equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that defining the nature and conditions of translation
equivalence”. The success of a translator is when he is able to find the proper and
understandable equivalents to the readers. In doing this job, it is not easy since some problems in equivalence probably emerge during translation process.
A good translation is a combination between two aspects, called meaning and style, as stated below:
“…translators are talking about an equivalence that goes far beyond either
word-for-word or sentence-by-sentence translation –an equivalence which includes the content message of a total text, the intention of the author, and an equivalence of genre and style. This concept of overall equivalence is thought to produce a more accurate translated text which naturally communicates in a literally style that is pleasing and understandable to the
receptor language reading audience” (Hohulin in Noss, 2005: p. 101).
Nida in Bassnett (2002, p. 33) distinguishes two types of equivalence,
itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept.
Nida calls this type of translation a „gloss translation‟, which aims to allow the
reader to understand as much of the source language context as possible. Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the source language message.
Baker (1992) investigates that there are some common problems on non-equivalence in translation especially in word level. Those problems are going to be explained as follows:
a. Culture-specific concepts
This problem is described as “the source-language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target language; it may relate to a
religious belief, a special custom, or even a type of food” (Baker, 1992: p.
21).
Example: Cultural terms, such as “sekaten”, “mitoni”, and “selapanan”, and type of food, like, “gudeg” are only known among Javanese. They have become a hand-on tradition in Javanese culture which can not be found in other traditions in Indonesia, moreover, in other countries.
b. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language.
Baker states that this kind of problem is as “the source-language word may
express a concept which is known in the target language but simply not
lexicalized, that is not „allocated‟ a target-language to express it.” (Baker,
1992: p. 21)
Example: Terms like “Jet lag” and “Vandalism”. “Jet lag” is a flight syndrome; a common phenomenon for persons who go through a journey in a flight, like headache, confusion, so on. The concept of vandalism tends to be less disciplinary and destructive actions of few communities toward public facilities in England in early twentieth century. Both concept are known in Indonesia, but, to represent the situation, there is no a perfect equivalent, except, by naturalization.
c. The source-language word is semantically complex.
It happens whenever a single word of source language expresses a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. Or, the source-language word may be semantically complex. (Baker, 1992: p. 22)
Example: An English word, “recyclable” has more than one component of meaning in Indonesia. Its meaning is traced by each morpheme, “re”,
“cycle”, and, “able”. By then, the word can be translated into “bisa
didaur ulang.”This means that a word in one language can not always be
considered to be one word in another language.
d. The source and the languages make different distinctions in meaning. Baker explains that the target language may make more of fewer distinctions in meaning in the source-language. (Baker, 1992: p. 22)
Example: In Indonesia, the concept of “mengalah” is completely different with “kalah”. Whereas, in English, it is difficult to find a word representing a concept of “mengalah”, while, to find the concept of
“kalah” is easier. “Mengalah” in Indonesia is a concept of consciously
e. The target language lacks of superordinate.
The target language may have the specific words (hyponyms) but no general word (superordinate) to head the semantic field. There is one example to explain this problem. In Russian, there is no equivalent for the
word „facilities‟, which means any equipment, building, services, and etc.
in fact, it has several specific words and expression that can be said as types of facilities.
Example: sredstva peredvizheniya („means of transportation‟),
neobkhodimye pomeschcheniya („essential accomodation‟), and
neobkhodimoe aorudovanie („essential equipment‟) (Baker, 1992: p. 22,
23).
f. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym).
This problem is explained as “languages tend to have general words
(superordinate), but lack specific ones (hyponyms), since each language makes only those distinctions in meaning which seems relevant to its
particular environment”. (Baker, 1992: p. 23)
Example: In English, there are many words in specific forms that are difficult to find the equivalence in many languages, such as „house‟ has many hyponyms; they are bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, lodge, hut,
mansion, manor, villa, and hall.
g. Different in physical or interpersonal perspective.
Baker (1992, p. 23) states that “physical perspective has to do with where
things or people are in relation to one another or to place”. Perspective
may also have relation between participants in the discourse (tenor). Example: Indonesia is rich with vernacular language, for example, Javanese language. In Javanese language, there is a hierarchical rule in which people should pay attention to whom they speak, whether they are in the same age, younger or older one. They are called as “ngoko”,
“krama madya”, “krama alus” In simple way, “ngoko” is used for those
toward their younger age or at the same age in casual conversation,
“krama madya” is used by those at the same age and to their older age in
semi-formal occasion, and “krama alus” is used for those toward someone they should respect, like parents, etc, or used in a formal situation like Javanese wedding ceremony. For example, an Indonesia word, “tidur”, has three equivalents in Javanese language. They are “turu” (ngoko),
“tilem” (krama madya), “sare” (krama alus).
h. Differences in expressive meaning.
There may be a target language word that has the same propositional meaning as the source language, but it may have different expressive meaning. If the target language equivalent is neutral compared to source language item, a translator may add the evaluative element to make the word more expressive. (Baker, 1992: p. 23)
Example: English word, “rage” is known as an expression of uncontrolled emotion of anger, and when it is translated into Indonesia, it is less expressive, if it is simply translated into “kemarahan”. It will be more
representative by giving additional expressive adverb, such as,
“kemarahan yang menjadi-jadi”, or giving figurative sense, like, “naik
pitam.”
E. Translation technique
The translation techniques are listed as follows: 1. Literal Translation
Literal translation and word- for -word translation are distinguishable. Word for word translation transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meaning of the SL word, into the translation, and it is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences (Newmark, 1988: 69). Meanwhile, literal translation tends to be grammatically accepted to target language. For example:
“He takes a break, is translated into “Dia berisirahat.” In this grammatical
structure, “take a break” is literally translated into “beristirahat.” On the other
hand, in this sentence, “he breaks the rules”, the word, “break”, literally means
“melanggar.”
2. Transference
This procedure is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure (Newmark, 1988: 81). The word then becomes a “loan
word.” For example, “He sent me an email, is translated into “Dia mengirim
email padaku.” Transference is applied in term, “email.” “Email” has its
Indonesia‟s equivalent, “Surel”, people commonly use its adopted word, “email”,
instead.
3. Synonymy
This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or
adverbs (which in principle are „outside‟ the grammar and less important than
other components of a sentence). A synonymy is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and the word is not important enough for componential analysis. A translator cannot do without it; he has to make do with it as a compromise, in order to translate more important segments of the text, segments of the meaning, more accurately (Newmark, 1988: 84). For example, “shit
mothertfucker fuck shit situation” is translated into “keadaan darurat”, here, the
translator tends to ignore some component of meanings, because it is impossible to translate word by word. This technique is different with deletion, seen from, in deletion, the meaning is completely abandoned, while, in synonymy, the translator devises to lose only few component of meaning, but, preserves the most important one.
4. Modulation
Vinay and Darbelnet coined the term „modulation‟ to define „a variation
through a change of viewpoint, of perspective (éclairage) and very often of
category of thought‟. For example, “Il n‟a pas hesite” (In literal translation, it will
be “he acted at once) is translated into “he is extremely brave”, which is in
back-translation, it is Il n‟est pas lache.” (Newmark, 1988: 88).
5. Recognized translation
There is no a clear definition for this type of translation technique, but, Newmark clearly mentions some examples of it. Thus, it can be concluded that
recognized translation is emphasized on the usage of normal terms in terms of target language. In this case, the equivalents used are those which are more or less generally accepted in target language. These cases are generally applied to institutional terms, but it is possible to happen to other concepts as well. For example, “House Representative”, in Indonesian recognized terms, is “DPR.” 6. Compensation
This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound- effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentences. (Newmark, 1988: 90). For example, “They play with dog,
instead of praying to God”, is translated into “Mereka bertemu Tuhan seperti
melihat hantu.” In this case, the translator keeps the pragmatic effect by punning
word, “tuhan” and “hantu” in such a way as source text does by punning word,
“Dog” and “God”. If it is translated in literal translation, the punning effect will
be lost at all. Even though, literal translation is applicable. 7. Equivalence
This means an unfortunately named term implying approximate equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different terms. They are simply referring to notices, familiar alternatives, phrases and idioms – in other words, different ways of rendering the clichés, and standard aspects of language. (Vinay and Darbelnet in Newmark, 1988: 90). For example, “walk in women‟s shoes”, is translated into “berempati terhadap perempuan.” Here, the expression is translated by delivering the message of given source text. In its literal meaning,
the message will be obscure among Indonesian‟s point of view.
8. Adaptation
The use of recognized equivalent between two situations. This is a matter of equivalence, such as „Dear, Sir” translated into “Monsieur.” (Newmark, 1988: 91) Another example is “Cinderella story” which is adapted into “Bawang
Merah dan bawang putih.”
F. Translation Quality
Weber states the translated text must be absolutely accurate in meaning, contain all nuances of the original and must be written in clear, elegant language that can be easily understood by readers (1984, p. 3). Meanwhile, Larson quotes there are three main reasons for testing a translation. The translator wants to be sure that his translation is accurate, clear, and natural (1998, p. 486). When a translation product is produced, it does not mean that a translator‟s duty has completed. A test on the translation product is required since during the translation process, a translator usually works hard and does the best to make a good translation. Basically, each translator is offered some methods to solve the problems during the translation process. It does not matter to those who apply proper methods so that the message is accurate and acceptable. However, it does if the methods are not properly applied so that affects the translation products. S/he probably adds things, which are not necessary, or omits things, which are actually required to exist in the translated text. Therefore, for certainty, a translator is expected not to make mistakes. Hence, TQA is required to produce credible translation products.
To measure a quality of translation product can be conducted through accuracy, readability, and acceptability scale. Immawaty argues accuracy in translation is a kind of source-text-oriented approach to translation. A translation is considered to be accurate if it rightly conveys the message from source language into target language (2004, p. 27). Meanwhile, she sees acceptability in translation as a translation text from the cultural point of view. This measures whether or not a text is culturally accepted in the target readers (ibid). This implies s/he is supposed to make a translated text in his own style, instead of as the way it is expressed in the source sentences, so that the target readers feel reading the translated text as the original text. She suggests the translator to discover his/her own style rather than the way of source text is written to make the translated text as natural as possible to the target readers. In short, acceptability is more concerned with the naturalness of a translated text to the target readers. The last approach is readability. Sakri (in Nababan, 2003: 62) says, “keterbacaan
menunjuk pada derajat kemudahan sebuah tulisan untuk dipahami maksudnya.”
Readers are judges of texts. Consequently, every translated text is created to be understood to target readers, thus they determine whether the text is readable or not. In other side, Richards et all (ibid) argues, “keterbacaan bergantung pada
panjang rata-rata kalimat, jumlah kata-kata baru, dan kompleksitas grammatikal
dari bahasa yang digunakan.” The difficulty of reading text is different to each
other, that is why to whom a text is translated is required to take into account in translation.
Translators have to be wise, and be sure that the intended message is accurately conveyed into target language. Therefore, seeing one is more important than
another‟ necessarily happens, or sacrificing one does too.
G. Subtitling
1. What is subtitles
Gottlieb defines subtitles as transcription of film or TV dialogue presented simultaneously on the screen. He distinguishes subtitling from a linguistic view point, there is intra lingual (within one language), and inter
lingual (between two languages) translation. In intra lingual subtitles, a
subtitler re-writes the dialogues spoken by the speaker in the screen in their original language. Meanwhile, in inter lingual subtitles; a subtitler has to convey what the speaker tries to communicate in another language. In this process, the subtitler is given scripts of verbal contents from a film, which then, it is to read, to be understood its meaning, and to be re-expressed in another language they intends to communicate. The translated version of subtitles will then be transferred into written form in bottom of the screen within a synchronized image. This enables target audiences to read the translated version, at the same time, they watch the film. That is why subtitles have some constraints to deal with.
2. Constraints in subtitling
discusses what he calls the formal (quantitative) constraints and textual
(qualitative) constraints on television. Textual constraints are those
imposed on the subtitles by the visual context of the film or the physical limitation of spaces for subtitles, whereas formal constraints are the space
factor (a maximum of two lines are allowed, with some 35 characters each) and time factor (a maximum of 5-6 seconds is considered to be sufficient for reading two lines). The appropriate subtitles must appear synchronous with the picture, since it is made to make the viewers understand the content of foreign film. Anticipating the limited time and spaces for subtitles makes sense if sometimes reduction of text volume becomes a choice to compromise the constraints.
(in Jankansen, 1999: 8-9).
3. Strategy of subtitling
Gottlieb (in Mutakin) proposes a list of strategy dealing with the reduction of the text volume. Those strategies are explained below:
a) Condensation
It manages to retain both meaning and most of stylistic features of the original. The transfer from the spoken to written language eliminates some of redundancies automatically and thereby enhances coherence for the viewers.
b) Decimation
It is used to cope with large speech volume due to fast speech space. The strategy is characterized by using abridged expressions and reductions in content. The cuts in the SL may result in a loss of either semantics or stylistic content. The message is conveyed with the help of other channels (soundtrack and vision).
c) Deletion
It is mainly used to deal with non verbal content. Repetitions filler words and tag questions can be omitted without loss of information to the viewers although it may affect the semantic or stylistic content.
H. About “Sex And The City”
“Sex and the City” is particularly an American cable television series,
based in part on writer Candace Bushnell's book of the same name. It is compiled from her columns with the New York Observer. The series is divided up into six seasons altogether, with season 6 as final season of all. The final season consists of twenty episodes.
Format of the show is a drama, romantic, comedy (Dramedy), starred by Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattral, Kristin Davis, and Chyntia Nixon. The show focuses on four women, three in their mid-thirties and one in her forties. It specifically examines the lives of big-city professional women in the late
1990‟s/early 2000‟s and how changing roles and expectations for women affect
the characters.
Feminists argue the series is as an example of progress in women's rights and life options. Besides, it is as an example of the effects of corporate culture, marketing and the more individualistic strands of feminism in presenting women's empowerment as mainly tied to achieving coupledom, beauty, and personal upward mobility, rather than collective organization for progressive change (http://en.wikipedia.org).
I. NEOLOGISM
Neologism is newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense (Newmark, 1988: 140).
Besides, Newmark (1981, p. 33-34) in his book entitled “Approaches to
Translation” categorizes neologism into these following types:
1. Formal, it is completely new words. These rarely occur.
Example: “Dickety” is Grandpa Simpson's made up word for twenty in
“The Simpsons” series. This occurred in episode 3F19: "Raging Abe
Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in "The Curse of the Flying Hellfish".
2. Eponyms, it is based on proper names, including inventors, brand names, etc.
Example: “Google”, means an action of searching information from internet via google.com.
3. Derived word, it is formed with productive prefixes („de-„, „mis-„, „non-„,
„pre-„. „pro-„, and etc), and suffixes („-ism‟, „-ize‟, „-ization‟, „-ous‟, and
etc).
Example: “Fishism” is coined by one of characters in “Ally McBeal” series namely Richard Fish. It derives from his last name “fish” combined with suffix “-ism”. Besides, “Fergilicious” coined by an American superstar “Fergy” is combined with suffix “ous” next to her name.
4. New Collocation.
Baker states, “way of looking at collocation would be to think of it in
terms of the tendency of certain word to co-occur regularly in a given
language” (p. 47: 1992). For example, “kill” collocates to ”time” in
English, but, In indonesia, “membunuh” does not, unless as figurative language in literary works. Thus, new collocation is identified to which a word is uniquely attached.
Example: “Retro relationship” is coined by Carrie Bradshaw in “Sex And
The City” series. “Retro” collocates with “relationship”, which is to
designate a person‟s date in the past. “Heartbreak Warfare” is
popularized by soloist, namely John Mayer, through his song debut. 5 Phrasal (nouns or verbs).
Example: “up-load” refers to steps for putting photograph in facebook.com as photo profile or photo compilations.
6. Acronym, this derives from any combination of initial letters or syllables. Example: “DIY” (Do It Yourself) commonly occurs in female‟s magazine,
“Go Girl”. Besides, “PDA” (Public Display Affection) is popularized by
jazzy and Rn „B Singer, John Legend, in his song title.
7. Blends („Portmanteu‟ words), it is a combination of two words or more.
Example: “vege-step”, is a combination between “vegetarian” and “step” referring to a state of being a vegetarian.
8. Semantic, it is old words with new meanings.
Example: “Expiration Date”, the word “date” does not refer to number in calendar, but, it refers to a state of being in relationship with a male/female.
9. Abbreviation or shortened form of words. Example: “Vegan” is “vegetarian” shortened.
A neologism is a word, term, or phrase that has been recently created (or "coined"), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying invention, new phenomena, or old ideas that have taken on a new cultural context (wikipedia.org).
The usage of neologism is necessary for some purposes. In relation to this, Karavaitseva identifies that neologism is required to give a name to a new object, to remake the existing word for a better use, to save the native language from loanwords/borrowings, to extend the language, or just for fun, expression, self-distinction, and etc.
He also argues that a neologism occurs more often in cultures that are changing rapidly in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. Not the time, but the public acceptance makes a big value to neologisms popularity.
Commonly, neologisms are patterned into some following structures:
1. The new terms are often created by combining existing words (compound noun and adjective)
Example: peace-powers, fat-free, power player 2. By giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes.
Example: unhealthful, bouldering
3. Neologisms also can be created through abbreviation or acronym. Example: FYI – For Your Information
4. By intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds.
Example: doodled --- jew -dled
(in www.kvam.lt/gallery/-klvk/konferencija/karavaitseva.pdf)
Overall, the phenomenon of neologism is not bound to what the theory has stated, while the form of neologism is identifiable through many ways beyond the theory too. It is always relevant to consider language as modifiable and extendable thing. Over years, the developments, concerning to approaches of neologisms, are still possible.
J. RELATED STUDY
This research is inspired by research entitled, “The Analysis Of
Translating Neologisms In Novel “Harry Potter And The Order Of Phoenix” By
JK. Rowling conducted by Vita Hapsari Ardiani. The aims of her research are to
find out the type of neologisms that are commonly found and analyzed the translation procedures applied by the translator in translating neologisms in novel
researcher employs a descriptive qualitative method with a purpose to describe the aims of the research. The data are taken from novel “Harry Potter and The Order
of Phoenix” and it is categorized into twelve types of neologisms proposed by
Newmark. Besides, the translation of neologisms is analyzed using Newmark‟s translation procedures. The data analysis discovers two conclusive findings as follow. There are 233 neologisms found in the novel. The most common type of neologisms found here is the collocation neologism. It reaches 45.5% from the total population. The second place is new coinages, which reaches 34.3 % from the total population. While in translating the neologisms, the translator of the novel “Harry Potter and The Order of Phoenix” used translation procedures as follows: transference, transposition, naturalization, descriptive term, functional term, literal translation, notes and couplet. And the most translation procedures used in every types of neologism is transference, because transference is the easiest way in rendering an unknown concept of a SL to TL. Meanwhile, in this research, the researcher employs fictitious film, in form of “TV Series Sex And
The City Season 6”. In the previous research, the researcher deals with neologism
of fantasy literature which is totally unknown in reality, while, in this research, the researcher deals with neologisms in fictitious story which have to do with reality. In addition to analyze translation techniques, translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability is analyzed as well in this research. Thus, among 52 data found, the translation technique which tends to be employed is literal translation (44.23%), instead of transference. Transference is not applied at all in this research. Besides, the findings concerning with translation techniques are modulation (11.55%), adaptation (13.46%), compensation (13.46%), equivalence
