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(Dima sWulanMerdekaBasuki)
ii v
T C A R T S B A i
k u s a
B ,Dima sWulanMerdeka.( 2014 .) TheViola itono fMascuilntiyMytho f s
’ x l u o r P e i n n A n i d e t c e lf e R y o b w o C n a c i r e m
A Brokeback Mountain.
a m r a h D a t a n a S , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E : a tr a k a y g o Y
. y ti s r e v i n U
s e s s u c s i d y d u t s s i h
T Brokeback Mountain , a novell a w irtten by an d
e m a n r o h t u a n a c ir e m
A Annie Proulx . The story give s a spotilgh t on the o
w t e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e v o l l a u x e s o m o
h mainmalecharacters .Thestoryi s . g n i d n e l u f n i a p y l g n it a i c u r c x e s a h d n a , d e t a r r a n y ll u fi t u a e b , g n i v o m y r e v
e h t ,s y o b w o c n a c ir e m A e l a m o w t n e e w t e b e u s s i y ti l a u x e s o m o h d n u o r a g n i v l o v e R
r e p y r o t
s feclty depict sthe discirminaiton toward shomosexua lpeople in 1960s . e
z y l a n a o t d e d n e t n i r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t n i , s u h
T the violaiton o fmascu iln tiy
s ’ x l u o r P e i n n A n i d e t c e lf e r y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y
m BrokebackMountain .
o it a l o i v e h t e z y l a n a o t r e d r o n
I n o fmascuilntiy in Brokeback Mountain O
. m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r a e b t s u m e r e h
t neresearch problem wa sformulated i n t hi s .
y d u t
s The research problem is: H ow do the main character s violate the y
o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a
m inAnnieProulx’sBrokebackMountain? e h t d e il p p a r e ti r w e h t , m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r e h t r e w s n a o t r e d r o n
I socio
-h c a o r p p a l a r u tl u
c ,which enabled t hewrtiert o relatet heviolaiton o fmascu iln tiy h
t y
m wtih the socia lcondiiton and cutlure o fAmeircan cowboy society in the ti
r w e h T . s 0 6 9
1 e rchose a ilbrary study as t he method of t hi sstudy, i n which a l
e v o
n l aenitltedBrokebackMountainbecamet hep irmarys ourceoft hes tudy .The n
o s w e i v e r d n a s e ir o e h t d e n i a t n o c y d u t s s i h t f o s e c r u o s y r a d n o c e
s sociologica l
, y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o n o it p ir c s e
d sociologica l review o f homosexualtiy and s
’ y t e i c o
s concep to fmascu iln tiy.
e r e h t , d e t c u d n o c s i s y l a n a e h t n o d e s a
B w ere three ifnding sfound in the .
y d u t
s The fris t ifnding reveals t hat the main character sviolate the mascuilntiy y
o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y
m because they show thei rfear .I ti sviewed by the y
t e i c o
s tha thavingf eari sno tmanlyorf eminine .Therif ear sshow tt ha oneoft he .
d e t a l o i v g n i e b s i ,s s e n d l o b , s e it i n il u c s a m l a n o it i d a
rt The Second ifnding reveals
t a h
t the main character s violate the mascuilntiy myth o f Ameircan cowboy h
g u o r h
t thei rfraglitiy. tIi sviewedbyt hes ocietyt hatmens houldhavet hequaltiy y
l n a m g n i e b f
o ; srtong ,durable and unbreakable .Therefore ,the fraglitiy which s
e t a l o i v t s i w T k c a J d n a r a M l e d s i n n E h t o b n i s r a e p p
a the mascuilntiy myth o f
y o b w o c n a c ir e m
A int hi sstudy:beingsrtong ,durable ,andunbreakable.T t dhe h ri g
n i d n
if ,based onthesociologicalr eviewo fhomosexualtiy, r eveal stha tthemain y
ti l a u x e s o m o h h g u o r h t h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e t a l o i v s r e t c a r a h
c . Mascuilntiyi sagains t
y ti l a u x e s o m o
h ,which mean stha ta homosexua lman wli lautomaitcally violate .
y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e h t
: s d r o w y e
K BrokebackMountain ,mascuilntiym hy ,t Ameircancowboy
ii i v
K A R T S B A i
k u s a
B ,Dima sWulanMerdeka.( 2014 .) TheViola itono fMascuilntiyMytho f s
’ x l u o r P e i n n A n i d e t c e lf e R y o b w o C n a c i r e m
A Brokeback Mountain.
n a k i d i d n e P : a t r a k a y g o
Y BahasaInggris ,FakutlasKeguruan nd a lI muPendidikan s
a ti s r e v i n
U SanataDharma. i
d u t
S ii n membahas sebuah novela berjudul Brokeback Mountain karya x
l u o r P e i n n
A , penuils berkebangsaan Amerika. Novela ii n menggambarkan g
n a t n e
t hubungan cinta homoseksual antara ad u karakt er utama ap . rri Be kisar g
n a t n e
t hubungan cinta homoseksual antara dua cowboy , novela i ni n
a k r a b m a g g n e
m secara sempurna tentang diskriminasi terhadap kaum i
d a j r e t g n a y a k ir e m A i d l a u s k e s o m o
h pada tahun 1960an .Oleh karena tiu , i
u l a l e
m studi ini ,penulsi mengadakan sebuah anailsis tentang perusakan mtios a
k i r e m A y o b w o c s a ti n il u k s a
m sebagaimana digambarkan dalam Brokeback .
n i a t n u o M
, n i a t n u o M k c a b e k o r B a d a p s a ti n il u k s a m n a r a g g n a l e p a s il a n a g n e m k u t n U
. h a l a s a m n a u s u m u r n a k u l r e p i
d Studi ii n memiilki s atu persoalan yang akan s
a h a b i
d yatiu tentang bagaimana kedua karakte r utama melangga r mtios a
k i r e m A y o b w o c s a ti n il u k s a
m sebagaima na digambarkan dalam Brokeback n
i a t n u o
M .
k u t n
U membahas persoalan ini , penuils melakukan pendekatan so iso -n
a k h a d u m e m g n a y l a r u tl u
k penulsiuntuk menemukan relasiantara pelanggaran s
o ti
m maskuilntias dengan kondisi nd a budaya cowboy Amerika pada tahun n
a 0 6 9
1 . Penuils memiilh studi pustaka sebagai metode studi ii n dengan n
a k a n u g g n e
m novela Brokeback Mountain sebagai sumber utama .Sementara r
e b m u
s sekunderdalamstudi ii n menggunakanteori nd a ulasantentangdesk irpsi i
g o l o i s o
s s cowboy Amerika , ulasan sosiologis tentang homoseksualtias , dan p
e s n o
k maskuilntias ap . ri a
d
A it ga temuan berdasarkan hasli analsii .s Temuan pertama n
a k k u j n u n e
m bahwakeduakarakte rutamamelangga rmtiosmaskuiln tiascowboy d
, i k il i m a k e r e m g n a y t u k a t a s a r i u l a l e m a k i r e m
A ikarenakan masyarakat
a y n g n a d n a m e
m sebagai sfiat feminin. Ha lini menunjukkan pelanggaran mtios s
a ti n il u k s a
m yatiu keberanian. Temuan kedua menunjukkan bahwa kedua r
a g g n a l e m a m a t u r e t k a r a
k mtios maskuilntias lewa trasa rapuh yang mereka ,i
k il i
m sedangkan semua ap ri diharuskan memiilki sfiat-sfiatjantan seperitkuat , n
a d , s a r e
k tega .s Temuan keitga , berdasarkan teoris siologis tentang n
a k u m e ti d , s a ti l a u s k e s o m o
h bahwa keduakarakte rmelanggarmtiosmaskuilntias l
a u s k e s o m o h n a g n u b u h i u l a l e
m . Homoseksualtias berlawanan dengan nlia i s
a ti n il u k s a
m . Maka seorang p ria homoseksual akan otomaits melanggar mtios .
a k i r e m A y o b w o c s a ti n il u k s a m
: i c n u K a t a
x i
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I Allah SWT rfo t he blessing and l ove upon t he .
s i s e h t s i h t g n it ir w f o s s e c o r
p Obstacle scome and go throughout the proces so f ,
r e v e w o H . s i s e h t e h t g n it ir
w t heloveandblessinghavealwayss rtengthenedmei n h
t g n i h s i n
if i sthesis . o s l a m a
I grealty indebted t o my t hesi sadvisor ,Henny Herawait ,S.Pd, .
MH , um fo rhers incerededicaiton .It hankherf o rbeingmyf ariygodmothe rwho tr
o p p u s y l s s e l d n
e s meand keeps beileving mei n itme so fdoubt .Herf atih i n me i
g n o l w o h r e tt a m o n s i s e h t s i h t h s i n if d l u o c I t a h
t twould take surely kep tme
.s i s e h t s i h t d e h s i n if y l u rt I l it n u g n i o g
o t r o n o h t a e r g y m s s e r p x e o t t n a w o s l a
I YusevaAiryaniIswandair ,S.Pd, .
ME d. fo rhe rsinceresuppo tr .It hank herf o rbeing very kind t o mewhen being I
. e l b a n o i h s a f t o n s a w d n i
k remembe rin itme o fdespari doing thi sthesis ,a g n i h t y r e v e m o r f y a w a t e g o t t s u j s i d e e n I l l a t a h t e m g n il l e t r e r u t c e l e l b a k r a m e r
n i a rt a n o s a w I w e n k I g n i h t t x e n e h T . n i a g a g n it ir w k c a b t e g n e h t e li h w a r o f
t r e s o l c p e t s e lt ti l a d n a a tr a k a J o t g n i d a e
h ooneo fmydream sbecomingaf ashion .r
e n g i s e
d Word sdohavepowe .r
r e h t o m y m o t o g s y a w l a l li w e d u ti t a r g t s e p e e d y
M , Wulandair, andt omy
o
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n a , e c n e it a
p endles ssuppo tri nmanyways. Wtihoutt hem Iwouldno tbewhere I .
w o n m
a My love wli lalso go fo rmy late father ,alm. Basuki ,wtihou thim I e
k a t o t d e d i c e d d o G n e h W . y a d o t m a I n a m e h t e b r e v e n d l u o
w h ima soneo fHi s
x n
r a e l e w , s l e g n
a e dhowt osrtugglei nl fie .H emademeamanoft hef amliy ,bu t I e
c a l p e r o t e l b a e b r e v e n d l u o w I w o n
k him. My famliy i s t he only reason t ha t e
r e h e v o l d n a , e v o l r o f ti o d I , o d I l l A . r a f s i h t g n i o g e m p e e
k namedWulandair ,
.s a m o D d n a , s a m a D , i k u s a B
k n a h t
I two o fthe three ltilte pig sTiara and Sandy ,who have been r o f a n e R k n a h t I . n w o d d n a p u , d a b e h t d n a d o o g e h t h g u o r h t e m h ti w g n i d n a t s
.s s e n i s u b r u o n i t s il y t s ri a h t s e b e h t d n a d n e ir f t s e b g n i e
b Ialsowould ilket ot hank
2 h c t a b s t n e d u t s I B P l l a d n a , a n t a R , y d n i N , s ir a M , u n s i W , a s i R , a t e n o
J 009 t ha t I
e n o y b e n o n o it n e m t o n d l u o
c fo rperseveirngt ogetheri nevery momen twehave n
i h g u o r h t n e e
b P B .I My deep grattiude also goe st o al lPBI l ecturer sand staf f y
ll a i c e p s e
( M baDhanniekandM baTar)if o rthei rhardworks.
n a e m g n i v i g r o f , tt o t s n O s e m a J w e h tt a M , n a m s a s n a K y m k n a h t I
y a w r e tt e b o n s i e r e h T . e v o l f o y a w n a c ir e m A c it n e h t u
a o f understanding
. y o b w o c a m o r f y lt c e ri d t i g n i n r a e l n a h t e r u tl u c y o b w o c n a c ir e m A
I , t s a e l t o n t u b t s a
L would ilke to addres smy grattiude to those who y m o d s y a w l a o t e m e s i v d a d n a , e ri p s n i , e t a v it o m y ll a n o it i d n o c n u d n a y l e r e c n i s
. e fi l n i t s e b
Sincerely,
n a l u W s a m i
i x
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ... i
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii
Y T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ... v
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ... v i
T C A R T S B
A ... v ii
K A R T S B
A ... v iii
T N E M G D E L W O N K C
A S ... ix
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... x i
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... xiii
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H
C ... 1
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy... 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton ... 3 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy ... 3 .
D Benefti soft heStudy... 3 .
E Deifniitono fTerms ... 4
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R . I I R E T P A H
C ... 7
.
A Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires ... 7 .
ii x .
2 Sociologica lDescirpitono fAmeircanCowboy... 9 .
3 Sociologica lReviewo fHomosexualtiy... 10 .
4 Society’ sConcep to fMascuilntiy... 1 3 .
B Theoreitca lFramework ... 1 6
I R E T P A H
C I .I METHODOLOGY ... 1 8
.
A Objec toft heStudy ... 1 8 .
B Approachoft heStudy ... 1 9 .
C Methodoft heStudy ... 2 0
R E T P A H
C I .V ANALYSIS... .... 22
y o b w o C n a c ir e m A f o h t y M y ti n il u c s a M f o n o it a l o i V e h
T 22
.
1 F ear... 22 .
2 Fraglitiy ... .. 26 .
3 Homosexualtiy ... 32
R E T P A H
C V .CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS ... 40
.
A Conclusions ... .. 40 .
B Suggesitons... .... 42 .
1 F to rheFutureResearchers... 43 .
2 Fo rTeachers ... 43
S E C N E R E F E
ii i x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
: A x i d n e p p A
f o y r a m m u S e h
T BrokebackMountain ... 47
: B x i d n e p p A
f o y h p a r g o i B e h
T AnnieProulx ... 4 9
: C x i d n e p p A
g n it c e lf e
R BrokebackMountain :ARelfecitono fSexua lO irentaiton n
i n e e S n o it a n i m ir c s i
D BrokebackMountainand tI sRelaitont oGay s
l o o h c S n i g n i y ll u B t n e d u t
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
y d u t s s i h
T ma s i to reveal t he violaiton o fmascuilntiy myth o fAme ircan
s ’ x l u o r P e i n n A n i d e t c e lf e r y o b w o
c Brokeback Mountain . Thi s inrtoductory s
n i a t n o c r e t p a h
c eif v majo rsecitons ,namely (1) background o fthe study ,(2 )
m e l b o r
p formulaiton,( 3 )objecitve soft hestudy, 4 )( benefti soft hestudy ,a (5 )nd
n o it i n if e
d o fterms .Background o fthestudy wli lbefocusing on why the topic
n e s o h c s a
w .Problem f ormulaiton f ormulates t heproblemst ha twli lbediscussed
it c e j b O . y d u t s e h t n
i ve soft hes tudypresentt hepurpose soft hiss tudy . tI isr elated
h c i h w y d u t s f o s ti f e n e b e h t o
t a im to reveal the advantage sof t hestudy for t he
. s i s e h t s i h t f o s r e d a e
r Deifniiton o f term s i s aimed to prevent ambiguou s
d e s u s m r e t e h t f o s n o it a t e r p r e t n
i int hiss tudy .
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
, r e v o d n a r e v o d e s s u c s i d y l e d i w n e e b s a h y ti l a u x e s o m o h f o c i p o t e h T
a ll e v o n , l e v o n s a h c u s , s k r o w y r a r e ti l n i y ti l a u x e s o m o h g n i d u l c n
i ,shor tstory ,
g n o s , m e o p , k o o b e r u t c i p s ’ n e r d li h c , e r u t a r e ti l s ’ n e r d li h
c ’ sverses and movie .
t i e e s s y a w l a d l u o w e l p o e
P a sconrtoversia lwhen i tcome sto homosexualtiy ,
d l u o w t s e r e h t d n a g n i e e r g a p u d n e d l u o w e m o
s eb busy disagreeing .Among so
s ’ x l u o r P e i n n A , y ti l a u x e s o m o h g n i n i a t n o c s k r o w y r a r e ti l r e h t o y n a
m Brokeback
n i a t n u o
M i sa dfiferen tyet i nteresitng one because i n t he novella ,Proulx draws n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m f o e l d d i m e h t n i y ti l a u x e s o m o h f o c i p o t e h t
n i y r o t s e h t f o g n it t e s e h t s t e s o s l a x l u o r P . y o b w o
2
e v a h o
t homophobic society and noto irously known fo rthei rviolen tbehavior s .
e m it t a h t t a e l p o e p y a g d r a w o
t Homophobiais t he fea ro fany term srelated to
. y ti l a u x e s o m o
h The setitng o fthe story would late rb irng the dynamic and the
t f o p i h s n o it a l e r l a u x e s o m o h e h t r o f s g n il e e f l a c i g o l o h c y s
p hemaincharacter sand
ti would be analyzed i n t heresearch. In relaiton t o t he homophobicsociety, t hi s y ti l a u x e s o m o h t o n s i ti t a h t e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I n e t h g il n e d n a e t a c u d e o t s m i a y d u t s
w o r r a n e h t t u b , t s n i a g a t h g if o t d e e n e
w -mindedandt hehomophobicaciton .s
, s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h
T Enni sde lMarandJackTwist, t wo nineteen-y - earold
, s y o b w o
c were raised in pove try and low educaiton .They both were rough
, 3 6 9 1 n I . t u o p o r d l o o h c s d n a n e k o p s h g u o r , d e r e n n a
m Enni sde lMar and Jack
, t s ri f t A . r e m m u s e n o r e d r e h p e e h s s a r e h t e g o t e m o c , s d n a h h c n a r o w t , t s i w T
s i n o it c a rt t a e h t ,t n e t d e t a l o s i n a g n ir a h
s casua,l i nevtiable ,bu tsomething deepe r
r r a m , d r a h d e k r o w n e m h t o B . r e m m u s t a h t m e h t t h g u a
c ied ,and had kid s ilke
n o m m o c y r e v
e cowboy does ,bu tover t he course o fmany year so fseparaitons ,
s e v il r i e h t n i g n i h t t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t e m a c e b p i h s n o it a l e r s i h
t ,and they did
y r e v
e thing they could to preserve i.t The story o f Brokeback Mountain ha s t
u o b a e s p m il g a n i s r e d a e r e h t d e t a v it p a
c a rea lcowboy wo lrd and ti srealtiy i n
. s n o it o m e r i e h t d n a s g n i e b n a m u h o t n o it a l e
r Eleano rRingle Gillespie (Altanta l
a n r u o
J -Consttiuiton ,2005 )in he rreview stated that ,Brokeback Mountain i sa t
a h t t u b , y r o t s e v o
l si no tal l ti i s .In some way ,s t hestory i sa smuch aboutt he
a n i y r e v o c s i d f o r a e f n i e v il s i n n E d n a k c a J . e r a y e h t y a w e h t s a e r e w e w y a w
d e d n u o r r u S . s e li h p o d e p s a e u g a e l e m a s e h t n i m e h t s r e d i s n o c t a h t d lr o W n a g a e R
3
y e h t , y rt o g i b d n a t p m e t n o c , d e rt a h y
b ea r condemnedt ol eadi nauthenitc ilve ,sf ul l
d e p m a l c d n a g n i n r a e y d e l d r u c f
o -downemoiton .s
e h
T focu so fthi sstudy i sto desc irbe how the main character sin Annie
s ’ x l u o r
P BrokebackMountainviolatet hemascuilntiymytho fAme ircancowboy.
.
B ProblemFormula iton
, s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t w o h l a e v e r o t d e m i a s i y d u t s s i h
T Enni sde lMarand
n i d e t c e lf e r s i ti s a y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e h t e t a l o i v , t s i w T k c a J
a ll e v o n s ’ x l u o r P e i n n
A BrokebackMountain .Therefore, I f ormulateoner esearch :
m e l b o r p
w o
H do the main character s in Annie Proulx’s Brokeback Mountain
? y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e h t e t a l o i v
.
C Objecitveoft heStudies
e v a h I s n o it s e u q h c r a e s e r e h t n o d e s a
B oneobjecitve .Theobjecitveoft hi s
y d u t
s ist or evea lh owthemaincharactersi nAnnieProulx’sBrokebackMountain ,
r a M l e d s i n n
E andJ ackTwist ,violatet hemascuilntiymytho fAme ircancowboy.
.
D Benefti soft heStudy
s e if it n e d i n o it c e s s i h
T whowli lbeneftif romt hestudy .Thebenefti soft he
fi s s a l c e b n a c y d u t
s ied asf ollow .s T she tudent so fPB ISanataDharmawould be
y ti l a u x e s o m o h o t d e t a l e r s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o s d n i k s u o ir a v e g d e l w o n k c a o t e l b a
.s e m e h t n o it a t n e ir o x e s t n e r e f fi d r e h t o y n a d n a e m e h t
e h
T lecturer s o f PB I Sanata Dharma , especially fo r ltierature course
s a h c u s s r e r u t c e
4
o
t inrtoduceand providet hestudent swtih vairousl tieraryworkgenresi ncluding
il a u x e s o m o h o t d e t a l e r e s o h
t tyandothe rdfiferents exua lo irentaitons .
l l
A student s in Indonesia staritng from junio r leve l to highe r leve l
n o it a c u d
e would be able to acknowledge and acces svairou skind so fltierary
t n e r e f fi d r e h t o d n a y ti l a u x e s o m o h o t d e t a l e r e s o h t g n i d u l c n i s k r o
w sexua l
a l a u x e s i b , n a i b s e l , y a g t a h t w o n k m e h t t e l o t t n a tr o p m i s i t I . s n o it a t n e ir
o nd
t s i x e e l p o e p r e d n e g s n a
rt amongt hem .
a i s e n o d n I n i s r o t a c u d e d n a s r e h c a e t l l
A would be able to inrtoduce and
e g d e l w o n k c
a vairou s kind s o f ltierary work s including those related to
e h t r o f t n a tr o p m i s i t I . s n o it a t n e ir o l a u x e s t n e r e f fi d r e h t o d n a y ti l a u x e s o m o h
n e p o e b o t s r o t a c u d e d n a s r e h c a e
t -mindedandt eacht hei rstudent saboutt olerance
t n e d u t s e l g n i s y r e v e r o f t n e m n o ri v n e g n i n r a e l e v it r o p p u s d n a e f a s a e k a m o t
n i d u l c n
i g those gay ,lesbian ,bisexual ,and rtansgende rstudent sw ho migh tbe
. m e h t g n o m a
.
E Deifni itono fTerms .
1 Homosexualtiy o t g n i d r o c c
A LeVay (1993 )and Wein irch (1994) ,homosexualtiy i sthe
y ti v it c a e t a m it n i y ll a ti n e g d n a t s e r e t n i , n o it c a rt t a l a u x e s f o e c n e t s i x e r o e c n e r r u c c o
.r e d n e g e m a s e h t f o s r e b m e m r e h t o d n a l a u d i v i d n i n a n e e w t e
b Themos tcommon
e r a e l p o e p l a u x e s o m o h r o f s m r e
t lesbian fo rfemale sand gay fo rmale ,s t hough
y a
g i salso used t or efe rgenerally t o both homosexua lmale sand f emale .sInt hi s n
e e w t e b s r u c c o h c i h w p i h s n o it a l e r e h t o t s r e f e r y ti l a u x e s o m o h , y d u t
s the two
, s r e t c a r a h c e l a m n i a
5
.s y o b w o c e l a m o w t n e e w t e b g n il e e f c it n a m o r e h t s a d e t c i p e d s i a ll e v o
n Fris ti t
. m e h t g n o m a p i h s n o it a l e r s e m o c e b n e h t n o it c a r e t n i e t a m it n i n a h ti w s n i g e
b nI the
d n a s i n n E g n i p a h s n i e l o r e v a h k c a J s d n a s i n n E h t o b f o d o o h d li h c y lr a e e h t , y r o t s
d n a n o it a t n e ir o l a u x e s k c a
J homosexua lcharacteirsitc .
.
2 AmericanCowboy
e h t e m o c e b s a h y o b w o c n a c ir e m
A main mascuilne image in Ame ircan
n e
m s’ cutlure .The beginning o fAmeircan cowboy history begin sin 1860s .
o t g n i d r o c c
A Hatrtup(2000)i nherj ournal ,atfert hecivi lwa rmanymenr ushedt o
d e r a h s y e h T . e r u t n e v d a k e e s d n a y e n o m n r a e , k r o w o t y ti n u tr o p p o e h t r o f t s e w e h t
e h s , p i h s n a m e s r o h n i e s it r e p x e n
a epherding ,and skillsi n using r ope .s In r elaiton
, s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t h t o b , y d u t s e h t f o c i p o t e h t o
t Enni sde lMarand JackTwis t
. n i a t n u o M k c a b e k o r B n i r e d r e h p e e h s s a d e ri h e r a y e h T . s y o b w o c e r
a Hatrtup
d l u o c y o b w o C . s r e d r e h e lt t a c y l p m i s e r a s y o b w o c t a h t d e d d a ) 0 0 0 2
( beboasftu l
s ’ y o b w o c s i d r e h e h t t u b , p u o r g r i e h t o t y tl a y o l h c u m d e t a rt s n o m e d d n a d u o r p d n a
d n a s i n n E h t o b , n i a t n u o M k c a b e k o r B s ’ x l u o r P e i n n A n I . n r e c n o c t n a tr o p m i t s o m
d r e h o t s y o b w o c d i a p e r a k c a
J JoeAgurire’scatltea stii sw irtteni nt henovella:
h
T a tsp irng ,hungry fo rany j ob ,each had signed up wtih Farmand t
n e m y o l p m E h c n a
R —they came togethe ron pape ra sherde rand k c a J e b d l u o w t I .l a n g i S f o n o it a r e p o p e e h s e m a s e h t r o f r e d n e t p m a c
f o r e h ti e N . t s ri f ’ s i n n E , n i a t n u o m e h t n o r e m m u s d n o c e s s ’t s i w T
) 5 . p , 5 0 0 2 , n i a t n u o M k c a b e k o r B ( . y t n e w t s a w m e h t
y b d e tr o p p u s s i s i h
T Hatrtup (2000 )bysaying t ha tusuallycowboy swork
.s r e h t o y b d e n w o y ll a u s u e r a t a h t s e h c n a r n o
6
.
3 Viola iton
f o n o it a l o i v e h t s i h c i h w y d u t s s i h t f o m e l b o r p n i a m e h t o t n o it a l e r n I
. s i n o it a l o i v t a h w e n if e d o t t n a tr o p m i s i ti , y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m
n i a m o w t e s e h t s y a w e h t s a d e n if e d s i t x e t n o c y d u t s s i h t n i n o it a l o i v e h T
h t y m y ti n il u c s a m f o y r a d n u o b e h t k a e r b , t s i w T k c a J d n a r a M l e d s i n n E , s r e t c a r a h c
a h c e m o s g n i w o h s y
b racte irsitc s which are considered no tmascuilne .These
e h t h g u o r h t n e e s e b n a c y ti n il u c s a m f o y r a d n u o b e h t k a e r b h c i h w s c it s ir e t c a r a h c
p i h s n o it a l e r e h t d n a , s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t , y r o t s e h t f o n o it a r r a n
i c o s e h t d n a s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e
b e ty.
.
4 MascuilntiyMytho fAmericanCowboy o
t n o it a l e r n
I et h mascuiln tiy myth o fAme ircan cowboy, t he mascuilntiy
e m a s e h t y ll a u t c a s i y d u t s s i h t n i h t y
m a sthemascuilntiymytho fmeni ngenera.l
t d n a y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e h t t a h t s n a e m t
I hemascuilntiymyth
. y ti n il u c s a m e h t g n i n if e d n i e v it c e p s r e p e m a s e h t e r a h s l a r e n e g n i n e m f
o In1970 ,
g n i s s e s s o p s a y ti n il u c s a m m r e t e h t e n if e d y g o l o i c o s d n a y g o l o h c y s p n o s e i d u t s e h t
t e h T . n a m a r o f e t a ir p o r p p a e b o t l a c i p y t s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r o s e it il a u
q ermi susedt o
a h t a h t t c e j b o r o , l a m i n a , n a m u h y n a e b ir c s e
d v ethequaltiyo fbeingmanly,r ough ,
n I .t s i x e s d n a , e v it i s n e s n i , g n o rt
s thecontex toft hestory,t hemytho fmascuilntiy
n i e b r o f s c it s ir e t c a r a h c g n i v a h s a y o b w o c n a c ir e m A o t d e t a l e r s
i g manly, srtong ,
, d l o b , e l b a k a e r b n u , d e r e n n a m h g u o
r insensiitve , and srtaigh t (heterosexua)l .
s ’ x l u o r
P Brokeback Mountain i s se t in the middle o f mascu iln tiy myth o f .s
y o b w o c n a c ir e m A
7 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
The review o frelated ltierature in thi schapte ri s abou tthe theo ire s in
f o w e i v e r , tr a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p o w t f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h T . y d u t s s i h t g n it c u d n o c
t n a v e l e r d n a d e t a l e r e h t s w e i v e r ,s e ir o e h t d e t a l e
r theo ire semployedi nt hi sstudy .The
e h t f o n o it u b ir t n o c e h t s p e t s n i s n i a l p x e , k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h t e h t , tr a p d n o c e s
w o h s n i a l p x e o s l a t r a p s i h T . y d u t s e h t f o m e l b o r p e h t g n i v l o s n i s w e i v e r d n a s e ir o e h t
. y d u t s e h t n i d e il p p a e r a s e ir o e h t e s o h t
c s i h t n
I haptert he t heoryo fsocio-cutlura lapproachof l tierature ,sociologica l
s ’ y t e i c o s d n a , y ti l a u x e s o m o h f o w e i v e r l a c i g o l o i c o s , y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o n o it p ir c s e d
. y d u t s s i h t n i n o i s s u c s i d e h t tr o p p u s o t d e t n e s e r p e r a y ti n il u c s a m f o t p e c n o c
.
A Reviewoft heRelatedt heories
.
1 Socio-cutlura lApproacht oLtierature
Kennedy and Gioia (1998 )menitons abou tthe socio-cutlura lapproach to
n o it n e m ) 8 9 9 1 ( a i o i G d n a y d e n n e K . e r u t a r e ti
L s tha tin socio-cutlura lapproach ,the
r e ti l e h t s e n i m a x e m s i c it ir c l a c i g o l o i c o
s ary work sin the cutlural ,economic ,and
. t x e t n o c l a c it il o
p KennedyandGioia( 1998 )alsoaddt hatt hiss ocio-cutlura lapproach
y b d e tr o p p u s s i s i h T . y t e i c o s e h t d n a s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t s e r o l p x e
e m y b ) 4 9 9 1 ( n o m t e Y d n a , r e z ti R , r e y e m m a
K n itoning tha tsociology speci ifcally
n i ) 9 6 9 1 ( n ir a h k u B e li h W . y t e i c o s a n i s n e p p a h n o it i d n o c a w o h d n a y h w n o s e r o l p x e
8
n o it n e m k o o b s i
h s tha ta sa matte rof f act ,socia lphenomenaare createdbypersons ,
o c , k n i h t o h w s n o s r e p f o s t s i s n o c y t e i c o s t a h t d n
a gtiate ,feel ,pursue ,purpose sand
e l o r e g u h a s e k a t e v il s r e t c a r a h c e h t e r e h w y t e i c o s e h t , y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b u s e h t n I .t c a
s i h n i ) 9 6 9 1 ( n ir a h k u B y b d e tr o p p u s s i ti s A . e l p o e p s ti f o e fi l f o y a w e h t g n i p p i h s n i
fi n u a w o ll o f a n e m o n e h p l a i c o s f i t a h t k o o
b orm l awand fi t hey are neve trheless t he
d n e p e d o s l a l a u d i v i d n i h c a e f o s n o it c a e h t t a h t s w o ll o f ti , n e m f o s n o it c a e h t f o t l u s e r
g n i e b , d n u o b t u b , e e r f t o n e r a l li w s i h d n a n a m t a h t s w o ll o f s u h t t I . g n i h t e m o s n o
t a h t s w o h s t I .s w a l n i a tr e c o t o s l a t c e j b u
s the wayof t hecharacters ’ ilvesi snotf ree ,
g n il e e f s ’ n a m , w o h e m o s t a h t y a s t s u m I . w a l s ’ y t e i c o s e h t o t d n u o b t u
b i s dependen t
. fl e s m i h s d n if e h h c i h w n i s e c n a t s m u c ri c e h t n o d n a m s i n a g r o s i h f o n o it i d n o c e h t n o
d n a s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e b s n e p p a h t a h
W the society they ilve in i ssomehow
t o n o d a n e m o n e h p l a i c o s t a h t n o it n e m h c i h w s d r o w ) 9 6 9 1 ( s ’ n ir a h k u B n i d e t c e lf e r
f o n o it c i d a rt n o c t n e r e f fi d a s i y lt n e u q e r f t u b , s n o s r e p l a u d i v i d n i f o l li w e h t s s e r p x e
e r e h t h ti w , e c r o f y b t i r e v o l i a v e r p y e h t ;l li w s i h
t sutl t hat t he i ndividua lo tfen feel s
.s n o it c a s i h n o s e c r o f l a i c o s f o e r u s s e r p e h t
e k a m o t r e d r o n
I sociology speci ifc ,Kammeyer ,Rtizer ,and Yetmon (1994 )
fi s s a l
c y sociology into a tleas t if tfy speciailzaitons .One o fthem i ssociology o f
o i c o s s a d e ll a c y d u t s s i h t n i r o e r u tl u
c -cutlural .Thi ssocio-cutlura li sbased on the
a n i s e v il o h w n o s r e p e n o t a h t s n a e m t I . y ti n u x e l p m o c e h t n i h ti w p i h s n o it a l e r r e t n i
c n i a tr e
c ommuntiy wi ll i n lfuence other swhen t hey ilve i n a society t hat consist so f
e l p o e
p from manydfiferent r ace ,sr eilgions ,sexua lo irentaitons ,and cutlures .In t hi s
o i c o s s i h t , y d u t
9
a r a h
c cter sof thestoryandtheri r elaitonshipwtiht he societyo fAme ircancowboyin
.s 0 6 9 1 g n i m o y W
.
2 Sociologica lDescrip itono fAmericanCowboy
f o y r o t s e h
T Brokeback Mountain take splace in the middle o fAme ircan
n a c ir e m A y l e u q i n u e b o t d e v e il e b s i y o b w o c n a c ir e m A . h t y m y ti n il u c s a m y o b w o c
d e z il a e d i n a e m o c e b s a h y o b w o c n a c ir e m A , ) 0 0 0 2 ( d r a h c i R o t g n i d r o c c A . e r u tl u c
w o c n a c ir e m A e h T . y rl a v i h c f o n o it i d a rt e h t f o e v it a t n e s e r p e
r boy archetype i s
l a r u tl u c c it a m g i d a r a p s ’ n a c ir e m A n i s t n e m e l e c i n o m e g e h d n a l a c i g o l o e d i l a it n e s s e
. m s il a ti p a c d n a , m s il a ir t s u d n i , m s il a n o it a n d r a w o t s e v o m y rt n u o c e h t s a s tf i h s
e h t f o t l u s e r e h t s a s 0 6 8 1 n i n a g e b y r o t s i h y o b w o c n a c ir e m A f o g n i n n i g e b e h T
n
i vasiono fcatltei ndusrty .Ame ircancowboy sworka ssheepherderi nt hemountain ,
n e e b s a h y o b w o c n a c ir e m A . n o it i d n o c d e t a l o s i n i k r o w s u o d r a z a h h c u s e v a h d n a
fl e s f o n o it i d a rt e h t f o d e r b e h t r o f n w o n
k -dependence and i ndividuailsm .Suppo tred
0 2 ( s n r a e K y
b 12) ,he menitons tha tan Ame ircan cowboy ha ssome persisten t
e h t n I . d e t a l o s i d n a s r e k r o w d n a h , y l n a m , h g u o r , e n il u c s a m g n i e b f o s e p y t o e r e t s
e h t n I . e r u t c u rt s l a i c o s e h t n i w o l d e k n a r y ll a u s u e r a s y o b w o c n a c ir e m A , y t e i c o s
n n E , s r e t c a r a h c n i a m o w t e h t , y r o t
s i sde lMa rand Jack Twis taredepicted a sschoo l
p o r
d -out ,rough mannered ,and rough spoken ,suti sthe typica lo flow end society .
ll a n i k r o w n e tf o s y o b w o c n a c ir e m
A -male envrionment ,paritcula lryon catlted irves ,
i n g i s n e tf o n e m , t s e w r e it n o r f e h t n i d n
a ifcanltyoutnumberedwomen .A s tii sr elated
c n a c ir e m A , h t y m y ti n il u c s a m e h t o
10
d n a p i h s n o it a l e r l a u x e s o m o h s a d e r e d i s n o c e b l li w p i h s d n e ir f e s o l c d n a e t a m it n i n a m
c ir e m A f o s w e i v y n a m n I . d e h s i n u p y ll a i c o s e b l li
w an cowboy they are told to be
o s l a y e h t d n a h r e h t o e h t n o r e v e w o h , y r e v a r b d n a s k r o w d r a h r i e h t r o f s u o m a f
.l a c i s y h p d n a , d e r e p m e t d a b , d e r e n n a m h g u o r , e c n e l o i v f o l l u f g n i e b s a d e p y t o e r e t s
n o it n e m ) 2 1 0 2 ( s n r a e K r e h tr u
F s tha t the rtuth abou tthe rea l Ameircan
d i m e h t f o s y o b w o
c - ot -late nineteenth century i sa scomplex a sothe rhisto irca l
e h t d e v a r c l l A . s e g a d n a , s d e e r c , s e c a r f o e r u t x i m e h t e r a s y o b w o c l a e r e h T . s t c e j b o
. e fi l r e tt e b a : r o f g n i k o o l e r e w t s e w e m a c o h w s n a c ir e m A t s o m t a h t g n i h t e n o
s h g u o h tl
A ome cowboy sdo make a better l fie for t hemselves ,other so tfen fall i nto
e c n e t s i x e s u o u n e rt s , d r a h a e r u d n e , r e v e w o h , y ti r o j a m e h T . e m ir c d n a s s e n s s e l w a l
e h t s a d e w e i v s i y o b w o c n a c ir e m A e h t y a d o T . s e it i n u tr o p p o w e f d e d l e i y t a h t
g if n a c ir e m A l a it n e s s e t n i u
q uref romamythicpas.t
.
3 Sociologica lReviewo fHomosexualtiy
d r o w e h t e n if e d t s u m e w l l a f o t s ri f , y ti l a u x e s o m o h t u o b a g n i k l a t e r a e w n e h W
. y ti l a u x e s o m o h n o w e i v r e r a e l c d n a r e tt e b e h t t e g o t r e d r o n i y lr a e l c y ti l a u x e s o m o h
it n e m ) 4 9 9 1 ( h c ir n i e H d n a y a V e
L on tha thomosexualtiy i sthe existence o fsexua l
r e h t o d n a l a u d i v i d n i n a n e e w t e b y ti v it c a e t a m it n i y ll a ti n e g d n a , t s e r e t n i , n o it c a rt t a
n o it n e m s k o o r C . ) 1 9 2 : 8 9 1 ( s k o o r C y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI . r e d n e g e m a s e h t f o s r e b m e
m s
a u d i v i d n i n a s i n o s r e p l a u x e s o m o h a t a h
t lwhose p irmary eroitc ,psychological ,
t a h t h g u o h t n e v e , x e s e m a s e h t f o r e b m e m a n i s i t s e r e t n i l a i c o s d n a , l a n o it o m e
. d e s s e r p x e y lt r e v o e b t o n y a m t s e r e t n i
11
o t n o s r e p e n o f o n o i s s e r p x e c it o r e e h t h ti w d e m u s s a y ll a u s u s i y ti l a u x e s o m o H
n A . l u f n i s d n a e t a ir p o r p p a n i e b o t d e m u s s a d n a r e d n e g e m a s e h t h ti w n o s r e p r e h t o n a
r o f y a g r o l a u x e s o m o h d e ll a c s i s e it i v it c a l a u x e s o m o h n i d e v l o v n i s i o h w l a u d i v i d n i
e s o m o h e l a
m xua l and lesbian fo r female homosexual . The existence o f
y ti l a u x e s o m o
h can actually be found t hroughou tages ,cutlure sand t hrough out t he
. n r e d o m r o t n e i c n a , ll a m s r o e g r a l , e v it i m ir p r o d e c n a v d a w o h r e tt a m o n d lr o w
, y ti l a u x e s o m o h t u o b a g n i k l a t e r a e w f
I there wli lbe aquesiton t ha tcomes t o
r e h t o n a r e h tr u f n e h T . l a u x e s o m o h a e b n a c n o s r e p a w o h r o y h w t u o b a d n i m r u o
s r e h c r a e s e r y n a M . o o t l a u x e s o r e t e h a e b n a c n o s r e p a w o h t u o b a e m o c y a m n o it s e u q
n if n i s e h c r a e s e r y r a m ir p e m o s e n o d d a h s e g a e h t t u o h g u o r h
t ding out t he cause so f
e m o s h ti w p u e m o c y a m y e h t , e l p o e p e m o s r o f d n a , l a u d i v i d n i n a n i y ti l a u x e s o m o h
: 2 7 9 1 ( n a m e l o C . l a u d i v i d n i n a n i y ti l a u x e s o m o h f o s e s u a c e h t t u o b a s t c a f g n i s ir p r u s
o h f o e s u a c e h t n o s w e i v t n e r e f fi d o w t n e e b e v a h e r e h t t a h t s y a s ) 5 9
3 mosexual tiy .
l a u x e s e h t , y ll a c if i c e p S . s r o t c a f l a i c o s o h c y s p d n a ) l a c i g o l o i b ( l a n o it u ti t s n o c e r a y e h T
a s a a c ir e m A s ’ r e n r e L n i d e n o it n e m o s l a s i e l a m n a c ir e m A f o t n e m p o l e v e d
n a c ir e m A f o e s a c e h t n i t a h t ) 7 5 9 1 ( y e s n i K m o r f d e t o u q s i t i s a k o o b n o it a z il i v i C
male, t he sexual l fie pattern he i s ilkely t o follow i sse tdu irng hi sadolescence .Bu t
h c i h w n i m r o f e h t , d e n i m r e t e d y ll a c it e n e g e r u s a e m e g r a l n i s i n r e tt a p e fi l s i h t e li h w
.t n e m n o ri v n e l a i c o s d n a s s a l c y b d e p a h s s i fl e s ti s e s s e r p x e e v ir d l a u x e s e h t
s o m o
H exua lpeople usually ilve i n some smal lcommuni ite sand engaged i n
n o it n e m n a m e l o C . ) 3 9 3 : 3 7 9 1 ( n a m e l o C y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI . s e it i v it c a e t a v ir p e m o
s s
a y l n o d n a s e u q il c p i h s d n e ir f n i e c a l p e k a t e l p o e p l a u x e s o m o h f o s e it i v it c a t s o m t a h t
12
h e b e h t f o t r a p l l a m
s avior i svisible t o t he pubilc .Thi svisible patr i sfuncitoning a s
g n i n r a w d n a , d e g n a h c x e p i s s o g d n a s w e n , t e m e r a s d n e ir f n e h w s n o it u ti t s n i l a i c o s
. y c il o p l a c it il o p t n e r r u c t u o b a
n i a m e h t d n a y r o t s e h t n i s 0 6 9 1 g n i m o y W f o y t e i c o s e h t o t n o it a l e r n I
n o it n e m k o o b s i h n i ) 2 9 3 : 2 7 9 1 ( n a m e l o C , s r o i v a h e b l a u x e s o m o h ’ s r e t c a r a h
c s tha t
e k a m o t e v a h e l p o e p l a u x e s o m o H . s m e l b o r p m o r f e e r f t o n e r a e l p o e p l a u x e s o m o h
s ’ y t e i c o s f o e c a f e h t n i s t n e m t s u j d a l a i c o s l a r e n e g d n a , l a u x e s , l a n o it a p u c c o e t a u q e d a
p a s i d e r e v e
s prova land prejudice .Manyhomosexua lpeople ilve i n conitnua lfea ro f
e v a h y e h t l e e f y e h t h g u o h t n e v e e c a r g s i d l a i c o s d n a , t n e m y o l p m e f o s s o l , n o it c e t e d
e h t d n a , t n e m t s u j d a l a u x e s r i e h t f o r e tt a m e h t n i e l p o e p l a u x e s o r e t e h h ti w s t h g ir l a u q e
f m e h t f o t s e
r ee ltha tthei rsexua ldesrie sare wrong .I tlead sthem into a constan t
g n o l e b t o n s e o d d n a e n o l a s e v il n a m l a u x e s o m o h a n e h W . s e v l e s m e h t n i h ti w t c il f n o c
f l e s m i h h ti w r a w t a y ll a u n it n o c e b o t s d n e t e h , l a u x e s o m o h f o p u o r g d e z i n a g r o y n a o t
u c e s n i l e e f o t d n
a re ,apprehensive ,and l onely .However ,Crooks i n hi sbook (1983 :
3 9
2 -294 )menitons tha tanumbe rof r esearch studie so fothe rcutlure shave r evealed
d e t p e c c a y l e d i w n e e b s a h y ti l a u x e s o m o H . y ti l a u x e s o m o h f o e c n a t p e c c a d a e r p s e d i w
n I . s e r u tl u c r e il r a e y n a m n
i ancien tGreece ,homosexua lrelaitonship between men
s a e r e h w , e v o l f o n o i s s e r p x e l a u ti ri p s d n a l a u t c e ll e t n i r o ir e p u s e b o t d e v e il e b s a w
a d n a n e r d li h c f o s ti f e n e b c it a m g a r p e r o m e h t d e d i v o r p p i h s n o it a l e r l a u x e s o r e t e h
4 9 2 : 8 3 9 1 ( s k o o r C , r e v e w o H . ti n u y li m a
f -295 )alsomenitons thati nyear ,st herewere
d u ti tt a e s e h
t e stoward homosexua lpeople .People beilev e tha thomosexualtiy i s
, l u f n i s ,l a r o m m
i andmentally li.l
13
.
4 Society’ sConcep to fMascuilntiy
u c s a m e h t s a e m a s e h t y ll a u t c a s i y d u t s s i h t n i y ti n il u c s a m e h
T ilntiy in
. l a r e n e
g According to Lonne rand Malpas s(1994 :191-193 )in Psychology and
e r u tl u
C ,socio-cutlura lbackgroundbecomes t hebasico feachsocietyi n viewingand
m o r f n a m o w a d n a n a m a s w e i v y t e i c o s h c a E . n a m o w d n a n a m g n it a e rt n i o s l a
v e r o s u o ir a
v endfiferen tperspecitve .s Thisi ssuppo tredbyDubbe tr( 1979) .Hesay s
n e m o w s a t s u j , e l a m g n i e b t u o b a e u q it s y m a h ti w e l g g u rt s o t e v a h n e m n a c ir e m A t a h t
n I . e l a m e f e b o t s n a e m t i t a h w t u o b a s n o it p m u s s a n i a tr e c h ti w d n e t n o c o t e v a h
m a , s 0 6 9 1 g n i m o y
W a on rspeci ifcally a cowboy viewed a sbeing srtong and
d n a l u f r e w o p s a d e b ir c s e d s i e n il u c s a m , ) 4 5 : 4 9 9 1 ( n a m r u B o t g n i d r o c c A . e n il u c s a m
n a c ir e m A n i y ll a r u tl u C . e l a m e f m o r f r e t c a r a h c t n e r e f fi d s a h t a h t n o s r e p g n o rt s
s a m h ti w d e t a u q e s i y ti r u t a m , e r u tl u c y o b w o
c cuilntiy,i tshows t ha tevery mascuilne
d n a g n o rt s g n i e b s a h c u s l a r e n e g n i n a m a s a s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e v a h t s u m r e t c a r a h c
s r e t c a r a h c e l a m e f m o r f s r e f fi d t i d n a , e v it c e t o r
p whicharesof tandl oveable.Dubber t
d n a t s c il b u p e R n a c ir e m A e h t t a h t s d d a ) 9 7 9 1
( sbefore the wo lrd a sthe supreme
. e c r o f e n il u c s a m f o n o i s s e r p x e
k o o b s i h n i , e n y a P y b d e tr o p p u s o s l a s i t
I A Dicitonary o fCutlura land
y r o e h T l a c it i r
C (p.336) .Payne states tha tmascuilntiyi sde ifned i den it ifable set so f
n e m p e e k o t e v r e s t a h t t n e m tr o p m o c y li d o b f o s e l y t s d n a , h c e e p s f o s m r o f ,r o i v a h e b
, e v a h e b o t d e w e i v s i y o b w o c n a c ir e m A , y r o t s e h t n I . y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p a n i t n a n i m o d
e d r o n i e n il u c s a m y r e v t c a d n a , k a e p
s rt omaintaint heris ocia lilvesi nt hes ociety .On
n o it n e m ) 2 6 7 : 8 8 9 1 ( y b o c c a M , d n a h r e h t o e h
14
s d r o w e l a m e f d n a e l a m e s e h T . y ti n il u c s a m o t n o it a l e r n i e l a m e f d n a e l a m f o t p e c n o c
.s e c n e r e f fi d l a c i g o l o i b o t d e t a l e r e r
a Therefore ,the concep to fmascuilntiy and
n i h c r a e s e r e h t y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI . y g o l o i b o t d e t a l e r y l e s o l c s s e l h c u m e r a y ti n i m e f
. s s a p l a M d n a r e n n o L n i t s e B d n a s m a il li W y b d lr o w e h t d n u o r a s e ir t n u o c 0 3 y lr a e n
h s e g a p t x e n e h t n o d n a w o l e b s e l b a t o w t e s e h
T ow 100 adjecitve sassociated wtih
. n e m o w d n a n e m
n e M h ti w d e t a i c o s s A s e v it c e j d A e l a M e
v it c A
s u o r u t n e v d A
e v i s s e r g g A
t n a g o r r A
c it a r c o t u A
y s s o B
e l b a p a C
e s r a o C
d e ti e c n o C
t n e d if n o C
s u o e g a r u o C
l e u r C
l a c i n y C
d e n i m r e t e D
y lr e d r o s i D
g n i s ir p r e t n E
y d e e r G
d e d a e h d r a H
s u o r o m u H
t n e r e f fi d n I
c it s il a u d i v i d n I
e v it a it i n I
e d i w t s e r e t n I
e v it n e v n I
y z a L
d u o L
s u o i x o n b O
c it s i n u tr o p p O
g n i k e e s e r u s a e l P
e s i c e r P
e v i s s e r g o r P
k c i u Q
l a n o it a R
c it s il a e R
s s e l k c e R
l u f e c r u o s e R
d i g i R
t s u b o R
s u o ir e S
p r a h
S -witted f f o w o h S
y d a e t S
n r e t S
y g n it S
d il o t S
h g u o T
y l d n e ir f n U
s u o l u p u r c s n U
y tt i W
n e m o W h ti w d e t a i c o s s A s e v it c e j d A e l a m e F d
e t c e f f A
e t a n o it c e f f A
e v it a i c e r p p A
s u o it u a C
e l b a e g n a h C
g n i m r a h C
g n i n i a l p m o C
d e t a c il p m o C
d e s u f n o C
s u o ir u C
t n e d n e p e D
y m a e r D
l a n o it o m E
e l b a ti c x E
tl u a
F - ifnding l u f r a e F
e l k c i F
h s il o o F
g n i v i g r o F
s u o l o v ir F
y s s u F
e lt n e G
e v it a n i g a m I
d n i K
d li M
t s e d o M
s u o v r e N
t n e it a P
t n a s a e l P
h s i d u r P
g n i y ti p f l e S
e v it i s n e S
l a t n e m it n e S
y x e S
y h S
d e tr a e h t f o S
d e t a c it s i h p o S
e v i s s i m b u S
e l b it s e g g u S
e v it a k l a T
d i m i T
y h c u o T
s u o it i b m a n U
t n e g il l e t n i n U
e l b a t s n U
m r a W
k a e W
g n i y r r o W
g n i d n a t s r e d n U
s u o it it s r e p u S
15
e h t r e v o l l a n e m o w d n a n e m o t d e t a i c o s s a s e v it c e j d a w o h s s e l b a t s u o i v e r p e h T
d e t a l o i v g n i e b e r a s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e n il u c s a m h c i h w g n i z y l a n a n i l u f p l e h e b l li w d lr o w
e i n n A n i y o b w o C n a c ir e m A f o h t y m y ti n il u c s a m f o n o it a l o i v e h t o t n o it a l e r n i
s ’ x l u o r
P Brokeback Mountain . Refer irng to the tables ,according to Wardaugh
r e h n o n a m o w a s a e r e h w s e o d e h t a h w n o n a m a e g d u j o t s d n e t y t e i c o s , ) 6 8 9 1 (
e v il n e m o w d n a n e m y a w e h t s t c e f f e d n a s t c e lf e r n o it a t c e p x e l a i c o s s i h T . e c n a r a e p p a
t a h t d n a , y t e i c o s e h t n i s e v il r i e h
t include sadjusitng thei rsexua lo irentaiton fo r
n e e b e v a h n e m y ll a n o it i d a rt , ) 9 1 : 8 8 9 1 ( n o s l e N y b d e tr o p p u S . e l p o e p l a u x e s o m o h
l a o g , l a t n e m u rt s n i , g n o rt s y ll a c i s y h p e b o t d e t c e p x
e -o irented o r focusing on
l a n o s r e p r e t n i d n a l a n o it o m e n i g n i k c a l , t n e m e v e i h c
a skill ,and having dominan t
d d a ) 9 1 : 8 8 9 1 ( n o s l e N . n e m o w h ti w n o it a l e r n i r e n n a
m s tha t the society’ s
o w t t s a e l t a l li t s e r a e r e h t t u b s e m it e h t t u o h g u o r h t d e g n a h c e b t h g i m s n o it a t c e p x e
F . y t e i c o s t s o m n i e g n a h c o t t n a t s i s e r e b o t y c n e d n e t e v a h h c i h w s g n i h
t ris ti stha t
fl e s d n a h tr o w s ’ n a m f o n o ir e ti r c y r a m ir p e h t s a n e e s l li t s s i k r o
w -esteem ,andsecond
. n o i s s e r p x e l a n o it o m e s ’ n e m n o n o it c ir t s e r e h t s i
n i p i h s n o it a l e r l a u x e s o m o h e h t t u o b a g n i k l a
T Brokeback Mountain between
s a g n u J , s r e t c a r a h c n i a m o w t e h
t quotedi nSanfordandLough( 1988 )sayst ha tonei s
t e g o t s r e h t o s d e e n e n o t a h t d n a , y ti l a n o s r e p n w o s ’ e n o e m o s t u o b a k r a d e h t n i s y a w l a
e n o w o n k o
t -sefl .Basedont hequote Icandrawameaningt ha twtihoutr elaitonship ,
e m o c e b r o n w o n k r e h ti e n n a c n a m
a himsefl . In heterosexua lrelaitonship fo r
t u o b a n r a e l o t y ti n u tr o p p o n a m i h s e v i g n a m o w a h ti w p i h s n o it a l e r s ’ n a m a , e l p m a x e
16
o s l a t i t u b , fl e s m i h s w o n k y d o b e m o s s p l e h y l
