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T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ……….. i
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ……… ii
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ……….. i ii
T N E M E T A T
S PAGE………. .. i v Y
T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ……….... v
O T T O
M PAGE... v i E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ……… v ii
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ………... v iii
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ………... xi
S N O I T A I V E R B B A D N A , S T R A H C , S E L B A T F O T S I
L ……….. ix
T C A R T S B
A ……… x ii
K A R T S B
A ………... x iii N
O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ……….. 1
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy……….. 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton……… 5 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy………... 5 .
D Deifniitono fTerms……….. 6 W
E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ………. 7
.
A ReviewonRelatedStudies………... 7 .
B ReviewonRelatedTheo ires………. 11 .
1 Theoryo fTranslaitonandAccuracy……….……….... 11 .
2 Theoryo fReadablitiy………... 41 .
3 Theoryo fLanguageandGender………... 17 .
4 Theoryo fTranslaitonCompetence………... 2 0 .
5 Theoryo fPlo tandConfilct………... 27 .
C Theoreitca lFramework………. 72 Y
G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ... 29 .
A Objec toft heStudy………... 29 .
B Methodoft heStudy………... 3 0 .
C ResearchProcedures………. 31 .
1 Kind so fData………. 31 .
2 DataCo lleciton……….. 33 .
3 PopulaitonandSample……….. 35 .
4 DataT irangulaiton……… 35 .
5 DataAnalysis………. 37 .
x R
E T P A H
C IV :ANALYSIS………... 14 .
A Analysi sonAccuracy………... 14 .
1 TheTranslaitonAccuracyoft heWomanTranslator…………. 14 .
2 TheTranslaitonAccuracyoft heManTranslator……….. 54 .
B Analysi sonReadablitiy……….... 67 .
1 TheTranslaitonReadablitiyoft heWomanTranslator………. 67 .
2 TheTranslaitonReadablitiyoft heManTranslator………….. 8 0 .
C Analysi sont heI n lfuenceo fTranslator’ sGender……… 09 .
1 TheI n lfuenceoft heWomanTranslator………. 19 .
2 TheI n lfuenceoft heManTranslator……….. 01 2 N
O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ………. 1 2 1
Y H P A R G O I L B I
B ………... 11 6 S
E C I D N E P P
A ………. 1 02 .. .. .. . … … … … … … … … … … e ri a n n o it s e u Q y c a r u c c A : 1 x i d n e p p
A 1 02
y ti li b a d a e R : 2 x i d n e p p
A Quesitonnarie………. .. 1 9 2 n
a m o W e h t f o y c a r u c c A ( n o it a l u b a T f o a t a D : 3 x i d n e p p
A ’ s
n o it a l s n a r
T ………. 3.. 1 4 n
a M e h t f o y c a r u c c A ( n o it a l u b a T f o a t a D : 4 x i d n e p p
A ’ s
… ) n o it a l s n a r
T ………... 31 5 n
o it a l u b a T f o a t a D : 5 x i d n e p p
A (Readablitiyoft heWoman’ s …
… … ) n o it a l s n a r
T ……….... 3.. 1 6 n
a M e h t f o y ti li b a d a e R ( n o it a l u b a T f o a t a D : 6 x i d n e p p
A ’ s
… … … ) n o it a l s n a r
T ……….... 3.. 1 7 …
… … … … … s r o t a l s n a r T n a M e h t f o n o it a l s n a r T : 7 x i d n e p p
A ….. 3 1 8
… … … … .s r o t a l s n a r T n a M e h t f o e a ti V m u l u c ir r u C : 8 x i d n e p p
A . 8.. 1 4
i x
S N O I T A I V E R B B A D N A , S T R A H C , S E L B A T F O T S I L
S E L B A T F O T S I L
1 e l b a
T :AccuracyI ndicator……….. 1 3 1
. 1 e l b a
T :Accuracy’ sScoreCategory……….. 31 2
e l b a
T :ReadablitiyIndicator……… 51 1
. 2 e l b a
T :Readablitiy’ sScoreCategory………. 1 6 :
3 e l b a
T The Tendencie so fthe Woman and the Man r
o t a l s n a r
T 1 09
S T R A H C F O T S I L
e c n e t e p m o C n o it a l s n a r T : 1 t r a h
C 2 2
n a m o W e h t f o y c a r u c c A n o t n e m s s e s s A :. 1 . 1 t r a h C
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 53
n a m o W e h t f o n o it a c if i s s a l C y c a r u c c A :. 2 . 1 t r a h C
. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … r o t a l s n a r
T 54
n a M e h t f o y c a r u c c A n o t n e m s s e s s A :. 1 . 2 t r a h C
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . … … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 66
a r u c c A :. 2 . 2 t r a h
C cyClassi ifcaitonoft heMan
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . … … … … … r o t a l s n a r
T 67
s ’ n a m o W e h t f o y ti li b a d a e R n o t n e m s s e s s A :. 1 . 3 t r a h C
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 78
s ’ n a m o W e h t f o n o it a c if i s s a l C y ti li b a d a e R :. 2 . 3 t r a h C
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 79
s ’ n a M e h t f o y ti li b a d a e R n o t n e m s s e s s A :. 1 . 4 t r a h C
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 89
s ’ n a M e h t f o n o it a c if i s s a l C y ti li b a d a e R :. 2 . 4 t r a h C
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . … … … n o it a l s n a r
T 9 0
T S I
L OFABBREVIATIONS T
S :SourceText T
T :Targe tText T
P :Professiona lTranslator E
L :Linguisitc sExpetr S
L :LtieraryStudent 1
S
R :Responden tStuden t1 2
S
R :Responden tStuden t2 1
H
R :Responden tHighSchoo l1 2
H
R :Responden tHighSchoo l2 3
H
R :Responden tHighSchoo l3 4
H
R :Responden tHighSchoo l4 S
A :AverageScore ’
X :Average
ii & n
ii
& n & n
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
s e ir r a c t I . e g a u g n a l s i s g n i e b n a m u h m o r f d e t a r a p e s e b t o n n a c t a h t g n i h t e n O
n
a impo tran trole in human lfie because language i sused fo rcommunicaiton .
s r e h t o h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t s d e e n g n i e b n a m u h y r e v
E using language .People
; s y a w s u o ir a v n i e t a c i n u m m o
c they can be driec tcommunicaiton using verba l
,s n o it a s r e v n o c d n a s e c n a r e tt u s a h c u s e g a u g n a
l or i ndriec tcommunicaiton using
n o
n -verba llanguagesuch a ssymbols ,pictures ,a end g stures .Language can oa ls
t x e t n e tt ir w n i n o it a c i n u m m o c r o f d e s u e
b s ,such a smagazines ,newspapers ,
, s k o o
b and novels .The meaning sand message so fthe conten to fspoken and
s t x e t n e tt ir
w canbedeilveredt hroughl anguage.
l l e w d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c s e g a s s e m d n a s g n i n a e m e h t ,s e d i s e
B i fpeopleknow
r e k a e p s e h t t a h w w o n k t o n l li w e l p o e P . d e s u e g a u g n a l e h
t i stalking abou t fit hey
r o e g d e l w o n k e v a h t o n o
d unable to understand the language o fthe speaker .
e g a u g n a l y n a m o s e r a e r e h T . e g a u g n a l e m a s e h t n i k a e p s e l p o e p l l a t o n , r e v e w o
H s
, n e v e , d n a d lr o w e h t n
i aregion ha ssome l anguages .There arepeoplewho can
e n o n a h t e r o m k a e p
s language (thei rmothe rtongue )bu tthere are stli lmany
e u g n o t r e h t o m r i e h t y l n o k a e p s n a c o h w e l p o e
p s andtheydono tknowt hef oreign
e g a u g n a
l s .
l p o e p f
I edo no tknowt hel anguageused f o rcommunicaiton ,automaitcally
n e e w t e b g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m e b l li w e r e h t d n a l l e w n u r t o n s e o d n o it a c i n u m m o c e h t
2
s r e k a e p s e h
t and the hearers ,o rthe wrtier sand the readers .Therefore ,people
a l n g i e r o f e h t r e f s n a rt o t n i g e
b nguagei ntot hei rownlanguage t(hemothert ongue )
. n o it a l s n a rt d e ll a c s i ti d n a , ll e w d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c t i t a h t o
s Accordingt oBelli n
e c it c a r P d n a y r o e h T : g n it a l s n a r T d n a n o it a l s n a r
T :
e g a u g n a l t e g r a t r o ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a n i n o i s s e r p x e e h t s i n o it a l s n a r
T )o f
n a m e s g n i v r e s e r p , e g a u g n a l e c r u o s , r e h t o n a n i d e s s e r p x e n e e b s a h t a h
w itc
s e c n e l a v i u q e c it s il y t s d n
a (Bell ,1991 :5).
o t g n i d r o c c
A Nida and Tabe rin The Theory and Pracitce o fTranslaiton,
q e l a r u t a n t s e s o l c e h t n i n o it c u d o r p e r e h t s i n o it a l s n a
rt uivalen tmessage o fthe
a l t e g r a t e h t d n a e g a u g n a l e c r u o
s nguagei nt hemeaningands tyle(1974:208).
, e r o f e r e h
T the meaning o fthe text should be a sclose a spossible to the
T . t x e t e c r u o
s he tex t tha t i s rtanslated into anothe r language should have
l a v i u q
e ence o f both meaning s and message s so tha t there are no
.s n o it a t e r p r e t n i s i m d n a s g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i
m
rt e b d l u o h s t x e t
A anslated a saccurateand readable. However ,accuratei s
. e l b a d a e r d n a e t a r u c c a h t o b e b d l u o h s n o it a l s n a rt d o o g A . e l b a d a e r s y a w l a t o n
. t x e t e c r u o s e h t o t d e r a p m o c t x e t n o it a l s n a rt e h t e t a r u c c a w o h s e e s y c a r u c c
A I tha s
d n a t x e t t e g r a t f o s e g a s s e m d n a s g n i n a e m e m a s e h t f o e c n e l a v i u q e e v a h o
t source
r e li h W . )t x e t e h t f o s a e d i e t e l p m o c e h t( t x e
t eadablitiy see s“how naturally and
d a e r e b n a c n o it a l s n a rt a y li s a
e . ” (http://bible-transla iton.110mb.com/gloss .rhtm . 1
2 r e b o t c O n o d e v e ir t e
R ,2011). The reader sread t het ex tand gett he meaning s
. e l b a d n a t s r e d n u d n a d a e r o t y s a e s i t x e t n o it a l s n a rt e h t fi s e g a s s e m d n
a Readablitiy
s
3
. t o n r o t x e t e h t d n a t s r e d n u n a c s r e d a e r e h t r e h t e h w , t x e t e h
t A rtanslaitont ex tcan
. e l b a d n a t s r e d n u d n a t c e r r o c s i s d r o w f o e c i o h c e h t fi l l e w d o o t s r e d n u e b o s l a
e l p m a x
E :
T
S :Il ef tmyumbrellaa thome. 1
T
T :Sayameninggalkanpayungs ayadir umah. 2
T
T : Payungs ayat eritngga ldir umah.(Purtanit ,2007 :112)
f o m r e t n i e t a r u c c a s i 1 T T e h
T deilvering the meaning o fST (word- rf -o
) n o it a l s n a rt d r o
w ,bu ti tdoe sno tsound natural .However ,i ti sno tapprop irate
. t x e t n o c e h t h ti
w The ST refer s to the aciton tha t i s done unintenitonally .
f o g n i n a e m l a u t c a e h t y e v n o c o t e l b a d a e r d n a e t a r u c c a e r o m s i 2 T T e h t , e r o f e r e h T
. T S e h t
e m o s t a h t n o it p m u s s a n a s i e r e h t ,r e v e w o
H one’ sgenderi n lfuence swha the
r
o she thinks , says , and does , including the use o f language . Women are
s a d e r e d i s n o
c one swho o tfen usefeeilng t han l ogic ,whliemen uselogic .In t he
t a h t n o it p m u s s a n a o s l a s i e r e h t , e g a u g n a l g n i s u f o m r e
t men and women eu s
. g n i h t e m o s y a s o t e g a u g n a l t n e r e f fi
d Women are considered to use indriec t
e g a u g n a
l and men use driec tlanguage ,atlhough ,actually they refe rto say the
n i e r a e l p o e p f i , e l p m a x e n a s A . g n i h t e m a
s adiningt able ,awoman as y W,s“ ould
t g n i s s a p o t d n i m u o
y hesatl ,please? ”in ordert oasksomeonet opasst hesatlt o
r e
h . A m yan s s a drieclty to the poin t “Pas s the satl , please”. (Ecker t and
ll e n n o C c
M -Ginet ,2003 :188 .)
d e s u e s u o h g n i h s il b u p a m a t U a k a t s u P a i d e m a r G n i r o ti d e r o i n e s a , s e d i s e B
e s n e s e c n e r e f fi d s i e r e h t t a h t e t a t s o
t i fcetrain genreo fnovelsi s rtanslated by a
d e t a l s n a rt s i t a h t l e v o n y r o t s e v o l a , e l p m a x e n a s A . r o t a l s n a rt n a m o w a d n a n a m
4
a l s n a rt n a m a y
b tor i sfel t irgid and t heromanitc sense i sno tsrtongly fetl . tI i s
s i e g a u g n a l e h T . n a m o w a y b d e t a l s n a rt s i t a h t l e v o n y r o t s e v o l e h t m o r f t n e r e f fi d
.t l e f y l g n o rt s e b n a c e s n e s c it n a m o r e h t d n a h t o o m s
s i h t , n o it p m u s s a s i h t o t d e t a l e
R research wli l ifnd ou t the relaiton o f
r o t a l s n a
rt ’ sgende ri n rtanslaiton aspect ,especiallyaccuracy andr eadablitiy since
n o it a l s n a
rt canno tbedetachedf romlanguageuse .
f o n o it a l s n a rt e h t s i w o l e b e l p m a x e e h
T Percy Jackson &The Olympians :
: s r e t s n o M f o a e S e h T
T
S :“Poseidon won’ tcurse me,” Isaid ,backing up a sthe y a l p t ’ n o w e H . o o t , n o s s i h m ’I “ . ri a d e b b a r g s p o l c y C
( ” .s e ti r o v a
f p .227) 9
3 / R U N / T
T :“Poseidon nggak akan mengutukku,”kataku ,melangkah a y n k a n a u k A “ . a r a d u h u k g n e r e m u ti s p o l c y C t a a s r u d n u m
a i d , a g u
j nggakakanpiilhkasih.”( p .297) G
A / T
T /39 : “Poseidon takkan mengutukku", kataku sambi l a s i b a y n a h n u p s p o l c y C g n a S . r u d n u m h a k g n a l e m
. a y n k a n a a g u j u k A " . n i g n a p a k g n a n e
m Poseidon takkan
h il i m e
m -miilh.”
e l p m a x e e h
T s above ea r rtanslatedbydfiferen trtanslators .Fromaccuracypoin to f
, w e i
v theTT/NUR/39i saccurate ,bu tfrom readablitiy perhap sno tal lreader sge t f
o t n i o p e h
t merengkuh udara. Some reader smigh tbe wondeirng wha tthe
f o g n i n a e
m merengkuh udara .si T his research compares the rtanslaiton o fthe
n a m d n a n a m o
w rtanslator .The TT/AG/39i saccurateand readablesincet he t ex t e
h T . ll e w d e r e v il e d s i T S f o a e d i e h t d n a d a e r o t y s a e s
i man rtanslatorsmayuse
n o i s s e r p x e d n a s n o it c i d t n e r e f fi
d s ,andi twli lbeanalyzedwhethert he translator’ s
s e c n e u lf n i r e d n e
g the rtanslaiton ,especiallyint ermo faccuracyandr eadabil tiy.
d n a e z y l a n a o
T to asses sthe accuracy and readablitiy o fa tex trelated to
e z y l a n a e b o t e c r u o s a d e d e e n s i ti e s r u o c f o , r e d n e g s ’ r o t a l s n a
rt d and assessed .
5
s i h
T research eu s s Rick Riordan’ sPercyJackson & The Olympians :TheSea o f
.s r e t s n o
M tIi schosen becausei ti san adventure fantasy nove land ful lof t ense
. s n o it c
a PercyJackson&TheOlympians :TheSeao fMonsters si es ir esnove land
n
o e o fthe mos tpopula rnovels .I ti salso a best-selle rnove land ha sso many
. s r e g a n e e t e h t y ll a i c e p s e , s r e d a e
r The nove l ha s been rtanslated into some
g n i d u l c n i ,s e g a u g n a
l Bahasa Indonesia .Thenove lused i n t hi sresearch ah s been
a y b d e t a l s n a
rt woman rtanslator ,Nurain iMastura .I twli lbe seen whethe rthe
d e t a l s n a rt s i l e v o
n a saccurate and readable related to the rtanslator’ s gende ro r
, t o
n fromt hewoman rtanslato randman rtanslator sassigned.
.
B ProblemFormula iton t
e r a e r e h
T h reeproblemst ha twillbef ocusedi n t hi sresearchand f ormulated
: s w o ll o f s a
.
1 How accurate i sthe rtanslaiton o fconfilc tpar tin Percy Jackson & The
s r e t s n o M f o a e S e h T : s n a i p m y l
O fromt hewomanandt heman rtanslator?
.
2 How readable i sthe rtanslaiton o fconfilc tpar tin Percy Jackson & The
s r e t s n o M f o a e S e h T : s n a i p m y l
O fromthewomanandt heman rtanslator?
.
3 How doe s rtanslato 'r sgenderin lfuencethe rtanslaiton o fconfilc tpatri nPercy
s r e t s n o M f o a e S e h T : s n a i p m y l O e h T & n o s k c a
J ?
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy s
i h
T research hast h reeaims;f ris,t t o assesstheaccuracy f rom sourcet extt o
c f o t x e t t e g r a
6
r o t a l s n a
rt .Thesecondaimi st o assessther eadablitiy o fconfilctp s atr rtanslaiton
m o r
f the woman and the man rtanslator, and the las taim i sto ifnd ou tthe
o t d e t a l e r n o it a l s n a rt e h t f o y ti li b a d a e r d n a y c a r u c c
a thei n lfuence o f rtanslator’ s
.r e d n e g
.
D De ifniitono fTerms
e c r u o s o t d e r a p m o c s i t a h t t x e t t e g r a t f o n o it a l s n a rt e h t e e s o t s m i a y c a r u c c A
y c a r u c c A . t x e
t relatest o t heequivalencemeaning i n at argett ex.t I tshould give
u o s e h t f o e g a s s e m e t e l p m o c e h t r e v il e d d n a a e d i e t e l p m o c e h
t rcet ex.t( Tylteri n
: 7 9 9 1 , ll e
B 01 - )1 1
y ti li b a d a e
R referst ohoweasliyand naturally at ex tcan ber ead .I tseest he
n I .s r e d a e r e h t r o f e l b a d a e r d n a e l b a d n a t s r e d n u s i t a h t t x e t t e g r a t e h t f o s s e n l a r u t a n
d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c t x e t n o it a l s n a rt a y li s a e w o h n o s e s u c o f y ti li b a d a e r ,s d r o w r e h t o
1 6 : 9 9 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( .l l e
w - 36 ,rtanslated)
t f o t u o s w o r g t a h t e l g g u rt s e h t s i t c il f n o
C heinterplay oft het wo opposing
e h t n i s e c r o
f plo.tI tprovidesi nteres,ts uspense ,andt ensionoft her eaders . tIi st he
t s i n o g a t o r p n e h w t r a p a s i t c il f n o C . y r o t s e h t f o t o l p f o t r a
p s ifght agains t
. s r e t c a r a h c t s i n o g a t n
a (HolmanandHarmon ,1986 :107)
Gende ri srelated to socia lconsrtuciton o fpeople’ sroles ,acitviites ,and
s r o i v a h e
b ,o fman and woman .I ti ssomething t ha ti srelated t o wha twe do and
m r o f r e
p ,no tsomething we have a swe are born wtih .(Ecker tand McConnell
-) 0 1 : 3 0 0 2 , t e n i G
7
8
.
2 Transla itng The Sisters and Happy Endings :a Proposa lo fa Mode lo f T
d n a e g a u g n a L s ' n e m o W n o n o i s s u c s i D a d n a n o it a l s n a r
T ransla iton by
z e r é P a d a z l a C a í r a M
s ’ z e r é
P study on Ap ir l2001discussed women’sl anguageand rtanslaiton .
z e r é
P gaveexample swhenshe rtanslatedashor tstoryfromEngilshi nto Spanish :
d a
m sa e scapa zde todo itpo de locura .s eS h said tha ti t“sounded natura lin
h s il g n E e h t s e c a l p d n a y a w e m a s e h t n i , n o r e t a l d e t a e p e r e b d l u o c t i d n a h s i n a p S
s e s
u mad” . Shealso someitmest ired t o ifnd othe rwordst ha tsemanitcally irche r s
i c e d e h t , s e m it e m o S . c it e o p e r o m d n
a ion o f rtanslaiton word sdepended on a
s a , e c n e r e f e r p l a n o s r e
p Pérez did when rtanslated The Sister ,she stated “i ti s it
i d a rt e b ir c s e d o t tl u c if fi
d ona lwomens'l anguageandespeciallyt odfiferenitatei t
. ” n e m f o t a h t m o r f
z e r é
P stated i n he rw iritng t hatt here wa sRobin T .Lakoff ,aschola rw ho
) e l y t s s ’ n e m o w d n a s ’ n e m ( r e d n e g d n a e g a u g n a l t u o b a e ti r
w .He stated tha t
e w s e g a u g n a l s' n e m o
w rebasedonlexica lrtatis:
.
1 weake rexpleitvest hanmen .
2 as pecia lvocabularyr eferirngt ot her ealtiyt hats urround sus .
3 morei ntensiiferst han men ,which may r angef romadverb s ilke"such" e v it i s o p e u g a v a t u b l l a f o d i o v e d m e e s t a h t s e v it c e j d a o t " y r e v " r o
e s e v it o m
e nse( "divine,"" magni ifcent"..). .
4 topicst ha tareconsideredt irvial .
5 mos t impo tranlty o f all , rtadiitona l women' s speech i s ful l o f s
m r o f e ti l o p d n a c it s i m e h p u e .
6 "hedges"ort entaitvel anguage. (Lakoff ,1975i nPérez)
9
.
3 The E ffec t o f the Translator' sGender on Transla iton Evalua iton by r
a h a b a h C . r a v a l o G m i h a r b
E Mari itmeUniverstiy ,ChabaharI ran.
a v a l o
G r’ sstudy on Ap ir l2011 focused on the relaitonship between the
r o t a u l a v e e h t f o r e d n e g e h t d n a r o t a l s n a rt a f o r e d n e
g s oft he rtanslated work .He
d e z i s e h t o p y
h thati fa man evaluated a rtanslated t ex tdone by both aman and a
d n a r e d n e g e m a s e h t f o n o it a l s n a rt e h t e s o o h c y l s u o i c s n o c n u d l u o w e h , n a m o w
. a s r e v e c i v
t o u q e h , g n it ir w s i h n
I edf romMark( 2007)t ha twomenweremoresensiitve
s s e r p x e n e m o w d n a , n e m n a h
t e d thei remoiton smorereadliy and expeirenced i t
a w e r e h T . n e m n e h t r e t a e r
g sar elaitonshipbetween t hegende ro fa rtanslato rand
r o t a u l a v e e h t f o r e d n e g e h
t s fo t hework.
t o p y h s i h r o f h c r a e s e r a g n i o d r e tf
A hesis ,he concluded t hat t here wa sno t
n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e
r thegende ro fa rtanslato rand t heevaluator soft hework o f
r o t a l s n a rt e h
t . I tmeanttha thi shypothesi sproposed i n t hebeginning wa swrong .
<h ttp://www.rtanslaitonjourna.lnetj/ourna/l48gende .rhtm> (Octobe r20 ,2011).
.
4 'Speaking in the Feminine' : Considera iton s for Gender-Sensiitve n
o it a l s n a r
T byKateJames
r e d n e g d e s s u c s i d y d u t s e h
T -sensiitve impilcaiton s fo r rtanslaitng
e h t a p it n a y ll a c i g o l o e d
i itc o rantagonisitc texts .Jame s stated tha tthe women
s r o t a l s n a
rt ufo nd dfiifculitest o ifnd “a sutiable rtanslaiton srtategy t o rendert he
l b a t p e c c a y ll a r o m g n i e b t s li h w T S e h t f o e n o
0 1
a C m o r f d e t o u q o s l a e h
S roleMaie rtha ta rtanslato rhad to give voiceand open
.s e v it c e p s r e
p A rtanslato rgavehi so rhe rpoin to fviewoft he rtanslatedt ext .s
d n a e g a u g n a l h g u o r h t s g n il e e f r e h s s e r p x e o t d r a h t l e f n e m o w , s e m it e m o S
o s l a s e m a J .s ri e h t s s e r p x e o t n e m y b e d a m e b d l u o h s y e h
t statedt ha:t
e h t h g u o r h t n e e s e b n a c s a , r o t a l s n a rt e l a m e f a f o w e i v f o t n i o p e h t m o r F
e r è i n i b t o L e d f o t n e m t n e t n o c s i
d -Harwood ,f'orced by..[.her ]profession t o m e e s d e e d n i y a m n o i s s e r p p o f o n o it o n e h t ,' r u e y o v e l a m f o e l o r e h t y a l p
e c u d n i o t g n it c a , t a e r
g feministi ntervenitonists rtategiesi n rtanslatedt ext .s
e s u s r o t a l s n a rt t s i n i m e f e m o
S d thei rrtanslaiton sa s“themediato rbyconcenrtaitng
e k a m o t r e d r o n i t x e t e h t n i e n e v r e t n i o t y g o l o e d i t s i n i m e f f o n o i s s i m s n a rt e h t n o
s e c n e r e f fi d r o f p
u betweenl anguage sand cutlures”. T t he ranslaitoncouldbeused
w o h s o
t and t o expressfeminism ,especially those t ha twer e used by afeminist .
<h ttp://www.rtanslaitonjourna.lnetj/ourna/l56feminine.htm>(Octobe r20 ,2011 .)
t n e r e f fi d s i h c r a e s e r s i h
T from those previou sstudie sabove .Nababan’ s
. n o it a l s n a rt y ti l a u q h g i h e c u d o r p o t d n u o r g k c a b s ’ r o t a l s n a rt e h t n o d e s u c o f y d u t s
z e r é
P ’ sstudyfocusedonwomen’sl anguagei n rtanslaitonandt hechoiceo fword s
e r e
w based on t he rtanslator’ sgender ,a swha tshe did i n rtanslaitng The Sister . f
n i e h t n o y d u t s s i h d e s u c o f r a v a l o
G luenceo frtanslator’ sgendert o the rtanslaiton
d e t a t s e H . n o it a u l a v
e t hat therewa sno relaiton between rtanslator’ sgende rand
. n o it a l s n a rt f o k r o w e h t g n it a u l a v e n e h w r e d n e g s ’ r o t a u l a v
e Wh lieJamesf ocused
a g n it a l s n a rt n e h w s d r o w e l b a ti u s e h t d n if o t s e it l u c if fi d d n a s g n il e e f s ’ n e m o w n o
i d s i h c r a e s e r s i h t ,r e v e w o H . k r o
w fferentf romt hoses incet hisr esearchf ocuse son
e h
1 1
s e i r o e h T d e t a l e R n o w e i v e R . B
.
1 Theoryo fTransla itonandAccuracy o
t g n i d r o c c
A Translaiton and Translaitng :Theory and Pracitce (Bell , 1
9 9
1 :5) , rtanslaiton i s“the expression in targe tlanguage o fwha tha sbeen
t n a m e s g n i v r e s e r p , e g a u g n a l e c r u o s n i d e s s e r p x
e ic sand styilsitc sequivalence”. tI
v i u q e n a f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r a y b e g a u g n a l e n o n i t x e t a f o t n e m e c a l p e r e h t “ s
i alen t
. ” e g a u g n a l d n o c e s a n i t x e
t Translaitonconvetrst extsf rom onel anguage( source
t n e l a v i u q e l li t s t u b ) L T r o e g a u g n a l t e g r a t( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a o t n i ) L S r o e g a u g n a l
d i n
i eao rmeaning .TheTTs houldgaint hes amemeaningwtiht heST.
e c n e l a v i u q e e v a h d l u o h s t x e t e h t f o e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h
T (accuracy )o f
x e t e c r u o s h ti w g n i n a e
m t sot herei snodfiferen tunderstandingofi deat ha tw illbe
. d e r e v il e
d Thei deaoft hesourcet ex tmus tbedeilveredcompletelyand f atihfully
I . t x e t t e g r a t e h t o t n
i tcan be said tha tthe basic p irnciple o f rtanslaiton i s
f o e c n e l a v i u q
e thes ourcet ex tandt het argett ex.t
e e r h t e v a h o t s a h n o it a l s n a rt t a h t d e t a t s ) 1 1 : 7 9 9 1 ( l l e B n i r e lt y T
ir e t c a r a h
c sitcs :
.
a Giving the complete idea so fthe source tex tso there i sno dfiferen tconten t
.t x e t t e g r a t d n a t x e t e c r u o s n e e w t e
b I t ha s to deilve r the fatihfulnes s o f
. g n i n a e m
.
b Havingt hesamecharacters o fstyleandmanne ro fw iritngwtiht hosei nsource
.t x e t
.
c Having the ease o fo irgina lcomposiiton o rdeilve rthe o irgina lconten to f
.t x e t e c r u o s
2 1
d i a s o s l a e h , s e d i s e
B :
, e b o t n o it a l s n a rt d o o g a e b ir c s e d e r o f e r e h t d l u o w
I Thati nwhicht hemeri t
a u g n a l r e h t o n a o t n i d e s u f s n a r t y l e t e l p m o c o s s i k r o w l a n i g i r o e h t f
o ge ,a s
e h t f o e v it a n a y b , tl e f y l g n o r t s s a d n a , d e d n e h e r p p a y lt c n it s i d s a e b o t
e h t k a e p s o h w e s o h t y b s i ti s a , s g n o l e b e g a u g n a l t a h t h c i h w o t y r t n u o c
. k r o w l a n i g i r o e h t f o e g a u g n a
l (1997 :11)
d e il p m i r e lt y
T tha ta good rtanslaiton ha sto deilve rthe conten to fsource tex t
d n a y l e t e l p m o
c ha sequivalence (accuracy) .I tshould give impression and a s
.) y ti li b a d a e r ( t x e t e c r u o s e h t s a h t o o m s
d r o w d e t c e j e r e h t a h t d e t a t s ) 0 2 : 8 0 0 2 ( y a d n u M n i e m o r e J . t
S - rf -o word
h c a o r p p a ) l a r e ti
l( in rtanslaitonbecausei tcou ldproduceanabsurd rtanslaitonand
d e k a o l
c thesenseoft heo irgina last her esul toff ollowingt heSTf ormso closely .
e s n e s e s u o t d e r r e f e r p e
H - rf -o sense approach becausei tcan convey t hesenseo r
. T S l a n i g ir o e h t f o t n e t n o
c
d i a s o s l a ) 2 2 : 8 0 0 2 ( y a d n u M n i r e k a
B tha tword- rf -o word rtanslaiton wa s
t l u f s s e c c u s n u d e v o r
p o deilvert hei deaoft heST . tIneedst or ewrtieusingsense
-r o
f -senseapproach,t ha t“creaitng lfuentt argett ext swhichconveyedt hemeaning
” . e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t g n it r o t s i d t u o h ti w l a n i g ir o e h t f o
r e b a T d n a a d i N e li h
W in Munday (2008 :42 )divided equivalence o f
n o it a l s n a
rt into two : forma l equivalence and dynamic equivalence . Forma l
e c n e l a v i u q
e “focuse sattenitonont hemessage tisel,fi nbothf ormandconten.t”I t
s n a e
m thatt heremus tbecloses tequivalencebetweensourcel anguageandt arge t
r o , m r o f d n a t n e t n o c f o m r e t n i e g a u g n a
3 1
c i m a n y
D equivalence i s deifned a sa rtanslaiton tha t focuse s on the
. e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t d n a e g a u g n a l e c r u o s e h t n e e w t e b g n i n a e m e h t f o e c n e l a v i u q e
y e h
T argued that “the relaitonship between recepto rand message should be
e h t d n a s r o t p e c e r l a n i g ir o e h t n e e w t e b d e t s i x e h c i h w t a h t s a e m a s e h t y ll a it n a t s b u s
) 2 4 : 8 0 0 2 , y a d n u M n i r e b a T d n a a d i N ( ” . e g a s s e m
h , n o it a l s n a rt e h t f o y c a r u c c a e h t s s e s s a o
T ereare used t he indicator so f
s ’ n a b a b a N n o d e s a b t n e m s s e s s a y c a r u c c
a in “Srtateg i Penliaian Kualtia s
n i ” n a h a m e jr e
T Jurna lLinguisitkBahasa i(nAstuit ,2010 :22 :)
e l b a
T 1 .AccuracyI ndicator
e r o c
S AccuracyI ndicator
1 The conten to fthe ST i sconveyed accurately to the TT .The sentence s .
d e d e e n t o n s i g n it ir w e R . y lr a e l c d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c
2 Theconten toft heSTconveyed accurately t o t heTT .Thesentence scan .
d e d e e n e r a g n it ir w e r d n a g n ir u t c u rt s e r e lt ti l a t u b , d o o t s r e d n u e b
3 The conten to fthe ST i sno tconveyed accurately to the TT .Some e c n e t n e s r e h t o d n a , s e s u a l c , s e s a r h p , n o it c i d h ti w d e t a l e r s m e l b o r p
. d e d e e n e r a g n it ir w e r d n a g n ir u t c u rt s e r e m o S . s t n e m e l e
4 STs entence sareno trtanslatedi ntoTT .TheSTs entence saredeilberately .
d e tt i m o
c c a f o t l u s e r e h
T uracyassessmenti scountedf rom tota lscoredividedbynumbe r
f
o data , and there wli l be accuracy’ s score category o f the ifna l accuracy
.t n e m s s e s s a
e l b a
T 11. .Accuracy’ sScoreCategory e
r o c
S AccuracyCategory 1 – 51 . Accurate
6 .
1 – 52 . Qutieaccurate 6
.
2 – 53 . Inaccurate 6
.
3 – 4 No trtanslated
4 1
.
2 Theoryo fReadablitiy e
h
T rtanslaiton can be considered a sa good rtanslaiton i fi ti sreadable .
. t x e t e h t d n a t s r e d n u n a c s r e d a e r e h t y li s a e w o h o t s r e f e r y ti li b a d a e
R tIi sr elatedt o
t a n w o
h ura lthe rtanslaiton i sand how easy the rtanslaiton can be read and
. d o o t s r e d n
u InTeor iMenerjemahBahasaInggris, tii sstatedther eader salsot ake .
t x e t e h t f o y ti li b a d a e r e h t e d i c e d o t tr a
p Nababanargued thatt het exti smadet o
a c it a m o t u a d n a d a e r e
b lly the reader s take par t in i t (Nababan , 1999 : 63 ,
.) d e t a l s n a rt
s a y ti li b a d a e r d e n if e d ) d e t a l s n a rt , 2 6 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a N n i ) 5 3 1 : 3 9 9 1 ( ir k a S
s g n i n a e m e h t d o o t s r e d n u e b o t t x e t n e tt ir w a f o l e v e l s s e n i s a e e h
t and messages .
.s g n i n a e m s ti r e v il e d o t d a e r o t y s a e e b d l u o h s t x e t e l b a d a e r e h
T A readable
e k a m t x e t n o it a l s n a
rt s the reader sget t he meaning seasliy wtihou tany problem s
. t x e t n o it a l s n a rt a g n i d a e r t o n e r a y e h t t a h t l e e f d n a
y b d i a s n o it i n if e d r e h t o n
A Richarde tal( 1985 :238)i nNababan( 1999 :63 ,
d e t a t s ) d e t a l s n a
rt “readablitiy… how easliy wirtten mateiral scan be read and
g n i h t n i a m e h t t a h t ,s ’i r k a S h ti w a e d i e m a s e h t s e r a h s n o it i n if e d e h T ” . d o o t s r e d n u
e b o t t x e t e h t f o s s e n i s a e e h t s i y ti li b a d a e r n
i understood by t hereaders .Richard
t d e u g r
a hereare t hreefactorst ha tdetermine readablitiy:t hel ength o fsentences ,
. e r u t c u rt s e c n e t n e s d n a , s e ir a l u b a c o
v A sentence can be understood wel l o r
ll e w s i t i f i e l b a d a e
r -consrtucted and the word s used are no t compilcated .
r e d a e r a , s e m it e m o
S doe sno tunderstand the tex twel lbecause the word sare
n
u commonlyusedindaliyl fie.
5 1
n i i t n a rt u P n i r e b a T d n a a d i
N Phenomena Journa l o fLanguage and 2
. o N 1 1 . l o V e r u t a r e ti
L (2007 :111 )said t ha t“thebes t rtanslaiton doe sno tsound e g a s s e m t n e l a v i u q e n a y b d e t u ti t s b u s e g a s s e m L S e h t “ s n a e m t I ” . n o it a l s n a rt e k il
e h T ” . m e t s y s c it s i u g n il L T e h t h ti w e c n a d r o c c a n i d e t c ir t s e r e b o t s a h L T e h t n i
d e t c u rt s n o c e b d l u o h s n o it a l s n a
rt a snatura la spossible bu tstli lin equivalen t
. d a e r o t r e i s a e e b l li w t i o s , g n i n a e
m
: ” n o it a l s n a rt a f o s t n e m e ri u q e r c i s a b r u o f “ t u p r e b a T d n a a d i N
) 1
( makings ense; )
2
( conveyingt hes piir tandmanne roft heo irgina;l )
3
( havinganatura landeasyf ormo fexpression ; )
4
( producingas imliarr esponse.( NidaandTaberi nMunday ,2008 :42) e
b d l u o h s n o it a l s n a rt a , s d r o w r e h t o n
I hb ot accurateandr eadable.Ther eader sge t
. y li s a e a e d i d e s o p p u s e h t
y ti li b a d a e
R nc oa a ls beassessed based onsomei ndicators .Thisr esearch
s
u e s the indicator s o f readablitiy assessmen t based on Nababan’s “Srtateg i
n i ” n a h a m e jr e T s a ti l a u K n a i a li n e
P Jurna lLingusiitkBahasainAstuit( 2010 :23 :) e
l b a
T 2 .ReadablitiyI ndicator
e r o c
S ReadablitiyI ndicator
1 TheTTword i seasy t or ead .Thet erm ofthe rtanslaiton product scan be .s
r e d a e r L T e h t y b d o o t s r e d n u y ll u f
2 The TT word i s easy to read . However , the term canno t be fully .s
r e d a e r L T e h t y b d o o t s r e d n u
3 The TT word i shard t o read .The t erm canno tbe understood by t heTL .s
r e d a e r
4 TheTTwordi scompletelyhardt or ead .Thet ermcanno tbeunderstood .
y l e t a r e b il e d d e t a l s n a rt t o n s i r o
l a t o t m o r f d e t n u o c s i a t a d e h t f o t n e m s s e s s a y ti li b a d a e r f o t l u s e r e h t , y c a r u c c a s A
f o r e b m u n y b d e d i v i d e r o c
s data .
6 1
e l b a
T 12. .Readablitiy’ sScoreCategory
e r o c
S ReadablitiyCategory 1 – 51 . Readable
6 .
1 – 52 . Qutier eadable 6
.
2 – 53 . Notr eadable 6
.
3 – 4 No trtanslated
r o t a c i d n i s ’ n a b a b a
N s o f accuracy and readablitiy ea r used since they are
e t a ir p o r p p
a to use in thi sresearch .Thi sresearch analyze sthe accuracy and
e h T . e ri a n n o it s e u q h g u o r h t t n e m s s e s s a ’ s t n e d n o p s e r s e s u d n a y ti li b a d a e r
s ’ n a b a b a N . s t n e d u t s s ’l o o h c s h g i h r o i n e s d n a h g i h r o i n u j e v l o v n i s t n e d n o p s e r
r o t a c i d n
i i sused since ti i ssimple rand more understandable t o t he respondent s
t a h
t involvejunio rands enio rhighs chools tudent ,st hanusingotheri ndicator .s
There i sanothe rindicator ,Machal’is ,which can be used to asses sthe
s t n e d n o p s e r e k a m s g n ir o c s d n a s r o t a c i d n i s ti , r e v e w o H . y ti l a u q n o it a l s n a
rt oft hi s
s e s a
c tudyconfuseds incet heyhavet ogivet hei rowns core .A sanexample:
y r o g e t a
C Score Indicator
d o o G
n o it a l s n a
rt 6 -1 75( C) Lmotierreat hllyanrt1an5s%latoefdt h ,beuwtt hhoelemt iesxtatkei sno
t x e t e h t n o s u c o f y ll a e r t o n o d s t n e d n o p s e r e h t e s u a c e b d e t a c il p m o c s i tI
n a c t I . n e v i g e b l li w t a h t e r o c s t h g ir e h t t u o b a k n i h t o t y s u b e r a y e h T . fl e s ti
e h t ,s e d i s e B . e c i w t k n i h t o t e v a h y e h t e c n i s n o it a rt n e c n o c ’ s t n e d n o p s e r e h t t c a rt s i d
t s t a h t r o t a c i d n
i atesi npercentagei sconfusing .Therei sno exac texplanaiton how
9 1 1 : 0 0 0 2 , il a h c a M ( t x e t e h t n i e g a t n e c r e p n i e k a t s i m e h t e r u s a e m o
t -200) .
, e r o f e r e h
T Nababan’si susedi nt hisr esearch.
7 1
.
3 Theoryo fLanguageandGender t a h t s n o it p m u s s a e m o s e r a e r e h
T men and women have dfiference sin
e s u e g a u g n a
l . Men usually speak d rieclty to the point , bu t women speak
a , e l b a t g n i n i d a n i e r a e l p o e p f i e l p m a x e r o F . y lt c e ri d n
i womans s “ay wouldyou
mindt opassingt hesatl ,please”inordert o asksomeonet opasst hesatlt oher .A
n a
m ys s a d rieclty to the poin t“Pas sthe satl ,please.” (Ecker tand McConnell
-.) 8 8 1 : 3 0 0 2 , t e n i G
e fi l f o s t c e p s a e m o s s e c n e u lf n i r e d n e g , ) 3 1 : 5 9 9 1 ( d r o f w a r C o t g n i d r o c c
A ,
g n i d u l c n
i ther eaciton sandt hei nteraciton so fothers:
r e d n e
G - related processe sin lfuence behavior ,thoughts ,and feeilng in s
l a u d i v i d n
i ; they affec tinteraciton s among individuals , and they help .s
n o it u ti t s n i l a i c o s f o e r u t c u rt s e h t e n i m r e t e d
r e d n e g t a h t d e t a t s o s l a e h
S i sa system o fpowe rrelaiton so ti i splaced women
. e s r u o c s i d c il b u p n i r e w o p e r o m e v a h n e m d n a , n e m n a h t s s e lr e w o p e r o m
. y t e i c o s n i r e w o p r i e h t s w o h s t a h t e g a u g n a l e s u o t d e r e d i s n o c e r a n e m , e r o f e r e h T
s i
tI a ssamea sLakoff’st heoryt ha twoment end t o usehestian,ti ngraitaitng ,and
. e g a u g n a l k a e w
a t s e
W nd Zimmerman ni Crawford (1995 :22 )also stated t here aresome
. e s u e g a u g n a l n i s e c n e r e f fi d r e d n e g o t d e t a l e r e b n a c t a h t s t c e p s
a Vitrually every
a m m a r g , n o it a i c n u n o r p s a h c u s s n o it a ir a v c it s i u g n il f o e c r u o s e l b i s s o
p r ,
e r e w x a t n y s d n a , y r a l u b a c o
v regarded a sthose aspect so fdfiference .Styilsitc
n o n d n a y c n a ti s e h , s s e n e ti l o p s a h c u s s t c e p s
8 1
n i s e t a o
C Women ,Men ,and Language stated women and men l anguage e
r
a dfiferen tin term o fvocabulaire sand styles .Women language seem sles s
.) 1 1 : 3 9 9 1 ( s r e h t o h ti w n o it c a r e t n i n i e l y t s e v it a r e p o o c e r o m d n a e v it r e s s a
h s e r f d n a w e n e c u d o rt n i n e m t a h t d e u g r a o s l a s e t a o C n i n e s r e p s e J
e v a h n e m t a h t s n a e m t I . e g a u g n a l f o s r o t a v o n e r f e i h c e h t e r a y e h t d n a s n o i s s e r p x e
o v f o e v i s n e t x e e r o
m cabulaire sthan women do .He suppo tred hi sargumen tby
e l p m a x e e h t g n i w o h
s fromt heexpeirmen tby an Ameircan ,Jasrtow, t ha tshowed
a
m n student sin aco llegehad morevairetyo fwordsr athert han womanstudent s
e w y e h t n e h
w reaskedt owrtieonehundredword sdown( Coates ,1993 :19 .)
n
I Gender ,Bahasa dan Kekuasaan ti i sstated t ha twomen o tfen use t he e
li h w , y c a m it n i s w o h s t a h t e g a u g n a
l m en do not .Men’ slanguage show sthe
. e g a u g n a l s s e lr e w o p s w o h s s ’ n e m o w d n a , r e w o p r o e c n a n i m o
d (Kunjtara ,2003:7 ,
s n a
rt lated)
s ’l l a v g r e B n i e c il
A Rethinking Language and Gende rResearch Theory e
c it c a r P d n
a statedt ha:t
n i e v it a v r e s n o c e r o m e r a n e m o w t a h t g n i v e il e b n i t s i s r e p y ll a r e n e g e l p o e P
n a h t e ti l o p e r o m e r a n e m o w t a h t ,) 2 2 9 1 , n e s r e p s e J ( n e m n a h t h c e e p s r i e h t
o k a L ( n e
m ff ,1975) ,tha twomen seek more verba linitmacy than men s
u t a t s e r o m d n a e r u c e s s s e l e r a n e m o w t a h t ,) 0 9 9 1 , n e n n a T
( -consciousi n
d r a d n a t s e s u n e m o w t a h t d n a , ) 2 7 9 1 , v o b a L ( n e m n a h t h c e e p s r i e h t
) ’t c e r r o c ‘
( speechmoret hanmen( 1996 :55).
tI showe d the dfiference so fmen and women in term o flanguage use tha tha s
f o m r e t t n e r e f fi d e s u n e m o w d n a n e m t a h t , e fi l y li a d n i t n e m g d u j a e m o c e b
. n o it a s r e v n o c n i e g a u g n a l
9 1
n i p il i h
P Eckre tand McConnell-Ginet’ sLanguage and Gender also said m
o w a d n a n a m a t a h
t anhavedfiferencei nt heuseofl anguagewhent heyr efert o
: s w o ll o f s a , g n i h t e m o s f o s s e n g n il li w r i e h t s s e r p x e
d l u o w ‘ n a m o w a e li h w g n i h t e m o s ’ s t n a w ‘ y ll a u s u n a m a , e l p m a x e r o F
r e h tr u f h c i h w ’ d e e n ‘ s e il p m i d n a ’ k c a l‘ s n a e m ’ t n a W ‘ . g n i h t e m o s ’ e k il
s e il p m
i the irgh tto have .Thi srelfect sthe aggressive side o fthe powe r , t n e t n i n a t o n , e c n e r e f e r p a s e t a t s ’ e k il d l u o w ‘ , d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . n o it a u q e
t i t s n i a g a s i e n o y n a f i e e s o t e l o p g a lf e h t p u a e d i e h t s n u r e r o f e r e h t d n a
b u s e h t s t c e lf e r s i h T . g n it c a e r o f e
b missive side o fthe powe requaiton )
6 8 : 3 0 0 2
( .
n a m o w a d n a ” . c a M g i B a t n a w I “ , s y a s n a m a f i e l p m a x e n a e v a g e h , r e h tr u F
e s u e g a u g n a l f o e c n e r e f fi d e h t s w o h s t I ” . e s a e l p , d a l a s a e k il d ’ I “ , s y a
s and t he
s d r o w f o e c i o h
c betweenaman and awoman lathough actually t hey wantt osay
thes amet hingabou twliilngnes .s
s a w e r e h
T a ifnding too tha twomen are considered to use more poltie
y a w t c e ri d n i n i k a e p s d n a e g a u g n a
l to show thei r poltieness (Ecker t and
ll e n n o C c
M -Ginet ,2003 :134).
o t g n i d r o c c
A Lakoffi nEckre tandMcConnell-Ginet(2003 :158),t hereare
: e g a u g n a l s ’ n e m o w f o s n o i s s e r p x e e m o s
x tagquesitonso rpowe lress(“Thi selecitonmessi st erirble,i sn’ tti?”) x booster so rampilifers,( “I’ms ogladyouarehere”)
x the use o fvairou skind so fhedge s(“Tha’t skind ssad.” o r“I’t sprobably )
” . e m it r e n n i d
x euphemism( avoidingprofaniites)
x indriec t speech (convenitona l poltieness , especially form s tha t mark .
c t e , ) e e s s e r d d a e h t r o f t c e p s e r
e n i a rt s n o c g n i e b y b d e r e w o p m e s i d e r a n e m o w ‘ t a h t d e t a t s o s l a e
H d to use
n e m o w d n a n e m , e r o f e r e h T . ’ e g a u g n a l s s e lr e w o
p areconsidered t o havedfiferent
. e fi l y li a d n i e g a u g n a l f o e s u
0 2
f o y r o e h T .
4 Transla itonCompetence n
I Buliding a Translaiton Competence Model , rtanslaiton competence i s f
o e g d e l w o n k e h t r o y ti li b a e h
t the rtanslatort o rtanslateat ext . tIi st heablitiyt o
e h t o t n i t x e t e c r u o s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u e h t m o r f s s e c o r p r e f s n a rt e h t t u o y r r a c
t x e t t e g r a
t (PACTE ,2003).I tconsist so f ifvesub-competenciest hati n lfuencet he
: s w o ll o f s a e c n e t e p m o c n o it a l s n a rt
.
a Thebiilnguals ub-competence
o t d e d e e n s i tI . s e g a u g n a l o w t n i e t a c i n u m m o c o t d e d e e n s i e g d e l w o n k e h T
o i c o s , c it a m g a r p s e d u l c n i tI . ll e w T T e h t o t n i T S e h t r e f s n a
rt -ilnguisitc, t extual ,
l a c it a m m a r g d n
a -lexica lknowledge.
.
b Exrta-ilnguisitcs ub-competence
tI i sthe knowledge abou tthe wo lrd in genera land specia lareas . I t
) 2 ( , ) s e r u tl u c t e g r a t d n a e c r u o s e h t t u o b a ( e g d e l w o n k l a r u tl u c i b ) 1 ( : s e d u l c n i
e g d e l w o n k t c e j b u s ) 3 ( d n a , )l a r e n e g n i d lr o w e h t t u o b a ( e g d e l w o n k c i d e p o l c y c n e
.s a e r a l a i c e p s n i
.
c Knowledgeabou trtanslaitons ub-competence
d n a s i n o it a l s n a rt t a h w t u o b a e g d e l w o n k e h t s i
tI whatt heaspect soft he
n o i s s e f o r
p ear .According to PACTE ,i tincludes :(1 )the rtanslaiton funciton s
a , s e u q i n h c e t d n a s e i g e t a rt s , d e ri u q e r s e s s e c o r p , s e p y t ti n u n o it a l s n a rt
( ndproblem
s t n e il c o t d e t a l e r ( e c it c a r p n o it a l s n a rt l a n o i s s e f o r p o t d e t a l e r e g d e l w o n k ) 2 ( ,) s e p y t
.) s e c n e i d u a d n a
