Introduction to Ergonomics. Ridwan Prasetyo

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Introduction to Ergonomics

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A bit of me…

My very complete name: Ridwan Aji Budi Prasetyo Born in Jakarta, grew up in planet Bekasi

Educational background:

S1 : Psychology, majoring in I/O, UGM

S2 : Human Factors and Ergonomics, The Univ. of Nottingham, UK S3 : Soon, insya Allah (just send me your best wishes!) 

Before joining UB:

Assistant, Lab. RSKE ITB

Management Trainee Staff, Human Capital Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk.

Serabutan

Discussing? Asking something? Just contact me: +447473319385 (Whatsapp)

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Today’s agenda . . .

Definition and seeking for insights

History of ergonomics

Related Disciplines

Ergonomics Methods

Applications of ergonomics

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Definition…

International Ergonomics Association (IEA; Dul & Weerdmeester, 2008):

Kajian ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman mengenai interaksi

antara manusia dan elemen-elemen dalam sebuah sistem, dan juga

suatu upaya dalam menerapkan teori, prinsip, data, dan metode dalam

mendesain sesuatu dalam rangka mencapai titik optimum antara

kesejahteraan manusia (human well-being) dan kinerja sistem secara

keseluruhan.

Wilson (2000):

Pemahaman teoretis dan mendasar mengenai perilaku dan kinerja

manusia dalam interaksi sosio-teknik yang memiliki tujuan tertentu, dan

aplikasi dari pemahaman itu untuk mendesain interaksi dalam konteks

dunia nyata.

Wickens, Gordon, & Liu (2004):

Pengetahuan untuk mendesain sistem agar bisa berfungsi dengan baik,

mampu mengakomodasi keterbatasan kinerja manusia, dan

memanfaatkan keunggulan operator manusia dalam prosesnya.

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Definition (again)…

Sanders & McCormick (1993):

Ilmu yang berperan menemukan dan mengaplikasikan informasi

tentang perilaku, kemampuan, keterbatasan, dan karakteristik lain

manusia untuk mendesain alat, mesin, tugas, pekerjaan, dan

lingkungan agar bisa digunakan secara efektif, nyaman, aman, dan

produktif.

Iridiastadi & Yassierli (2014):

Suatu disiplin yang mengkaji keterbatasan, kelebihan, serta

karakteristik manusia, dan memanfaatkan informasi tersebut dalam

merancang produk, mesin, fasilitas, lingkungan, dan bahkan sistem

kerja, dengan tujuan utama tercapainya kualitas kerja yang terbaik

tanpa mengabaikan aspek kesehatan, keselamatan, serta

kenyamanan manusia penggunanya.

Tarwaka (2010):

Ilmu, seni, dan penerapan teknologi untuk menyerasikan atau

menyeimbangkan antara fasilitas (beraktivitas/istirahat) dengan

kemampuan dan keterbatasan manusia baik fisik/mental sehingga

kualitas hidup menjadi lebih baik.

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9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo

Main points in the definitions?

MAN

SYSTEM

Characteristics

Psychological Physical

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Therefore . . .

Ergonomics is a science to make MAN and SYSTEMS falling in love

each other and living in harmony (Prasetyo, 2016) 

Ergonomics is:

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9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 9

Let’s squeeze our brain a bit . . .

MAN

SYSTEM

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Case: Pilot in the flight deck

What does the system want from the man?

What are characteristics of the man?

At which point they will fall in love?

3 tasks of pilots: 1. To aviate 2. To navigate

3. To communicate

Gestalt theory of proximity: Human tends to perceive elements that are placed together as a group.

Instruments in the cockpit

should be grouped and classified according to their function.

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MAN

SYSTEM

Work System Design

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Characteristics of Ergonomics (Dul, et al., 2012):

2. Aiming for system design

3. Focusing on two related outputs: performance and well-being

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Ergonomics: Where did it come from?

Wojciech Jastrzebowski - 1857 Ergo: Work

Nomos: Natural Laws

Ergonomics: The law of work

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Ergonomics: The long and winding road

1857

Wojciech Jastrzebowski “Ergonomics” term

Early 20th _century

F W Taylor & H Ford Scientific management; Time and motion study

World War I (1914-1918)

Mass production of war machines Injuries and fatigue among workers Early awareness

World War II (1939-1945) Modern war machines Modern ergonomics/ Human factors

Three Mile Island (1979): A wake up call

1949

K F H Murrel: Human at work Ergonomics Research Society;

Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors

The present and the future

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Ergonomics: The Era (Helander, 1997)

1950’s – Military ergonomics

1960’s – Industrial ergonomics

1970’s – Consumer ergonomics

1980’s – Software ergonomics and HCI

2000’s – Green ergonomics and global communication

1990’s – Cognitive and organizational ergonomics

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Psychology

The ingredients of ergonomics . . .

Physiology

Anthropometry

Medicine and Health Science

Ergonomics

Biomechanics

Industrial Engineering

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So, ergonomics is . . . (Stember, 1991)

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

INTERDISCIPLINARY

Different disciplines working together, each drawing on their disciplinary knowledge

Integrating knowledge and methods from different

disciplines, using a real synthesis of approaches

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Two sons of ergonomics . . .

COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS

PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS

Mental workload Human Errors Psychological/mental fatigue Situational awareness Etc. Physical workload Energy for work

Musculoskeletal systems Physical fatigue and injury Physical discomfort

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Another potentially-confusing term . . .

ERGONOMICS ---OR--- HUMAN FACTORS ?

The more recent term After World War II American-rooted

Psychological aspects of human at work The first-ever term

Before World War II European-rooted

Physical aspects of human at work

Other potentially-confusing-and-sometimes-make-you-crazy terms:

 Human factors engineering

 Cognitive engineering

 Engineering psychology

 Cognitive ergonomics and engineering

 Human factors psychology, etc.

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Ergonomics methods: Paradigm

Paradigm 

Scientist

-

Practitioner

Model (Stanton, 2005)

• Extending the work of others

• Testing theories of human–machine performance • Developing hypotheses

• Questioning everything

• Using rigorous data-collection and data-analysis techniques • Ensuring repeatability of results

• Disseminating the ﬁnding of studies

• Addressing real-world problems

• Seeking the best compromise under difﬁcult circumstances • Looking to offer the most cost-effective solution

• Developing demonstrators and prototype solutions • Analyzing and evaluating the effects of change

• Developing benchmarks for best practice • Communicating ﬁndings to interested parties

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Ergonomics methods

Basic techniques (Stanton, et al., 2013):

 Interviews

 Questionnaires

 Observation

Physical Methods

Psychophysiological Methods

Behavioral-Cognitive Methods

Team Methods

Environmental Methods

Macro-ergonomics Methods

Classification of Methods (Stanton, 2005):

Keywords: outer body parts; postures

Keywords: inner body functions; psycho-physiological

Keywords: people and tasks

Keywords: team; people interaction at work

Keywords: physical environments at work

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Ergonomics in our everyday life . . .

Homework:

Find a thing, stuff, system, or anything at your home, kos-an, street, campus, mall, or anywhere else that tends to be non-ergonomic according to you.

Capture it using your phone (or camera) and send me the picture through my email ([email protected]) along with a short description why you

consider it non-ergonomic. Please use one power point slide only. Don’t forget your name and NIM.

You should send your own original pictures (captured by your phone/cameras), NOT FROM THE INTERNET!

Use Bahasa Indonesia, but if you try to use English, your effort would be appreciated.

Deadline: Thursday, 22nd _{September 2016 (18.00 WIB)}

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Ridwan Prasetyo – NIM: 1234567890

As a right-hand users (since I was a child), I found a

difficulty in turning the knob to set the wristwatch quickly without putting it off from my hand. I think this design is non-ergonomic for right-hand users. The solution from me: wristwatch manufacturers should consider right-hand

consumers. Thus, they have to multiply the design for right-hand users (with the knob on the left) since

wristwatch with the left-side knob is still sparse in market.

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