REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN
CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S
THE
WINNER STANDS
ALONE,
TO BECOME A MURDERER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Esther Yulyanti Siahaan
Student Number: 081214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN
CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S
THE
WINNER STANDS
ALONE,
TO BECOME A MURDERER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Esther Yulyanti Siahaan
Student Number: 081214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2013
I can do all things thr ough Chr is t which s tr engthen th me – Phill. 4:13
But m y God shall supply all your need accor ding to his r iches in glor y by J esus Chr is t – Phill. 4:19
This thesis is dedicated t o:
J esus Ch r ist
M y wonder ful par ents
M y great si bli ngs
M yself
ABSTRACT
Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Everyone needs to love and be loved. One can do anything even the destructive ones in order to strive for love. Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone depicts one major character who strives for his love. This study discusses the effort to have the love back experienced by Igor, the major character in the there are two problems to discuss. The first deals with the portrait of Igor and the second deals with the motives of him for committing murders. This study employs the library research method. The data are obtained from various sources such as Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone which becomes the primary source, while several literary and psychological books become the secondary ones. The literary sources are used to answer the first problem, meanwhile the psychological sources are employed to answer the second one. The theories of character and characterization are applied to answer the first problem. The theories of psychoanalytic and motivation are used to answer the second problem. Since this study deals with the human’s psychological aspects, psychological approach is applied.
The results of the analysis show that Igor is portrayed as a cautious, charming, faithful, hard-working, intelligent, methodical, observant, and proud man. Furthermore, he is motivated to become a murderer because he intends to get his wife, Ewa, back and because he loves her so much. On top of that, he ends up becoming a murderer since it is the way to send messages to Ewa. Those messages are the means of reminding, threatening, frightening, and attracting her attention.
In the end, this study suggests that future researchers of the same novel conduct analyses on other characters, such as Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, and Jasmine. An analysis using a biographical approach is also suggested to gain more understanding about the novel. The suggestions for English teachers, particularly for teaching Structure IV, are presented as well. In addition, this study recommends some implications for the education in general.
Keywords: winner, love, murderer
ABSTRAK
Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Setiap manusia ingin mencintai dan dicintai. Manusia dapat melakukan apa pun termasuk hal yang merusak demi memperjuangkan cinta. Sebuah novel karya Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Winner Stands Alone menggambarkan suatu kisah tentang seseorang yang berjuang keras untuk cinta. Skripsi ini membahas usaha yang dilakukan Igor, tokoh utama dalam novel ini, untuk mendapatkan kembali cintanya. Igor, seorang jutawan dari Rusia, berjuang untuk mendapatkan kembali istrinya setelah wanita itu meninggalkannya demi pria lain. Latar belakang kisah di dalam novel ini adalah Festival Film Cannes di Prancis.
Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana Igor berakhir menjadi seorang pembunuh. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang didiskusikan untuk mengungkapkan faktor pendorong yang menyebabkan Igor membunuh. Masalah pertama mengenai penggambaran tokoh Igor dalam novel dan kedua mengenai motif dibalik pembunuhan yang dia lakukan. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Data-data yang diperlukan untuk menjawab permasalahan diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, antara lain The Winner Stands Alone yang merupakan sumber utama dan beberapa buku sastra serta psikologi yang merupakan sumber pendukung. Buku sastra digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan buku psikologi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama sedangkan teori psikoanalisis dan motivasi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan karena skripsi ini membahas tentang aspek psikologis manusia.
Hasil analisa menggambarkan Igor sebagai seorang pria yang waspada, mempesona, setia, pekerja keras, cerdas, metodis, senang mengamati, dan bangga terhadap dirinya. Motivasinya untuk membunuh disebabkan oleh keinginan untuk mendapatkan kembali istrinya, Ewa, serta rasa cinta yang begitu besar kepadanya. Dibalik semua itu, dia berakhir menjadi pembunuh untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada Ewa. Pesan tersebut digunakan untuk mengingatkan, mengancam, menakuti, dan menarik perhatiannya.
Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa karakter lain seperti Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, dan Jasmine. Analisa menggunakan pendekatan biografis juga disarankan untuk memahami novel ini lebih dalam. Saran juga ditujukan kepada guru-guru bahasa Inggris, khususnya untuk mengajar mata kuliah Structure IV. Selain itu, skripsi ini merekomendasikan implikasi untuk pendidikan pada umumnya.
Kata kunci: winner, love, murderer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly and foremost, I would like to bestow my deepest gratitude on the
Almighty, Jesus Christ, for His never ending love and mercy. His existence and
blessings are my tower of strength in finishing this thesis.
I am profoundly indebted to my wonderful parents, John. G. Siahaan and
Tiominar M., who always shower me with love, prayers, and support. They are
my biggest inspiration and the ones I will do them proud. My special thanks also
go to my beloved sister, P. Ruth Siahaan, and my lovely brother, A.R. Timothy
Siahaan, who always become the best siblings of all time. I thank them for their
endless supports and prayers. I would like to express my gratitude to my aunt and
my uncle as well, Damaris M. and Ranto S. They are my ‘parents’ while I am
completing my study in Yogyakarta. I am also thankful to have ‘new’ family: my
brother-in-law, my sister’s mother-in-law and father-in-law, my ‘new’ brothers,
and, of course, my newborn nephew. I am so lucky for God has given them to me.
My great appreciation goes to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A., Ph.D, for his guidance and assistance during the completion of this thesis. I
wish him and his family a happy and grateful life for all time. I would also like to
thank all English Language Education Study Program lecturers and staff in
all things during the process of completing my study. May God bless them and
their families at all times.
Then, I would like to appreciate my best friends: Elisabeth, Maryska,
Yeni, Tika, Friska, and Fani(1) for their best support. I thank my other friends:
Mike, Atma, Angga, Mba Setyo, Ayu, Fani(2), Vinsen, Agung, Purwo, and all
PBI ’08 friends for the moment we share together.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone whom I cannot mention
one by one but surely I cannot complete this thesis without their help and support.
God bless them all.
Esther Y. Siahaan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF FIGURES... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study ... 3
1.3 Problem Formulation ... 3
1.4 Benefits of the Study ... 4
1.5 Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Related Theories ... 11
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches ... 11
2.1.2 Theory of Character ... 13
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization ... 16
2.1.4 Theory of Psychoanalytic ... 18
2.1.5 Theory of Motivation ... 22
2.2 Theoretical Framework... 27
2.3 Criticism ... 27
2.4 Context of the Novel ... 28
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Object of the Study ... 30
3.2 Approach of the Study ... 31
3.3 Method of the Study ... 31
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS 4.1 The Characteristics of Igor Malev ... 34
4.1.1 Cautious... 35
4.1.2 Charming ... 41
4.1.3 Faithful ... 46
4.1.4 Hard-working ... 50
4.1.5 Intelligent ... 52
4.1.6 Methodical ... . 57
4.1.7 Observant ... 61
4.1.8 Proud ... 67
4.2 Igor’s Motivation in Becoming a Murderer ... 70
4.2.1 Getting Ewa Back ... 70
4.2.2 Loving Ewa So Much ... 74
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 83
5.2 Implications... 85
5.3 Suggestions ... 87
REFERENCES ... 89
APPENDICES ... 92
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Freud’s View about Levels of Consciousness and the Structure of
Personality ... 19
2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ... 24
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Summary of The Winner Stands Alone by Paulo Coelho ... 93
Appendix 2 Biography of Paulo Coelho ... 95
Appendix 3 Course Outline Structure IV ... 96
Appendix 4 Teaching Material ... 99
Appendix 5 Learning Material ... 102
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the whole study. It is divided into
five parts namely Background of the Study, Objectives of the Study, Problem
Formulation, Benefits of the Study, and Definition of Terms. The first part,
Background of the Study, explores the description of the topic of the study and the
reasons for choosing the topic of the study. The second part, Objectives of the
Study, presents the aims of conducting this study. The third, Problem
Formulation, presents the formulation of problems to be analyzed in the study.
The fourth, Benefits of the Study, elaborates the contribution of the conducted
study for the development of knowledge. And the last, Definition of Terms,
presents the specific key terms mentioned in the title or in the problem
formulation of the study.
1.1Background of the Study
Every human being needs love. At the beginning, God created the first
man with His own breath because of His love to him. Thus, He has loved the man
so that he could love Him in return and his spouse as well. Love is a way to be
grateful and to mean the life He has given. That is why everybody needs to love
and be loved. To get the love, someone can do anything even the destructive ones.
When the love cannot be attained, destroying or killing can even be done. The
power of love leads the researcher to take this as a study. The researcher focuses
on how something destructive can be done because of love, which can be seen
through one of the main characters in the novel analysed.
The novel analysed is Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The
Winner Stands Alone is a novel about four main characters. First, Igor Malev is a
Russian millionaire who thinks he can kill if he has a good reason, such as
releasing someone from suffering or getting his wife back. Second, Hamid
Hussein is a Middle Eastern haute couturier who starts the business with good
intentions, but then turns out to be too ambitious. Thirdly, Gabriela is a woman
who obsesses about being an actress and believes it as the highest achievement in
life. Lastly, Jasmine Tiger is a black young girl leading to a successful modeling
career, which is done for the sake of having a better life and being with her love of
life. All of them are interconnected in Cannes Film Festival, the annual film
festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres from
around the world. The story in this novel only lasts for twenty four hours.
This novel was written in 2008. The author of The Winner Stands Alone is
Paulo Coelho who has already made great novels about self-search and true love.
Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian and with sales of more than 100 million copies
world-wide, his books have been translated into 68 languages and published in 150
countries. The Winner Stands Alone has been translated from Portuguese into
English by Margaret Jull Costa.
This novel was chosen because of a critical acclaim and interesting
synopsis on its cover. The fact that the author has already made influential and
choose one of his works as the study. The way the author writes certain themes in
his novels, such as self-search and true love, has already inspired many people to
deeply mean their life. They admitted that his novels have opened their mind and
given a life-enhancing effect.
This novel is also worth studying since it presents a portrait of a world
filled with glamour and excess, and the possibly serious consequences of
obsession with fame. It gives an image of the world where the commitment to
luxury and success at all costs often prevents human from listening to what the
heart actually desires.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to reveal how Igor, one of the main
characters of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, ends up becoming a
murderer.
1.3 Problem Formulation
Based on the objectives of the study, there are two questions to discuss:
1. How is Igor portrayed in the novel?
1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to give some benefits. Firstly, the study will benefit
the readers of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. It will help them in
studying the literary work itself, particularly in analyzing the central character.
Secondly, the researcher is also benefited from the study. The researcher
will deeply understand a piece of literary work, especially Paulo Coelho’s The
Winner Stands Alone. The researcher will get some knowledge about character,
characterization, motivation, and especially the power of love.
Thirdly, especially for English Language Education Study Program
students, this study provides lots of additional information in understanding the
novel as one reference to improve reading skill, both in terms of vocabulary and
reading comprehension. Lastly, it is hoped that this study will help future
researchers who are about to conduct a literary study of the novel, Paulo Coelho’s
The Winner Stands Alone.
1.5 Definition of Terms
There are several terminologies to help the readers understand the study.
The definitions of them are taken from both printed and online materials.
1. Love
According to Rich Deem (2011), love is defined into two different words
by the Greek language, which is the language of the New Testament. The most
commonly used Greek word translated "love" in the New Testament is "agape."
contrast, humans’ love is usually conditional and based upon how other people
behave toward them. This kind of love is based upon familiarity and direct
interaction. This kind of love is named “phileo” in Greek word or often translated
as "brotherly love." Phileo is connected through the emotions. This is in contrast
to agape, which is extended through the spirit.
A different conception of the meaning of love is provided by Sternberg
(1986) through triangular model of love (as cited in Baron and Byrne, 2006, pp.
318-319). He suggested that love relationship is made up of three basic
components; intimacy, passion, and decision or commitment. Intimacy is defined
as “the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them
together” (p. 318). Meanwhile, passion is based on romance, physical attraction,
and sexuality. The last is decision or commitment, which represents the decision
to love and be associated with the other person, along with a commitment to
maintain the relationship on a permanent basis.
There are seven types of relationships offered from the triangular model
of love (Franken, 2002, p. 97). They are infatuated love, liking, sterile love,
romantic love, fatuous love, companionate love, and consummate love. The
explanations of each are as follows:
a. Infatuated love (passion alone) usually happens unexpectedly, simply as the
result of a look, a touch, or words.
b. Liking (intimacy alone) occurs when a couple feel close and connected but
c. Sterile love (commitment alone) often happens at the end of a long-term
relationship, when a couple are no longer physically attracted and have lost
their emotional involvement with each other.
d. Romantic love (passion + intimacy) occurs when a couple experience more
than just physical attraction. They enjoy the emotion that comes with being
together though they have no sense that their relationship will last.
e. Fatuous love (passion + commitment) happens when a couple intend to commit
themselves to their relationship without taking time to develop intimacy.
However, true commitment never develops because there is no intimacy.
f. Companionate love (intimacy + commitment) might be best described as a
long-term committed friendship.
g. Consummate love is the combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. It
is hard to attain and harder to keep.
In this study, love experienced by Igor and his wife, Ewa, is consummate love.
After being left by Ewa, Igor experiences strong desire to get her back in order to
save his marriage. This love can be described as sterile love because it is based on
his commitment to his marriage.
2. Winner
Taken from CambridgeAdvanced Learner’s Dictionary the Third Edition,
winner means someone who wins a game, competition, or election (“Winner”).
a. A winner knows what it means to be a winner
The most common definition of winner is the person or team with the best
score. However, winning involves more than just beating the opponent. A
better definition of winner is someone who gives 100 percent of his effort in
preparation for and during competition. It is inferred that someone can be
considered less than a winner if he beats his opponent but fails to give 100
percent of what he has got.
b. A winner must set high goals
People who set goals may not always reach them, but they will almost always
achieve more than those who set no goals at all.
c. A winner is disciplined
Setting high goals is a waste of time if there is no hard work to achieve them.
d. A winner has strong motivation
If someone is not highly motivated, he is not going to be willing to make the
sacrifices necessary to reach his full potential. There are different sources of
motivation and what motivates someone mostly depends on that person and the
situation.
In this study, Igor is described as the winner since he has strong motivation to win
his wife’s heart back. Thus, he sets high goal in order to do it by carrying out a
mission. He is so disciplined in carrying out his mission as he knows what it
3. Alone
Taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the Seventh Edition,
alone (“Alone”) is:
a. without any other people.
b. without the help of other people or things.
c. lonely and unhappy or without any friends.
On The New York Times, Safire (1998) cited the word “alone” which is an odd
combination of “all” and “one.” The original meaning is “wholly one” or
“unaccompanied” or “absolutely by oneself” as in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
when Brutus says, “Good countrymen, let me depart alone.” In this study, the
word “alone” describes the winner who knows that he has to stand alone. Igor is
described as the winner since he carries out the mission to get his wife on his own.
4. Murderer
Murderer, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the
Third Edition, is someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person
(“Murderer”). According to Legal Information Institute (2010), the definition of
word “murder” occurs when a human unlawfully kills another human being.
Based on common law (law that is derived from judicial decisions), murder is
defined as killing another human being with malice aforethought. Malice
aforethought is a legal term of art, which includes the following types of murder:
b. Grievous-bodily-harm murder
It is a way of killing someone in an attack intended to cause him grievous
bodily harm (giving serious physical injury).
c. Felony-murder
It is a way of killing someone while in the process of committing a felony (e.g.
accidentally killing someone during a robbery).
d. Depraved heart murder
It is a way of killing someone in a way that demonstrates a cruel disregard for
the value of human life (e.g. intentionally firing a gun into a crowded room and
someone dies).
In this study, Igor carries out a mission by destroying someone’s world, which
means killing or murdering him. He plans everything carefully and he observes
his victims before murdering them. It means Igor commits intent-to-kill murder
since he kills them intentionally.
5. Character and characterization
Characters, according to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999),
are:
the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action. (pp. 32-33)
Meanwhile, characterization is the process by which an author creates a character
(Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 20). Through characterization, the readers can
manner, etc). In this study, the researcher focuses on Igor’s character and intends
to find out his characteristics.
6. Motivation
According to Petri (1981), motivation refers to “the concept we use when
we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct
behavior” (p. 3). It is supported by Baron (1995) who defines motivation as
“internal processes that serve to activate, guide, and maintain our behavior” (p.
374). In other words, motivation can be defined as an internal drive that activates
behavior and gives it direction. In this study, the researcher intends to find out
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of four parts namely Review of Related Theories,
Theoretical Framework, Criticism, and Context of the Novel. The first part,
Review of Related Theories, reviews the theories employed in the study. The
second part is Theoretical Framework, which explains the contribution of the
theories in solving the problems of the study. The third part is Criticism, which
presents some criticisms on the literary work analyzed. The last part is Context of
the Novel, Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This study presents some theories that can be used as a means to answer
the problems of the study. These theories are theory of critical approaches, theory
of character, theory of characterization, psychoanalytic theory, and theory of
motivation.
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches
When the reader reads a piece of literary work, he may appreciate it by
judging. To give the judgment, the reader needs some appropriate approaches.
Those approaches are known as critical approaches to literature. According to
Rohrberger and Woods (1971), a critical approach to literature needs an
understanding of its nature, function, and positive values (p. 3). It means when
someone intends to criticize a literary work, he must know what literature is, how
to read it, and how to judge it. They suggested five critical approaches to
literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach,
sociocultural-historical approach, psychological approach, and mythopoeic approach (pp. 6-15).
Formalist approach emphasizes the total integrity of the literary piece (pp.
6-7). Biographical approach emphasizes the need for an appreciation of the ideas
and personality of the author to understand the literary object (p. 8).
Sociocultural-historical approach emphasizes that it is necessary to analyze the social milieu in
which a work is created. There are two affirmations stated; first, literature is not
created separately from other people and activities, second, literature represents
ideas which are significant to the culture that produced it (p. 9). Mythopoeic
approach involves the effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of
human thought, which are expressed in significant works of art. These patterns are
first expressed in ancient myths and folk rites, which have meaning for all beings
(p. 11).
Like the mythopoeic approach, psychological approach also involves the
effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of human thought (p. 13). In
accordance with Rohrberger and Woods (1971), Kennedy and Gioia (1999) stated
that “psychological criticism” can be used to analyze the fictional characters. It
tries to bring modern insights about human behavior into the study of how
fictional people act (p. 1947). According to Ryan (2012), “the life of the mind is a
mixture of cognition and emotion, conscious awareness and unconscious process,
“conscious” and “consciousness” as one’s awareness of himself and of the world
or one’s “thought process.” Meanwhile, “unconscious” refers to two things; first,
the mental processes below conscious awareness and second, the part of the mind
that is unavailable to consciousness (p. 45). In this study, psychological approach
is applied as it deals with human's psychological points of view. It means this
approach leads to analyze the characters from their complexity of thought and
behavior (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 13).
2.1.2 Theory of Character
Literary works cannot be separated from the characters as the story is built
toward them. According to Abrams in AGlossary of Literary Terms (1999),
characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action (pp. 32-33).
Character can be categorized into several types. Henkle (1977) classified character
into major and secondary character (p. 88). He offered three factors that enable the
author to communicate the human qualities and human themes of the novel. Those
factors are “the complexity of the characterization, the attention given certain
figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit” (p. 87).
Major character or “protagonist” is portrayed and given his prominence through
these means.
Readers pay attention to complex characters since they expect changes in
importance of a character. The attention may come from the other characters in
the novel (p. 90). The third factor is the intensity that a character seems to
transmit. Henkle emphasized that intensity as a character trait catches readers’
attention so effectively that it can replace those other two elements in the creation
of major characters (p. 91).
On the other hand, secondary character performs more limited functions.
Those functions are to populate the world of the novel, as a point of reference
from which to see the major character’s greater intensity, as comparisons to the
major characters, as analogues to the main characters, as composite characters,
and as symbolic or projections of the mood or condition of mind that permeates
the book (pp. 94-100). The explanations of each function are as follows:
1. The most obvious function of secondary characters is to populate the world of
the novel. They establish human contexts in fiction and represent the general
quality of life (pp. 94-95).
2. They also function as points of reference to see the major characters’ greater
intensity. They provide good counterpoint to major characters that are intense
or bizarre, for example a minor character’s conservative life-style is in contrast
to the major character’s liberal attitude (p. 95).
3. Secondary characters can act as comparisons to the major characters. They
interact with the major characters to bring to the surface a crucial issue of the
novel’s experience (p. 96). They confront the major characters with those
major characters’ own potential weaknesses or strengths, and encourage them
4. They can function as analogues to the major characters. They function as
analogues when they experience the same emotional states or situations as the
major characters (p. 97).
5. Another function is as composite characters. It means the minor characters
function to construct a composite picture of the human condition that is at issue
in the novel (p. 99).
6. The last function of secondary characters is as symbolic or projections of the
mood or condition of mind that permeates the book. It happens when the
completeness and complexity of characters takes on less importance. Henkle
explained that “in many instances, the secondary characters are not intended to
be lifelike at all” (p. 100).
In Literature for Composition, Barnet, Burto, and Cain (2005)
differentiated flat characters from round characters (p. 228). A flat character is
simple and usually has only one characteristic (e.g. caring, cheerful, arrogant,
bad-tempered, etc). Meanwhile, a round character represents several or even many
characteristics that unite to form a complex personality. Forster (2000) suggested
two advantages of flat characters. The first is flat characters are easily recognized
whenever they come in, they are recognized by the readers’ emotional eyes not by
visual eyes. He stated that flat characters are very useful to the author since they
never need reintroducing, never run away, have not to be watched for
development, and provide their own atmosphere (p. 74). Another advantage is
they are easily remembered by the reader afterwards. They are not changed by
are funny or comic. A serious or tragic flat character is likely to be a bore. He
further suggested that “only round people who are fit to perform tragically for any
length of time and can move us to any feelings except humour and
appropriateness” (p. 77).
Furthermore, a character can be categorized into static or dynamic. As
stated by Holman and Harmon (2009), a static character is one who changes little.
It means the things happen to the character do not give certain changes in
response to those things. On the other hand, a dynamic character is one who is
modified by actions and experiences. The character changes as a reaction to the
actions happened to him (p. 96).
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization
In narrative or dramatic works, characterization refers to the presentation
of persons by means of characters’ actions, speeches, or physical appearances.
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), characterization is the process by
which an author creates a character (p. 20). Klarer (1999) suggested two different
methods of presenting a character, they are explanatory characterization or telling
and dramatic characterization or showing. The explanatory characterization
describes a person through a narrator, who functions as a judgmental mediator
between the action and the reader (p. 19). On the other hand, dramatic
characterization “creates the impression on the reader that he or she is able to
dramatic performance” (pp.19-20). The image of a person is shown only through
his actions and utterances without further commentary from the author.
Murphy in Understanding Unseens (1972) mentioned nine methods to
understand personality in characters. They are personal description, character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct
comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). Each of them is explained as
follows:
1. The first is personal description, in which the author describes a person's
physical appearance and clothes to build the character (p. 161).
2. The second is presenting the character as seen by another. The author describes
the character through the eyes and opinions of another character instead of
describing it directly (p. 162).
3. The third is speech, in which the author describes the character through what
he says (p. 164).
4. The fourth is past life. The author can give the readers a clue to the character’s
past life events to describe his character (p. 166).
5. The fifth is conversation of others, in which the author gives clues to a person’s
character through the conversations of other people and things they say about
him (p. 167).
6. The sixth is reactions. The readers can get a description of a person’s character
through his reactions toward situations and events (p. 168).
7. The seventh is direct comment, in which the author gives his personal
8. The eighth is thoughts. The readers will be able to recognize a person’s
character by knowing his thought (p. 171).
9. The last one is mannerisms, in which the author can describe a person's
mannerisms, habits, or unusual behaviors in order to tell the readers something
about his character (p. 173).
2.1.4 Theory of Psychoanalytic
According to Freud, psychoanalysis functions to describe the process of
bringing unconscious material into someone’s awareness, where it could be
examined rationally (as cited in Bootzin et al., 1983, p. 413). Kasschau (1995)
supported that psychoanalytic theories emphasize the importance of motives
hidden deep in the unconscious (p. 269). In accordance with Kasschau (1995),
Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005) elaborated that psychoanalytic view emphasizes
the illogical and irrational unconscious processes. Its content emphasizes the
motives and wishes (p. 84). In other words, psychoanalysis pictures the mind as
part conscious and part unconscious (Ryan, 2012, p. 43). Freud developed formal
structure model for psychoanalysis, in which it consists of three personality
structures: the id, the ego, and the superego (as cited in Weiner, 1980, p. 14). In
Psychology Today, Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) defined the id, the ego,
and the superego as “certain motivational forces whose existence is inferred from
the way people behave” (p. 414). Kasschau (1995) added that the id, ego, and
superego explain how the mind functions and how the instinctual energies are
believed each of them exists, fully or partially, in the unconscious and forms a
different aspect of personality (p. 477). Each of them refers to different aspects of
people’s functioning (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 84).
Figure 2.1 Freud’s view about levels of consciousness and the structure of personality (Retrieved December 22 2012 from
http://www.psyche.com/psyche/cube/cube_metapsychology.html)
Weiner (1980) defined the id as accumulation of all psychological energy
(termed “libido” or “lust”). The contents of the id are primarily unconscious (p.
14). Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) stated that “the id may be seen
metaphorically as a pool of instinctual biological drives present in every
individual at birth” (p. 414). Instincts in the id are distinguished between Eros and
Thanatos. Eros or “love” is the constructive life instinct responsible for survival,
self-propagation, and creativity. Meanwhile, Thanatos or “death” refers to the
instinctive attraction to the original inanimate state from which it arose, or the
state of death. This attraction causes aggressive tendencies in someone which
directed at him. However, aggression against the self is usually redirected outward
since self-destruction is opposed by the constructive life instinct of Eros. It affects
Ego Super
ego
someone to against the world, to compete, to conquer, and to kill (p. 415).
Kasschau (1995) suggested that the id operates in terms of the "pleasure
principle", which seeks immediate gratification of desires regardless of the
consequences (p. 272). Baron and Kalsher (1998) explained further that “the id
wants immediate and total gratification but it is not capable of considering the
potential costs of seeking this goal” (p. 470). The id operates without any
consideration for logic or reality (Huffman et al., 2000, p. 477). Pervin, Cevone,
and John (2005) stated that the id seeks the release of excitation, tension, and
energy (p. 85).
While the id seeks immediate satisfaction and its gratification is not
delayed, the ego necessitates the delay of gratification of the id. Its existence
provides a means for delay of gratification, long-term goal planning, and so on.
The ego’s contents are primarily conscious (Weiner, 1980, p. 16). The ego takes
part of the id’s energy and proceeds to serve as the mediator between the id and
reality. It uses memory, reason, and judgment to try to satisfy the desires of the id,
to anticipate the consequences of a particular means of gratification, and
sometimes to delay gratification in order to achieve long-range goals (Bootzin et
al., 1983, p. 415). Kasschau (1995) added further that the ego is the rational and
thoughtful personality process operating in terms of the “reality principle” (p.
272). According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000), one of ego’s tasks is to
direct and release the id’s energy in ways that are consistent with external
environment (p. 478). It considers external conditions and the consequences of
pain (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 470). Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005)
suggested that the ego functions as the expression and satisfaction of the desires
of the id in accordance with opportunities and restrictions that exist in the real
world (p. 85).
The last structure is the superego, which has two main functions: to reward
people for acceptable moral behavior, and to punish actions that are not socially
acceptable by creating guilt (Weiner, 1980, p. 16). It opposes the expression of
unacceptable wishes rather than delays it as the ego does. The function of the
superego is to prohibit what is morally wrong and to promote what is morally
right. After the superego develops, doing something “wrong” can result in a
double punishment: punishment from someone else or self-punishment (Bootzin
et al., 1983, p. 416). In accordance with Bootzin et al. (1983), Kasschau (1995)
stated that the superego is the source of conscience and high ideals, which
operates in terms of a “moral principle” (p. 272). Baron and Kalsher (1998) added
that “the superego permits us to gratify such impulses only when it is morally
correct to do so –not simply when it is safe or feasible, as required by the ego” (p.
470). Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000) defined conscience as a group of
social prohibitions, meanwhile ego-ideal or high ideals are things someone should
do to feel proud of himself (p. 478). In other words, the superego functions to
control behavior in accordance with moral rules, to offer rewards for good
2.1.5 Theory of Motivation
Motivation refers to internal processes that serve to activate, guide, and
maintain people’s behavior (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 382). Bootzin, Loftus,
and Zajonc (1983) stated that motivation cannot be observed directly, thus
psychologists focus on behavior (p. 367). It is supported by Kasschau (1995) that
psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior (p. 134). Franken
(2002) believed that motivation theorists assume there is a cause for every
behavior and they aim to identify those causes (p. 3).
One method of studying human motivation is by studying the aggressive
motive (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 396). They defined aggressive motive as the
desire to harm or injure others in some manner. Freud concluded that humans
possess a powerful built-in tendency to harm others (as cited in Baron and
Kalsher, 1998, p. 397). Most psychologists believed that aggression is produced
by a wide range of external events and stimuli. Another suggestion stated that
aggressive behavior is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors.
Aggression starts primarily from social factors, or in other words, it results from
the actions of another person. For many years psychologists viewed frustration as
the major cause of aggression, however, another finding indicated that frustration
is just one of many different social causes of it. Another factor that plays a role in
aggression is direct provocation from another person. Verbal insults or physical
actions done by others may result in aggressive tendecies toward them.
Moyer identified eight types of aggression in animals, all of which can be
aggression, fear-induced aggression, territorial aggression, maternal aggression,
irritable aggression, sex-related aggression, and instrumental aggression (as cited
in Franken, 2002, pp. 209-210). The explanations of each are as follows:
1. Predatory aggression is a kind of aggression that animals direct against their
natural prey.
2. Intermale aggression is attack or threat by a male in response to a strange male.
3. Fear-induced aggression is an aggressive behavior occurring when animals are
confined.
4. Territorial aggression is threat or attack behavior when an intruder is
discovered on home-range territory.
5. Maternal aggression is an attack directed toward an intruder by the female to
protect her young (babies).
6. Irritable aggression is destructive behavior directed toward any object as the
result of frustration, pain, deprivation, or any other stressor.
7. Sex-related aggression is behavior elicited by the same stimuli that elicit sexual
behavior (e.g. jealousy felt by someone when his spouse is flirting with
someone else).
8. Instrumental aggression is aggressive behavior previously resulted in some
kind of reward.
Dealing with instrumental aggression, humans may use coercive action to help
them achieve goals. Coercive action is defined as “an action taken with the
intention of imposing harm on another person or forcing compliance” (Franken,
the targets, and the terminal goal. The actor is the person who evaluates
information and decides what to do under a variety of different circumstances.
The targets are the people threatened by the actor and the terminal goal represents
the motives and values that cause the actor to think in certain ways and decide on
certain actions.
Maslow (1970) believed that human needs or motives are organized
hierarchically (pp. 35- 58). He developed a seven-level hierarchy of needs which
consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs,
esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs. He
suggested that lower needs on the hierarchy are stronger and have to be satisfied
before satisfy the higher needs (Petri, 1981, p. 302). Meanwhile, another
suggestion proposed that there is no guarantee that the needs must be satisfied in
order (Kasschau, 1995, p. 144).
The explanations of each need are as follows:
1. Physiological needs are the strongest of all needs (Maslow, 1970, p. 36). Petri
(1981) proposed if psychological needs are not adequately being met, the needs
above them are no longer the main point of attention (p. 302). These needs
must be fulfilled first before coming to other needs.
2. Safety needs are the needs for security, stability, dependency, protection,
freedom from fear, from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, law and
limits, strength in the protector, and so on (Maslow, 1970, p. 39). According to
Petri (1981), safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situations (p.
303). Kasschau (1995) stated that physiological and safety needs are the
fundamental ones (p. 143).
3. Belongingness and love needs will emerge if both physiological and safety
needs are fairly well gratified. According to Maslow (1970), someone will
hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, for example in family
or in group, and he will strive to achieve this (p. 43). The love needs involve
both giving and receiving love. Petri (1981) proposed that love needs are not
equivalent to sexual needs, though sexual intimacy can satisfy one’s
belongingness needs (p. 303).
4. Esteem needs are the desires for self-respect, or self esteem, and for the esteem
of others (Maslow, 1970, p. 45). He classified esteem needs into two sets: a
need for self-esteem and for esteem from others. The first is the desire for
strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for
second is the desire for reputation or prestige (respect from other people),
recognition, importance, attention, status, fame and glory, dominance, dignity,
or appreciation. Petri (1981) suggested that when these needs are not well
satisfied, maladjustment can occur which is typified by feelings of inferiority,
weakness, and helplessness (p. 304). Kasschau (1995) categorized
belongingness and love needs as well as esteem needs as psychological needs,
which can be filled only by an outside source (p. 143).
5. Cognitive needs or the desires to know and to understand, as defined by
Maslow, are impulses to satisfy curiosity, to know, to explain, and to
understand (1970, p. 48).
6. Aesthetic needs are the needs for beauty, order, symmetry, closure, completion
of the act, system, and structure (Maslow, 1970, p. 51). He argued that there is
a truly basic aesthetic need in some individuals.
7. Self-actualization needs refer to one’s desire for self-fulfilment, or the
tendency to become actualized in what he is potentially (Maslow, 1970, p. 46).
This is the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming. These
needs vary greatly from person to person. Petri (1981) suggested that
self-actualized person is motivated by a new set of needs, which is termed the being
needs (B-motivation) by Maslow (p. 305). B-motives are values such as truth,
honesty, beauty, and goodness.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
This part will explain the contribution of theories in solving the problems
of the study. The theories used in this study are the theory of critical approaches,
theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychoanalytic, and
theory of motivation. Theory of critical approaches provides the methods of
analysis and the basis for the judgment of literary works. The researcher uses
psychological approach since this study discusses the character’s motivation and
personality structure. Theory of character and theory of characterization are
applied to analyze how the character is described in the novel. The researcher uses
the theory of psychoanalytic, which suggested three mental structures of
personality, to analyze the character’s unconscious motives in committing murder.
Theory of motivation helps the researcher in identifying and understanding the
motives of the character for murdering.
2.3 Criticism
When a literary work is published and widely read by public, it will always
evoke some comments, suggestions or even criticisms. This part would like to
present what people have commented about Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands
Alone. The criticisms are presented to give the readers more references in
understanding Paulo Coelho’s work. Since this is a well-known novel, there are so
many comments on this novel.
Celeste Rosario (2009) stated that she loved this novel. She considered it
entertainment industry, and the reality behind those glamorous lives of the
“Stars”. She stated that it also took the readers into the dark and sinister mind of
one’s desire for vengeance but wrongly interpreted as “love”. She was happy for
having read it and finally recommended other Paulo’s fans or other people seeking
meaning behind the world of entertainment to read it.
Taneja (2010) stated that this book had a deep impact on him and gave him
something to think about seriously. In his opinion, this book was not only about
the dreams of the rich or the ordinary but also the reality of where people are
heading to in the mad race for fame and money. He believed everyone has their
own conceptions about life, society, power, dreams and morality, however,
whether one allows his dreams and ambitions to overpower his morality and
dignity depends on that person himself. He recommended this book if one intends
to search the answers to ethical questions in this materialistic world. This book
also provides the working background of Cannes and a thriller aspect. In the end,
he convinced the readers this is a book they should not miss.
2.4 Context of the Novel
Paulo Coelho, who was born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has
found his vocation to be a writer. He said in the foreword of this book, “one of the
recurrent themes of my books is the importance of paying the price of your
dreams.” He stated that for many years most of the people lived in a culture that
considered fame, money, and power as the real values to pursue. Thus, they are
own times, so did he write this book. He intended to present an image of the world
from his perspective.
The setting of this novel is in Cannes, France. There is no exact time stated
in the novel but since it was written in 2008, the time setting might be the same
year as the writing of it. The main setting takes place in Cannes Film Festival, the
annual film festival held in Cannes, France. Paulo stated that soon after he
finished writing The Winner Stands Alone, the financial market collapsed. In 2008
the European financial crisis began. As France is one of European countries, the
crisis happened there as well. As reported by Anil Giga (2012) in Financial Post,
the cause of this was consumers in the Western world had spent so much by debt
during the previous 20 years. Europe represents almost 25% of the world’s trade
and it is in a recession that is getting worse by the day. The interest rates are
almost at zero in the U.S. and Europe, and the Western governments are already
burdened with too much debt. As stated by Dr. Sherry Cooper, the European,
so-called eurozone, debt crisis has a direct impact on business confidence that cannot
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into three parts, namely Object of the Study,
Approach of the Study, and Method of the Study. The first part, Object of the
Study, elaborates the physical description of the literary work studied and presents
what the work is generally about. The second part, Approach of the Study, states
the approaches employed in analyzing the work. The third, Method of the Study,
describes the procedures of the analysis of the work.
3.1 Object of the Study
This thesis analyzes a novel entitled The Winner Stands Alone, written by
Paulo Coelho in 2008.The Winner Stands Alone was first published in Portuguese
in 2008. The English translation was published in 2009 by Harper in America. It
was translated by Margaret Jull Costa. This novel consists of 343 pages with thirty
chapters and is written in the third person. Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian author who
has made great novels mostly about self-search and true love. He is the recipient
of numerous prestigious international awards and was inducted into the Brazilian
Academy of Letters in 2002. In 2007 he was named a United Nations Messenger
of Peace by United Nations Secretary.
The novel tells about four main characters. First, Igor, is a Russian
millionaire who thinks that he can kill if he has a good reason, such as releasing
someone from suffering or getting his wife back. Second, Hamid, is a Middle
Eastern haute couturier who starts the business with good intentions but then turns
out to be too ambitious. Third, Gabriela, is a woman who obsesses about being an
actress and believes it as the highest achievement in life. Lastly, Jasmine, is a
black young girl leading to a successful modeling career for the sake of having a
better life and being with her love of life. All of them are interconnected in
Cannes Film Festival, the annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which
previews new films of all genres from around the world.
3.2 Approach of the Study
This study focuses firstly on the character and characterization of Igor
Malev, as a millionaire from a soldier background. Second, this study focuses on
Igor’s motivation in becoming a murderer for the sake of getting his wife back.
Since this study intends to analyze the character’s motivation, psychological
approach is employed. Therefore, in order to reveal the reasons of Igor Malev for
committing a murder, the theory of motivation is applied. In addition, the theory
of character and characterization are applied to portray his personal traits. Theory
of psychoanalytic is applied as well in attempting to examine his unconscious
motives for committing a murder.
3.3 Method of the Study
In order to complete the study, the reference books and other sources are
needed. The sources are basically divided into two parts. They are primary source
1. Primary source
The primary source is the source that becomes the basis of the study’s
analysis. The primary source used in this study is the novel, The Winner Stands
Alone, written by Paulo Coelho.
2. Secondary sources
The secondary sources are the sources used in order to support the study’s
analysis. Firstly, this study uses some literary books such as A Glossary of
Literary Terms written by M. H. Abrams, Reading and Writing about Literature
written by Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Jr., Aspects of the Novel
written by T. M. Forster and so on. Secondly, this study uses some psychological
books such as Understanding Psychology written by Richard A. Kasschau,
Motivation and Personality written by Abraham H. Maslow, Human Motivation
written by Bernard Weiner and so on.
The study was conducted by using library research method. It means the
main procedures used to gain data are reading and taking important notes in order
to help the study’s analysis. The whole procedures during the process of analysis
are:
1. Searching for a novel to analyze in a book store
2. Reading the novel
3. Determining the topic to discuss in the thesis
4. Determining the objectives of the study
5. Formulating the problems of the study
7. Rereading the novel frequently and taking notes some important points
8. Doing an analysis to answer the problems of the study
9. Supporting the analysis by using the data from various sources
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter covers the analysis of the two questions stated in the problem
formulation. The first analysis deals with the personality description of Igor
Malev, the main character of the novel analyzed in this study. The second analysis
explains the motivation of Igor in becoming a murderer.
4.1 The Characteristics of Igor Malev
In this part, the researcher would like to find out the characteristics of Igor
Malev. Henkle (1977) categorized character into two types; major character and
secondary character (p. 87). A major character is portrayed and given his
prominence through the complexity of the characterization, the attention given
certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit. Igor
is categorized as major character since he is portrayed and given his prominence
through those three factors. Character can be categorized into flat and round
character as well (Barnet et al., 2005, p. 228). Igor belongs to round character
since he has several characteristics. Holman and Harmon (2009) also stated that a
character may be either static or dynamic (p. 96). Igor is a dynamic character as he
changes toward the actions happened to him.
In revealing the characteristics of Igor, the researcher applies nine methods
to characterize a character proposed by Murphy (1972). Those are personal
description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others,
reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). However, not
all of the methods are used in revealing the characteristics. The methods used are
personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation
of others, reactions, thoughts, and direct comment. By using these methods, Igor
is portrayed as:
4.1.1 Cautious
Igor is a cautious man. He is careful in order to avoid risks. It can be seen
from the techniques he murders his victims. According to Murphy (1972), one
method to understand a character’s trait is by knowing his past life (pp. 166-167).
Igor is an ex-soldier and thus it gives him an in-depth knowledge of martial arts.
He murders the first victim, Olivia, with his bare hands. By using the right thumb,
he presses Olivia’s jugular vein so that blood stops flowing to her brain. The other
hand presses a particular point near her armpit so that the muscles seize up (p. 22).
Samozashchita Bez Orujiya, or Sambo, as it is better known among Russians, is the art of killing swiftly with one’s bare hands, without the victim realizing what is happening. It was developed over the centuries, when people or tribes had to confront invaders unarmed. It was widely used by the Soviet state apparatus to eliminate people without leaving any trace. They tried to introduce it as a martial art in the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but it was rejected as being too dangerous, despite all the efforts of the Communists of the day to include in the Games a sport which they alone practiced. (p. 22)
He makes sure only a few people know his moves. The police car passes by
without even noticing them. He tries to lay her on the bench by folding up the
will not be discovered since there are no visible marks. Besides, only the elderly
couple notice them sitting together (p. 23).
His cautiousness can also be seen when he is interested in the next victim,
Javits Wild, a film distributor. He asks the waiter about Javits and finds out that
man is a very important man (p. 41).
“One other question. Would it be acceptable to destroy a universe in the name of a greater love?”
The waiter laughs.
“Are you God or just gay?”
“Neither, but thank you for your answer.” (p. 41)
He realizes he should not ask that question. First, because he does not need
anyone’s support to justify what he is doing and second, he draws attention to
himself and indicates an interest in Javits. He is sure the waiter will forget and it is
better not to take unnecessary risks.
Javits has two bodyguards. All of them are inseparable. However, Igor
finds no difficulty in evading the meticulous eyes of Javits’s bodyguards. Those
men are trained to memorize every face, notice every movement, predict any
danger, as well as react rapidly (p. 109). He leaves ten minutes after arriving in
the hope that Javits’s friends will notice he has gone (p. 110). Before returning to
the tent, he takes the drinking straw from his pocket, and a needle and a piece of
cork from the small glass flask. By using a thin metal blade, he makes a hole in
the cork the same diameter as the straw. He returns and rejoins the party, then he
places the needle inside the straw and put it back in his drink. He moves closer to
Javits and blows the needle inside the straw, which is projected in the direction of
