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m -kailma tyang mengandung ailh-kode ,mengis ichecklsi tjeni s h
il
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a l a d
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T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
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S TEMENTOFWORK’SORIGINALITY ... iv I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ...........................................v T
C A R T S B
A ... vi K
A R T S B
A ...............................................................................................................v i i S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ...v i ii S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi S
E L B A T F O T S I
L ... ix i A
F O T S I
L PPENDICES ...x ii i
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C
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A ResearchBackground... 1 .
B ResearchProblems ... 4 n
o it a ti m i L m e l b o r P .
C ... 4 .
D ResearchObjecitves ... 4 s
ti f e n e B h c r a e s e R .
E ... 5 s
m r e T f o n o it i n if e D .
F ... 6
I I R E T P A H
C . REVIEWONRELATEDLITERATURE n
o it p ir c s e D l a c it e r o e h T .
A ... 8 .
1 Mulitilnguailsm ... 8 .
2 Biilnguilsm... 01 .
3 Code-Swtiching ... 11 .
a TheNatureo fCode-Swtiching ... 11 .
b TheType so fCode-Swtiching... 31 e
d o C r o f s n o s a e R e l b i s s o P e h T .
c -Swtiching ... 8..1 k
r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T .
x I
I I R E T P A H
C . METHODOLOGY .
A ResearchMethod ... 24 .
B ResearchSubjects... 25 C .InsrtumentsandDataGatheirngTechnique ... 27 D .DataAnalysi sTechnique... 28 F .ResearchProcedure ... 32
V I R E T P A H
C . RESEARCHFINDINGSANDDISCUSSION .
A TheDistirbuitono ftheType so fCode-Swtiching...............................................34 .
1 Meaning-BasedSwtiching ... 36 .
a Diglossia ... 36 .
b Stiuaitona lCode-Swtiching... 38 .
c Metapho ircCode-Swtiching ... 04 .
2 Srtuctural-BasedSwtiching ... 2....4 .
a Conversaitona lCode-Swtiching ... 34 .
b Single-WordCode-Swtiching ... 45 d
r o w n a o L d e t a r g e t n I .
c ... 47 .. g
n i h c ti w S c it a m e l b m E r o g a T .
d ... 84
e h T .
B PossibleReasonsf o rCode-Swtiching ... 50 .
1 TheChanginginParitcipan tFeatures ... 51 .
2 TheChangingi nTopic ... 53 .
3 Quo itngSomeone’ sWord ... 55 g
n il e e F g n i s s e r p x E .
4 ... 56
s g n i d n i F r e h t O .
i x V
R E T P A H
C . CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
A .Conclus s ion ... 95 B .Recommendaitons ... 61
S E C N E R E F E
R ... 63 ....
S E C I D N E P P
ii x
S E L B A T F O T S I L
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3 e l b a
T 3 .TheObservaitonCheckils toft heReasonsf o rCode-Swtichingi n !
n a s i r
A M eo vi ... 03 .
3 e l b a
T 4 .TheObservaitonCheckils toft heReasonsf o rCode-Swtichingi n !
n a s i r
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! n a s i r
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l b a
T 4 .2.Numbe ro fSrtuctural-BasedSwtichingPhenomenai nArisan!and 2
! n a s i r
A Movies... 35 e
l b a
T 4 .3.Numbe ro fPossibleReasonsf o rCode-Swtiching i nArisan!and 2
! n a s i r
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S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L x
i d n e p p
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f o s n o it p ir c s n a r T : 1 X I D N E P P
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A PossibleReasonsf o rCode
-n i g n i h c ti w
1
I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
r e t p a h c s i h T . c i p o t n e s o h c e h t f o n o it c u d o rt n i e h t s n i a t n o c r e t p a h c s i h T r e v o
c s the research background ,research problems ,problem ilmtiaiton ,research .s
m r e t f o n o it i n if e d d n a , s ti f e n e b h c r a e s e r ,s e v it c e j b o
.
A ResearchBackground
Biilnguailsm a nd mulitilnguailsm are the socioilnguisitc sreailites in the s
y a d a w o n d lr o w l a r u l
p .S irdha r(1996 i n McKay & Hornberger ,1996 )proposes e
v a h s n o it a n t s o m t a h
t mulitilngua lspeaker sandhundred so fmliilon so fpeoplein e
s u y l e n it u o r d lr o w e h
t o fmoret hanonel anguagei nt hei rdaliy ilves .Inbiilngua l d
n
a mulitilngua lcommuniites ,peoplet endt ousemoret hanonel anguagei n t hei r )
9 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r G . s e v il y li a
d a sctied i nBhaitaandRtichie( 2004)notestha tal lo f g
n a l s 'r e k a e p s l a u g n il it l u m
a uage sare simutlaneously acitvated wheneve rthe r
e k a e p
s speaks , even in case s where form s from only one language are .
d e r e t n u o c n e
, n o it i d n o c s i h t o t g n i d r o c c
A biilngua lor mulitilngua lpeoplearepossible d
n o c e s r i e h t o t e g a u g n a l t s ri f r i e h t m o r f h c ti w s o
t o r thrid language . Thi s
e d o c s a d e ll a c s i s e g a u g n a l e h t g n i h c ti w s f o n o n e m o n e h
p -swtiching . Code
-e t a t s ) 2 1 0 2 ( k r e H s a , g n i h c ti w
s s i ,“ sa common phenomenon when people who r o ( s e g a u g n a l ) e r o m r o ( o w t e s u d n a r e h t e g o t t e g e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e r a h s
) s e d o
n e h
w people atlernatebetween atl eastt wo l anguage sor l anguage vaireites i n a
e l g n i
s conversaiton acros s sentence so r clause boundaires . A s swtiching the
s r e k a e p s e h t , e g a u g n a
l arenoitcablet hatt heyuset heelement so fmoret han one
n i h ti w e g a u g n a
l ones entenceorf romas entencet oanothe.r
Mulitcutlura lcommuniite sin Indonesia a irse sva irou slanguage sused in
) 4 8 9 1 ( n a b a b a N y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI . y t e i c o s e h
t w ho say sIndonesia i soneoft he
s e ir t n u o
c tha thasqutiecomplexsocioilnguisitc scondiiton duet o ti smulitcutlura l
s e it i n u m m o
c . Nababan (1984 ) argue s tha t i t i s a common phenomenon o f
s a h c u s , e t a c i n u m m o c o t e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m g n i s u e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I
e g a u g n a l l a n o i g e r d n a n a i s e n o d n
I s . sA a resul to fIndonesian biilnguailsm and
il a u g n il it l u
m s ,m therea remanyIndonesianpeoples wtichingt heril anguages.
h s il g n E , s e it i c g i b n i r e v o e r o m , a i s e n o d n I n i s e c a l p e m o s n
I i scommonly
y b d e s
u many Indonesian people .I ti ssuppo tred by the Ethnologue (2009 in
a it a h
B & Rtichie , 2013) tha t states 94% o f the wo lrd populaiton employs
s e ir t n u o c y n a m n i n e k o p s s i h s il g n E d n a s e g a u g n a l s ’ d lr o w f o % 5 y l e t a m i x o r p p a
y l e d i w e h t g n i e b h s il g n E f o n o it i d n o c s i h T . e b o l g e h t d n u o r
a -usedl anguagei nt he
o f h s il g n E e s u d n a n r a e l o t e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I s t c e f f a d lr o
w rmany reasons ,such
b o j r o f g n i k o o l s
a s ,fuflliilngthej ob r equriements ,planning t o study abroad ,and
i d e t s e r e t n i g n i e
b n t hel anguage tisefl .Moreover ,Engilsh i st aughti n mos toft he
s A . a i s e n o d n I n i s e it i s r e v i n u o t p u s l o o h c s y r a t n e m e l
e a resutl ,Engilshin lfuence s
m o r f h c ti w s o t d n e t m e h t f o y n a m d n a , g n i k a e p s e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I f o y a w e h t
n a i s e n o d n I o d n e tf o o h w e l p o e p f o s p u o r g l a r e v e s e r a e r e h
T -Engilshcode
-n a i s e n o d n I , t s ri F . g n i h c ti w
s -Engilsh codeswtiching moslty happens i n t he well
-ll e w e h t t a h t s i n o s a e r e h T . ) 4 8 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( e l p o e p f o s p u o r g d e t a c u d
e -educated
e m o c e b y e h T . l o o h c s t a d e i d u t s y e h t e c n i s h s il g n E o t d e s o p x e r o t h g u a t e r a e l p o e p
v h s il g n E h ti w r a il i m a
f ocabularyandexpressions ,sotheyareablet ousei n t hei r
. n o it a s r e v n o c y li a
d Second ,Indonesian-Engilsh code swtiching also happen sfo r
k r o w o h w s e n o e h
t in the area which demand sthem to mee tforeigner s o r
a R ( r e ll e s e s i d n a h c r e m d n a e d i u g r u o t s a h c u s t s ir u o t l a n o it a n r e t n
i hardi ,2001 .)
e r e h
T a re some research tha tcan be the proo ftha tIndonesian-Engilsh
e d o
c -swtiching o tfen happensi n t hesociety .Anggraini( 2013 ) ifnd soutt hati na
o d n e tf o s e ir u j e h t , 2 1 0 2 l o d I n a i s e n o d n I d e m a n m a r g o r p V
T Indonesian-Engilsh
e d o
c -swtiching . Indonesian people also o tfen code-swtich the language s in
n e v o r p s i tI . g n it ir
w by Mandri i(2010) t ha the ifnd sou tthereare183 Facebook
e d o c n i a t n o c h c i h w s e s u t a t
s -swtichingi n hi sFacebooknewsfeeddu irng amonth .
s e v o r p ) 8 0 0 2 ( a rt u
P tha t Indones -ian Engilsh code-swtiching happen s in
) 8 0 0 2 ( a rt u P . a i d e m s s a m n a i s e n o d n
I discoverstha tthereare261code-swtiching
e d o c 6 8 2 d n a 3 1 . l o V e n i z a g a M ! i a H n i s e c n e r r u c c
o -swtiching occurrence sin
. 7 3 . l o V e n i z a g a M ! i a H
n a i s e n o d n
I -Engilsh code-swtiching i s also found in some Indonesian
. s e u g o l a i d s e i v o
m The example s o f Indonesian movie s which have many
n a i s e n o d n
I -Engilsh code-swtiching occurrence sa reArisan!(2003 )and Arisan !2 .)
1 1 0 2
( Those movie sare d riected by Nia Dinata .Those movie picture sthe
t s e fi
n a i s e n o d n I y n a m e r a e r e h t ,s e i v o
m -Engilsh code-swtiching spoken by t he actor s
.s e s s e rt c a d n a
e d o c n i a t n o c t o n o d s e i v o m n a i s e n o d n I r e h t
O -swtiching a s many a s
d n a ! n a s i r
A A irsan !2movies. Duet ot heoccurrenceo fmanyIndonesian-Engilsh e
d o
c -swtiching phenomena in those movies ,the wrtie rwa satrtacted to identfiy
e d o c f o s e p y t e h
t -swtiching happensi n t he movie sand also t hepossiblereason s
e d o c f
o -swtiching .A sa resul,t thi sresearch would be able to add informaiton
e d o c t u o b
a -swtiching phenomena in Indonesia into the code-swtiching arleady
. e g d e l w o n k d e t s i x e
.
B ResearchProblems
e r e h
T a retwo r esearch problemsi n t hi sstudy .Ther esearch quesiton sa re
: s w o ll o f s a d e t a l u m r o f
.
1 Howi st hedist irbuitono fthet ype so fcode-swtichinginArisan !andArisan !2 s
e i v o
m ?
.
2 Wha taret hepossibler eason sf orthecode-swtiching i nArisan !a dn Arisan !2 ?
s e i v o m
.
C ProblemLimtia iton
h c r a e s e r s i h
T i s ilmtiedt o ifndoutt het ype sandpossibler eason so fcode
-r e ti r w e h T . s e i v o m e h t n i g n i h c ti w
s eu s s Arisan! a dn Arisan! 2 movies a sthe t
c e j b u s h c r a e s e
h s il g n E o t n a i s e n o d n I m o r f s e g a u g n a
l and Indonesian to the regiona llanguage .
h c r a e s e r e h
T i s ilmtiedt otheI ndonesian-Engilshcode-swtiching.
.
D ResearchObjecitves
h c r a e s e r e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h
T a reasf ollows:
.
1 To ifndoutt hedistirbuitono ftype so fcode-swtichingi nArisan!a dn Arisan! 2 e
i v o
m s.
.
2 To ifnd out t he possible reason sf or code-swtiching i n Arisan! a nd Arisan! 2 e
i v o
m s.
.
E ResearchBeneftis
.
1 Eng ilshEduca itonStudyProgramStudents
r o f l u f e s u s i h c r a e s e r s i h
T theEngilsh Educaiton StudyProgram student swho
d e t s e r e t n i e r
a inlearningabou tcode-swtichingi ndepth .Thisr esearchcontain s
e d o c t u o b a e g d e l w o n k n o it a l u m u c c a e h
t -swtiching .Hopefully ,by r eading t hi s
s t n e d u t s e h t , h c r a e s e
r wli lhave more understanding abou t the type sand
s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p f orcode-swtichingi nI ndones ia.
.
2 TheFutureResearchers
e r u t u f r o f n o it a m r o f n i t n e i c if f u s e v i g n a c h c r a e s e r s i h t t a h t s e p o h r o h t u a e h T
e d o
c -swtiching researcher .Thi sresearch i sablet o guidet hef uture ilnguisitc s
e d o c r e h t o e h t t u o d n if o t s r e h c r a e s e
r -swtiching phenomenao rothe rlanguage
.
F De ifniitono fTerms
n i d e s u e r e w h c i h w s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d e m o s t n e s e r p o t e k il d l u o w r e ti r w e h T
.s i s e h t s i h t
.
1 Code-Swtiching
s e t a t s ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W thatt het erm‘ code’r eferst o t heparitcula rdialec t
m e t s y s a , s e s o o h c n o s r e p a t a h t e g a u g n a l r
o usedf o rcommunicaitonbetweent wo
. s e it r a p e r o m r
o Headd stha tcode-swtichingi saproces soft hepeoplet oswtich
d o c x i m o t r o r e h t o n a o t e d o c r e h t o m o r
f e seven wtihin someitme svery shor t
o t g n i d r o c c A . s e c n a r e tt
u McCormick (1994 in Asher ,1994 )code-swtiching i s
t
“hej uxtaposiitono felementsf romt wo( o rmore)l anguage sanddialects” .
.
2 Movie
o t g n i d r o c c
A Merriam-Webster’ sAdvanced Learner sEngilsh Dictionary , s
i e i v o
m arecordingo fmoviei magest hatt ell sastory andt ha tpeoplewatchona
. n o i s i v e l e t r o n e e r c
s (Perrautl ,2008 . ) Moviei st hecommunicaitonmediat hatt ell s
y r o t s
a o rinformaiton through moiton picture sand sounds .Movie ha smany
. s r e w e i v e h t g n it a c u d e d n a , n o it a m r o f n i g n i v i g , g n i n i a tr e t n e s a h c u s s n o it c n u f
e c n e i c s d n a , y d e m o c , n o it c a , r o r r o h , a m a r
D -ifciton are the example so fmovie
.s e r n e g
.
3 Arisan !
! n a s i r
A i sanI ndonesiadramamoviewhich r eleased i n2003 .Thi smoviei s d
e t c e ri
d by Nia Dinataand the scirp ti sw irtten by Joko Anwar (Dinata ,2003) .
il a i c o s t l u d a f o e l y t s e fi l e h t s e r u t c i p e i v o m s i h
T te group sin Jaka tra who o tfen
r e h t a
e m e h t l a u x e s o m o h s r e v il e
d .Cu tMini ,ToraSudrio ,SuryaSapurta ,AidaNurmala ,
. e i v o m s i h t n i s e s s e rt c a d n a s r o t c a n i a m e h t e r a m a y r a M l e h c a R d n a
.
4 Arisan !2
2 ! n a s i r
A is t he conitnuaiton of A irsan! movie .I twa sreleased i n 2011 ,8 e
i v o m t s ri f e h t r e tf a s r a e
y (Dinata ,2011) .A tfer passing eigh tyear ,s t hestory o f
, s r e t c a r a h c e h t s i s e g n a h c e m o s e r a e r e h T . d e u n it n o c s i s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e s o h t
h a q it A , o t n a w e D o i R s a h c u s , r a e p p a s e c a f w e n e m o s d n a , d e tt i m o e r a e m o s
8 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
h c s i h
T apte r consists o ftwo main points , theoreitca l descirpiton and
. k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t Theoreitca l descirpiton presents the descirpiton o f
m s il a u g n il it l u
m ,thedescirpitono fbiilnguailsm,t henatureo fcode-swtiching,t he
e d o c f o s e p y
t -swtiching , and the possible reason s for code-swtiching. T he
s e z i s e h t n y s d n a s e z ir a m m u s k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t al lmajo rrelevan ttheo ire s
h c i h
w assistt hewrtie rtoanswer theresearchproblem.
.
A Theoreitca lDescrip iton
Theoreitca ldescirpiton funcitons to give clea rexplanaiton and descirpiton
. s i s e h t e h t f o c i p o t e h t o t d e t a l e r s e ir o e h t e h t f
o Theoreitca ldescirpiton presents
m s il a u g n il it l u m f o n o it p ir c s e d e h
t ,thedescirpiton o fbiilnguailsm, t he nature o f
e d o
c -swtiching ,the type so fcode-swtiching ,and the possible reason sfor code
-. g n i h c ti w s
.
1 Mul itilnguailsm s i m s il a u g n il it l u
M a socioilnguisitc sphenomenon which occurs in the
. e t a c i n u m m o c o t s e g a u g n a l o w t n a h t e r o m y o l p m e e l p o e p e h t t a h t y t e i c o s
m d r o w e h t m o r f s e m o c m s il a u g n il it l u
M ulitilngual ,which meansthe knowledge
t n e m p o l e v e d c it a m a r d e h t s t c e lf e r h c i h w , s e g a u g n a l e r o m r o e e r h t f o e s u e h t d n a
y t h g i e t s a l e h t r e v
a it a h B ( s e g a u g n a
l & Rtichie ,2013 .) Thi sphenomenon happen sin mos to fthe y b d e tr o p p u s s i a e d i s i h T . d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o
c Bhaita and Rtichie (2013 )a s : s w o ll o f e h t n i e fi l f o t c a f r o j a m a s e t u ti t s n o c m s il a u g n il ir u l p t a h t t b u o d o n s i e r e h T . y a d o t d lr o
w Plu irilnguailsm i sno tsuch ararephenomenon; t hereare, i n d lr o w e h t n i s r e k a e p s l a u g n il it l u m r o l a u g n il i b e r o m t c a
f than there are
.s l a u g n il o n o
m (p .xx)i a
it a h
B a nd Rtichie (2013 )employ the term o f ‘plu irilnguailsm ’to meniton il it l u m d n a m s il a u g n il i
b nguailsm. The statemen t above is proven by the a it a h B n i 9 0 0 2 ( e u g o l o n h t
E & Rtichie ,2013 )that esitmates more than 7,000 y l e t a m i x o r p p a r o , d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o c 4 9 1 e h t n i n e k o p s e r a ) 8 5 3 , 7 ( s e g a u g n a l . y rt n u o c r e p s e g a u g n a l 8
3 Spolsky( 1998 ,p. 15 )also notes “M to s counrtie shave e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o
m spokenbysigniifcan tporitonoft hepopulaiton ,andmos t ” . y rt n u o c e n o n a h t e r o m n i s r e k a e p s f o s r e b m u n t n a c if i n g i s e v a h s e g a u g n a l f o l a u g n il it l u m , t s ri F . s y a w s u o r e m u n n i e s ir a s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u M e h t o t t c a t n o c o t n i s e g a u g n a l g n ir b o h w s t n a r g i m m i e h t m o r f e m o c s e it i n u m m o c s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u M . ) 3 1 0 2 , e i h c ti R & a it a h B n i 3 1 0 2 , s d r a w d E ( y t e i c o s n i s e v it a n d n a s t n a r g i m m i e h t n e e w t e b t c a t n o c l a r u tl u c e h t f o t l u s e r e h t e m o c e b u m , d n o c e S . y t e i c o s e h
t litilnguailsm i s the resul t o f poilitca l union among , d ri h T . ) 3 1 0 2 , e i h c ti R & a it a h B n i 3 1 0 2 , s d r a w d E ( p u o r g s c it s i u g n il t n e r e f fi d n i , 6 9 9 1 , r a h d ir S ( m s il a i n o l o c d n a n o it a x e n n a f o e m o c t u o e h t s i m s il a u g n il it l u m & y a K c
M Hornberger ,1996 .) Fo rinstance ,the resul to fDutch coloniailsm in d n a , h c t u D , n a i s e n o d n I k a e p s o h w s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u m e h t s i a i s e n o d n I c m o r f s e m o c m s il a u g n il it l u m , h tr u o F . s e g a u g n a l c i n h t
e ommercial ,scienitifc ,and e h t n o s e g a u g n a l n i a tr e c f o s r e k a e p s e h t f o e c n e d n e p e d l a c i g o l o n h c e
.) 6 9 9 1 , r e g r e b n r o H & y a K c M n i , 6 9 9 1 , r a h d ir S ( s e g a u g n a l r e h t
o A sanexample ,
s t c u d o r p y n a m s tr o p m i a i s e n o d n
I fromEngilshspeaking countire .s Ast her esutl , e g a u g n a l h s il g n E f o e r u s o p x e e s n e t n i e h t o t e u d h s il g n E e s u e l p o e p y n a
m da n the
il it l u
m nguals ocietyinI ndonesiai screated.
.
2 Biilngua ilsm ( d l e if m o o l
B 1935 ,in Hamers & Blanc ,1983 )deifnesbiilnguailsmast he e
v it a
n -ilkeconrtol oft wo l anguages .Otherwise ,Macnamara (1976 i n Hamers & s e s o p o r p ) 3 8 9 1 , c n a l
B tha ta biilngua l i s anyone who possesse sa minima l r e h t o m s i h n a h t r e h t o e g a u g n a l a n i s ll i k s e g a u g n a l r u o f e h t f o e n o n i e c n e t e p m o c s r e m a H . e u g n o
t a nd Blanc (1983 , p. 6 ) also states tha t “Fo r a biilngua l n a l o w t t s a e l t a e b t s u m e r e h t t s i x e o t y ti n u m m o
c guage scommonlyusedbysome ,) 9 8 9 1 , e n i a m o R n i 8 6 9 1 ( y e k c a M o t g n i d r o c c A ” . y ti n u m m o c e h t f o s r e b m e m r o o w t f o e s u e t a n r e tl a o h w e l p o e p f o p u o r g a t a h t s n a e m y ti n u m m o c l a u g n il i b . s e g a u g n a l e r o
m Thewrtie rsummed up t hose deifniitons ,so t ha tbiilnguailsmi s o w t y o l p m e e l p o e p e h t h c i h w y t e i c o s e h t n i s r u c c o a n e m o n e h p s c it s i u g n il e h t . e t a c i n u m m o c o t s e g a u g n a l , s l a u g n il i b f o s e p y t o w t e r a e r e h t ) 2 0 0 2 ( l l e w k c o t S o t g n i d r o c c A o c d n a s l a u g n il i b d n u o p m o
c -ordinate biilnguals .Compound biilngual shappen i e r e h t n e h
w sa deifntie sequence o f ilnguisitc scompetence (Stockwell ,2002) . s t n e d u t s n a i s e n o d n I t a h t s i e l p m a x e e h
T are born a sIndonesian naitvespeakers , d
n
o c s e t a t s ) 2 0 0 2 ( ll e w k c o t
S -ordinatebiilngual saret hecondiiton t ha tsomepeople . y l e n it u o r n e k o p s e r a s e g a u g n a l e r o m r o o w t h c i h w n i s e il i m a f o t n i n r o b e r a
.
3 Code-Swtiching .
a TheNatureo fCode-Swtiching
Code-swtiching phenomena canno t be separated from the society e
d o c f o y d u t s e h t e c n i s n o it i d n o
c -swtiching i sthe par to fsocioilnguisitcs .The e d o c f o r o t c a f e h t s i s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il i b d n a l a u g n il it l u m f o e c n e t s i x
e
-w t e r a e r e h t e c n i S . a n e m o n e h p g n i h c ti w
s o o r more language s used in the s
i e r e h t , y ti n u m m o
c apossiblitiyo fcodes wtiching. (
h g u a h d r a
W 2010 )propose stha tcode i s t heparitcula rdialec tor l anguage n
o i s a c c o y n a n o e s u o t s e s o o h c n o s r e p a t a h
t s .He emphasizes tha tpeople may t
e r o m e s u o t e s o o h
c han one language o rdialec tinstead o fonly using one e d o c e n o n a h t e r o m g n i s u g n it a c i n u m m o c , e r o f e r e h T . s e c n a r e tt u r i e h t n i e g a u g n a l
e d o c s a d e ll a c s i ti d n a , n e p p a h y a m s e c n a r e tt u e h t n
i -swtiching.
e d o c s u o ir a v e r a e r e h
T -swtiching deifniiton stated by differen t ilnguisitc s 3
1 0 2 ( n a w s c a M . s tr e p x
e ,in Bhaita & Rtichie )de ifne scode-swtiching a sthe e
r o m r o ( o w t f o e s u e t a n r e tl
a )language swtihin t he same utterances .Hoffmann e
d o c s e t o n o s l a ) 1 9 9 1
( -swtiching a s the atlernate use o f two language s o r it
s i u g n
il c svaireite swtihin the same utterance o rdu irng the same conversaiton , n I . s e ir a d n u o b e c n e t n e s r o e s a r h p s s o r c a s r u c c o e g n a h c e g a u g n a l e h t h c i h w
l l e w k c o t S , n o it i d d
e d o c , s n o it i n if e d e s o h t n o p u g n i w a r D ” .s n e p p a
h -swtiching necesstiate stwo o r r i e h t h c ti w s y a m e l p o e P . e c n a r e tt u e l g n i s a n i d e s u e b o t s e g a u g n a l e r o m u g n a
l agesf romphraset ophraseo rsentencet osentence ,andborrowt hel anguage , e s u a l c , d r o w s a h c u s s t n e m e l
e o rsentence f rom other l anguagest o beinsetred o
t n
i thei rnaitvel anguage . e
d o
C -swtiching i srelated to the society condiiton tisefl ,a sWardhaugh . p , 0 1 0 2
( 104 )statest ha t“Co -deswtichingi sno taunfiorm phenomenon ; .ie,.t he e l g n i s a s a d e d r a g e r e b t h g i m t a h w n e v e , p u o r g o t p u o r g m o r f y r a v s m r o n . p , 2 8 9 1 ( z r e p m u G y b d e tr o p p u s s i t I ” . y ti n u m m o
c 69 in Wardhaugh ,2010 ,p. c i n u m m o c h c a e “ t a h t ) 4 0
1 aitng subgroup t ends t o estabilsh ti sown conven iton s e d o c d n a g n i w o r r o b h t o b o t t c e p s e r h ti
w -swtiching ,andt hatf actorss uchasr egion n i d e v l o v n i e r a e h c i n l a n o it a p u c c o d n a , s s a l c l a i c o s , e c n e d i s e r l a c o l , n i g ir o f o ” .s m r o n e h t g n i n if e d e d o
C -swtiching possesse sa numbe ro ffuncitons .Ga l(1988 ,p. 247 in e d o c f o n o it c n u f e h t s e t a t s ) 0 1 0 2 , h g u a h d r a
W -swtiching a s“a conversaitona l r o , e k o v e , e t a e r c o t ; s e ir a d n u o b p u o r g y o rt s e d r o s s o r c , h s il b a t s e o t d e s u y g e t a rt s ir r i e h t h ti w s n o it a l e r l a n o s r e p r e t n i e g n a h
c gh tand obilgaitons” .Fo rinstance , n
e h
w groupsJ avanesemeet,t heyt endt os wticht heril anguagef romI ndonesiant o r e d r o n i e s e n a v a
J to untie one anothe rand create the kinship nuance .Myers -n i 3 9 9 1 ( n o tt o c
o t g n i d r o c c a , n o it i d d a n
I McK day a n Hornberge r(1996) ,the function so f e
d o
c -swtiching are a sidenttiy marking ,styilsitc funciton ,and sociocutlura land n
o it c n u f l a u t x e
t s .A sani denttiy marking ,McK daya n Hornberger( 1996 )say A“ c it s il y t S ” . y ti t n e d i f o e p y t c if i c e p s a l a n g i s o t e d o c r a l u c it r a p a e s u y a m r e k a e p s
d e s a B . s n o it i d n o c s u o ir a v e h t n i e g a s u e g a u g n a l f o e l y t s e h t e h t o t s e t a l e r n o it c n u f
n
o McK day a n Hornberge r(1996) ,sociocutlura land textua lfunciton sare et h n
o i s s e r p x
e s o fce train type so fcomplex personailite sand communiite sand t he .
s e c n e ir e p x e l a r u tl u c it l u m y e v n o c o t e c r u o s e r e v i s s e r p x e l u f r e w o p
) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a W e c n i s e u q i n u e ti u q s i g n i h c ti w s e d o c o t e d u ti tt a e h T
w s y e h t t a h t e r a w a e b t o n t h g i m e l p o e p t a h t s tr e s s
a tich cetrain codet o discus so r .
p , 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o H . c i p o t r a l u c it r a p a w o ll o
f 45 ) ha sthe same though t wtih p
“ t a h t h g u a h d r a
W eopleareo tfen unawareoft hef actt hatt heycode-swtich.”A s e
d o c f o s s e n e r a w a n u e h t , e l p m a x e n
a -swtiching happen swhen a speake rcanno t y l s u o i c s n o c n u r e k a e p s e h t t a h t o s , e g a u g n a l t e g r a t f o n o it a l s n a rt e l b i s s o p e h t d n if
. e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a o t n i s e h c ti w s
.
b TheType so fCode-Swtiching k
c i m r o C c
M (1994 in Asher ,1994) group ssix type so fcode swtiching l a n o it a u ti s , a i s s o l g i d e r a h c i h w , s e c n a r e tt u d e s o p a t x u j f o h t g n e l e h t o t g n i d r o c c a
e d o
c -swtiching , metapho irc code-swtiching , conversaitona l code-swtiching , e
l g n i
)
1 Diglossia
k c i m r o C c M o t g n i d r o c c
A (1994 in Asher ,1994) ,the term ‘diglossia ’ r
u t a e f t a h t s e d o c o w t s t s e g g u
s eprominen lty i n t hecommuntiy .On e codei sused d
n a ) H ( n o i s a c c o h g i h n
o anothe rcode i sused fo rlowe rstatu sfunciton s(L) . a
u g n a l a s i a i s s o l g i
D ge vairaiton t ha tserve sa ssocia lclassi ndicator .Stockwel l s
’ k c i m r o C c M s tr o p p u s ) 1 1 . p , 2 0 0 2
( theorybyexpilcaitngt hat, ”Oneoft hemos t d
n a t n a c if i n g i
s complex determinant s o f ilngisitc vairaiton i s socia l clas .s” d n a , s u t a t s c i m o n o c e , e g it s e r p , h tl a e w e h t s e m o c e b n e tf o a i s s o l g i d , e r o f e r e h T
n e tf o o h w e l p o e p e h t r o f n g i s r e w o
p usediglossia . )
2 Stiua itona lCode-Swtiching
c e e p s l a u g n il it l u m d n a l a u g n il i b n
I h communiite s disitnciton among e b y a m s e d o c e h t t a h t o s l a c i h c r a r e i h y li r a m ir p t o n e r a s e d o c d n a s n o i s a c c o
4 9 9 1 , r e h s A n i 4 9 9 1 , k c i m r o C c M ( d e u l a v y ll a u q e t u b y lt n e r e f fi d s a d e v i e c r e
p ) .
s
A a resutl ,when there i sa stiuaiton atleraiton ,stiuaitona lcode- ws tiching may y
b d e s r o d n e o s l a s i tI . n e p p a
h Wardhaugh ( 2010 ,p .106) tt Sha “ tiuaitona lcode -n i s n o it a u ti s e h t o t g n i d r o c c a e g n a h c d e s u s e g a u g n a l e h t n e h w s r u c c o g n i h c ti w s
e h t h c i h
w conversants ifnd t hemselves:t hey speak onel anguage i n one stiuaiton a
d n
a nothe rin a dfiferen tone.” No topic change i sinvolved in thi stype. Fo r ,
e c n a t s n
i an Indonesian tou rguide swtiche sthe language into Engilsh when he .t
)
3 MetaphoricCode-Swtiching k c i m r o C c
M (1994 in Asher ,1994) say stha tmetapho irc code-swtiching c ir o h p a t e M . p i h s n o it a l e r e l o r e n o n i h ti w h c a e , s n o it a s r e v n o c e l o h w n i s r u c c o e d o
c -swtiching occur swhen achange oft opicrequrie sachange i n t he l anguage e d o c l a c ir o h p a t e m t a h t s d d a o s l a ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a W . d e s
u -swtiching ha s an
n o it a u ti s e h t e n if e d e r u o y s a e d o c e h t e g n a h c u o y t a h t n o i s n e m i d e v it c e f f
a - forma l
. y ti r a d il o s o t s s e n e ti l o p d n a , s u o r o m u h o t s u o ir e s , l a n o s r e p o t l a i c if f o , l a m r o f n i o t l g n E s k a e p s e h s / e h , y l s u o ir e s s e h c a e t r e r u t c e l h s il g n E n a n e h w s i e l p m a x e e h
T ish .
r o n a i s e n o d n I s e s u r e r u t c e l e h t s e m it e m o s , g n i k o j o t n i s n r u t t i n e h w n e h T . e s e n a v a J )
4 Conversa itona lCode-Swtiching k c i m r o C c
M (1994 in Asher , 1994) state s tha t conversaitona l code -n i h ti w e s u a l c r o s k n u h c , s n r u t l a n o it a s r e v n o c e l o h w n i s n e p p a h g n i h c ti w
s at urn .
t I . n o it a u ti s r o c i p o t s ’ r o t u c o lr e t n i f o e g n a h c a n o t n e d n e p e d t o n s i e c n e r r u c c o e h T s n r u t n e e w t e b y l n o y li r a s s e c e n t o n d n a s n o it a s r e v n o c n i h ti w d n u o f e b o t s
i - a
, r e h s A n i 4 9 9 1 , k c i m r o C c M ( n r u t s ’ r e k a e p s e n o n i h ti w e c a l p e k a t y a m h c ti w s 4 9 9
1 ) . The example o f conversaitona l code-swtiching happen s in a whole s n r u t l a n o it a s r e v n o
c ,si ”A ku pulang d aulu y . See you tomorrow.” Anothe r e d o c l a n o it a s r e v n o c f o e l p m a x
e -swtichinghappensi naclausei s ,“Supirkusudah y b d n a t
s d iparkiran. ” )
5 SingleWordCode-Sw tiching e
l g n i
. p , 0 1 0 2
( 42 )also say s,”Thet ypeoft hi sswtiching i nvolve ssingleword- mainly n
u o
n - and i ti smo itvated by lexica lneed.” I tmean stha tthe targe tlanguage d e t s i s n i y e h t o s , d e e n l a c i x e l ’ s r e k a e p s e h t l li fl u f t o n n a c y r a l u b a c o v e g a u g n a l e h t e k a m o t e g a u g n a l l a n i g ir o e h t g n i s
u conversaiton smooth and meaningful .A s ” , s y a s n a m o w n a i s e n o d n I n a , e l p m a x e n
a Aku mau spa dulu ya.” The woman , s m r e t h s il g n E e s u o t s d n e
t s pa, rathe rthan look fo rthe Indonesian rtanslaiton , . d n if o t tl u c if fi d s i h c i h w )
6 IntegratedLoanwords o l d e t a r g e t n
I anwords occur wtihin morpheme s (McCormick , 1994 in 4 9 9 1 , r e h s
A ) .According to Hornby (1974 ) morpheme i s the smalles t thing e h t s i g n i h c ti w s s i h T . d e d i v i d e b n a c d r o w a h c i h w o t n i t r a p l u f g n i n a e m f s e m e h p r o m e h t d n a e g a u g n a l a m o r f d r o w e h t f o n o it i s o p a t x u
j rom othe r
n g i e r o f m o r f d r o w a o t e g a u g n a l e v it a n m o r f s e x if f a d d a d l u o c e n O . e g a u g n a l x if f a n a i s e n o d n I g n i d d a s a h c u s , e g a u g n a
l di- to Eng ilsh word ‘download’ .The t
l u s e
r w illbedidownload .Theothe rexample saremengupdate ,anddislien.t
Holme s (1992 ) suggests fou r type s o f code-swtiching , which are l a c ir o h p a t e m , g n i h c ti w s l a n o it a u ti s , g n i h c ti w s g a t r o g n i h c ti w s c it a m e l b m e . g n i w o r r o b l a c i x e l d n a , g n i h c ti w s )
1 Emblema itcSwtichingorTagSwtiching
y a w e h t y B “ s i g n i h c ti w s g a t r o c it a m e l b m
e ,habis i n imau kemana?” and “You w
o n
k ,t ugasi nis uil tdikerjakan.” )
2 Stiua itona lSw tiching
e b n a c h c i h w s n o s a e r r o f r e h t o n a o t e d o c e n o m o r f h c ti w s e l p o e p n e h W “
. p , 2 9 9 1 , s e m l o H ( ” . g n i h c ti w s l a n o it a u ti s d e ll a c s e m it e m o s s i ti , d e if it n e d
i 36 )A s
. c i p o t e h t e g n a h c t o n s e o d r e k a e p s e h t , e g a u g n a l e h t g n i h c ti w s
)
3 Metaphorica lSwtiching
e h t s s e r p x e n a c g n i h c ti w s l a c ir o h p a t e m , ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o H o t g n i d r o c c A l e e
f ing sabou tthe topic discussed. Fo rinstance ,in Yogyakatra ,when a person o t n a i s e n o d n I m o r f e g a u g n a l r e h h c ti w s o t s d n e t e h s / e h , o r o b o il a M n i s p o h s
n i n i a g r a b e li h w e s e n a v a
J gt hep ircet ogett hecheape rp irce . )
4 Lexica lBorrowing
n o it n e m o t e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a w o r r o b e l p o e p n e h w s n e p p a h g n i h c ti w s s i h T e m a n
a - usuallyanoun ,whichi st irggeredbyl acko fvocabulary( Holme ,s1992) . P
“ , s d d a ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o
H eople may also borrow word sfrom anotherl anguage t o d r o w s u o i v b o o n s i e r e h t h c i h w r o f t c e j b o n a e b ir c s e d r o t p e c n o c a s s e r p x e
“ s i e l p m a x e e h T ” . g n i s u e r a y e h t e g a u g n a l n i e l b a li a v
a A ku m au manicure
e r u c i d e
p d isalon.” Since i ti shard to ifnd Indonesian possible rtanslaiton o f l
li t s e l p o e p f o t s o m , e r u c i d e p d n a e r u c i n a
m u seont heo irginall anguage .
Romaine (1989 ,in Stockwell ,2002 )also propose sthree type so fcode -g
a t : g n i h c ti w
s -swtiching , intersenten ita l swtich , and inrtasentenita l swtich . e
h t s i h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s r e t n
r a li m i s y ll a u t c a s i h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s a rt n I . e c n e t n e s a n i h ti w s r u c c o l a it n e t n e s a rt n i
. g n i w o r r o b l a c i x e l o t
.
c ThePos isbleReasonsf orCode-Swtiching
Holme s (1992 )propose ssix reason sfor code-swtiching ,they are the g
n a h
c i ngin paritcipantf eatures ,ethnici denttiymarker ,expressi ngsoildartiy, t he g
n a h
c i ngint opic ,quoitngs omeone’ swords ,andexpressi ngfeeilng. )
1 TheChanginginParitcipan tFeatures
n e h W . n o it a u ti s l a i c o s r o n i a m o d a n i h ti w e d o c h c ti w s s e m it e m o s e l p o e P “ s i e r e h
t an obviou schangein t he stiuaiton ,such a sarirva lo fanew person , tii s .)
5 3 . p , 2 9 9 1 , s e m l o H ( ” h c ti w s e h t n i a l p x e o t y s a
e Fo rinstance ,there are two u
t a h c e l p o e p e s e n a v a
J sing Javanesel anguage and t hen a Batakneseperson j oin . n a i s e n o d n I o t n i e g a u g n a l ri e h t h c ti w s e l p o e p e s e n a v a J e h t , n o it a s r e v n o c e h t
)
2 EthnicI denttiyMarker
e h T . y ti t n e d i c i n h t e r i e h t w o h s o t e s a r h p r o s d r o w e h t e s u y a m r e k a e p s e h T
i n h t e e s e n a v a J f o e l p m a x
e ci denttiy markeri sa sfollow s“Lakkamu j adi dateng o
h
t besok? ”
)
3 Expressi ngSo ildartiy e d o c e l p o e
P -swtich thei rlanguage to expres ssoildartiy to the addresses . o t s e g a u g n a l r i e h t h c ti w s s e m it e m o s y e h t , t e e m e l p o e p e s e n a v a J o w t n e h W
“ s a h c u s e s e n a v a
J Halo ,kepiye kabarmu?” .A s swtiching the language into .
)
4 TheChanginginTopic
r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o p e h t s e m o c e b s e c n a r e tt u e h t n i c i p o t n i e g n a h c e h T e d o
c -swtiching .Holmes( 1992 ,p .37 )statest hat ,”Peoplemayswtichcodewtihin t a h t s d d a o s l a ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o H ” . c i p o t r a l u c it r a p a s s u c s i d o t t n e v e h c e e p s a n a h t r e h t a r e d o c e n o n i s c i p o t r a l u c it r a p s s u c s i d o t r e i s a e t i d n if n e tf o s l a u g n il i b . r e h t o n
a Some Engilsh term s are found more famiilar fo r severa ltopic sin s n o it a s r e v n o c n a i s e n o d n
I ,such a s“Dia tiu orangnya moody sekail. ”and “Hote l s a ti li s a f n a k a i d e y
