A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
MOHAMMAD NOOR PAMUNGKAS
11211144002
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
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Nama : Mohammad Noor Pamungkas
NIM : 11211144002
Program Studi : Sastra Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
JudulSkripsi : MEANING EQUIVALENCE OF MODULATION
TECHNIQUES IN GIE’S BAHASA INDONESIA
-ENGLISH MOVIE TEXTS
Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan sendiri. Sepanjang
pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain,
kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai contoh acuan dengan
mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.
Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal itu sepenuhnya
menjadi tanggung jawab saya.
Yogyakarta, 23 Maret 2017
Penulis,
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Whatever you do, do it wholeheartedly and
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I owe my very existence. I thank Him for allowing me to experience many difficult
processes in difficult times. Furthermore, I would like to express my deep
appreciation and gratitude to the following people who made this thesis possible.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Asruddin B. Tou, M.A.,
Ph.D., my first supervisor as well as my academic advisor and Rachmat Nurcahyo,
S.S., M.A., my second supervisor, for their patience, time, encouragement, and
insightful comment. Without their assistance and dedication involvement, this
thesis would have never been accomplished. I would like to thank them very much
for their support and understanding.
My huge gratitude goes to my parents, Drs. Suparnadi and Dra. Tutik
Wahyuti, MM. for their unconditional love and support in all aspects of my life.
Moreover, I also would like to thank my sister and brother, Retnaningtyas Noor
Pangestuti, S. Pi., and Bastian Noor Pribadi, S.H., for their support in numerous
ways.
I would like to devote my great appreciation to AbdiBaniYanuar, S.S., and
Ade Garinta Rahmawati, S.S., for giving me the idea and big deal of support since
this writing was started. Moreover, my warm thank also goes to my beloved
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criticism for the betterment of this thesis would be highly appreciated.
Yogyakarta, March 23th, 2017
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RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv
ABSTRACT ... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Research ... 3
C. Objectives of the Research ... 5
D. Significance of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7
A. Theoretical Review ... 7
1 Translation ... 7
a. Notions of Translation ... 7
b. Types of Translation ... 8
c. Process of Translation ... 9
d. Translation Methods ... 11
1) Source-Language-Oriented Method ... 12
2) Target-Language-Oriented Method ... 13
e. Translation Techniques ... 13
1) Direct Translation ... 14
2) Oblique ... 15
2 Modulation ... 17
a. Notions of Modulation ... 17
b. Types of Modulation ... 18
3 Equivalences in Translation ... 22
a. Formal Equivalence ... 22
b. Dynamic Equivalence ... 23
4 Translation Quality Assessment ... 23
5 Degrees of Meaning Equivalence ... 24
a. Optimum Translation ... 24
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6 Previous Study ... 28
B. About the Movie ... 29
C. Conceptual Framework ... 31
D. Analytical Construct ... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ... 34
A. Type of Research ... 34
B. Data and Data Sources ... 34
C. Instruments of Research ... 35
D. Technique of Data Collection ... 37
E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 37
F. Trustworthiness of the Data ... 39
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 41
A. Findings ... 41
B. Discussion ... 44
1. Types of Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia- English Movie Texts ... 44
2. Degrees of Meaning Equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia- English Expressions Using Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts ... 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 75
A. Conclusion ... 75
B. Suggestions ... 76
REFERENCES ... 78
APPENDICES ... 80
A. The Types of Modulation and Degrees of Meaning Equivalence In Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts ... 81
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Types of Modulation Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
AFC : Abstract for Concrete OPT : Optimum Translation EPM : Explicative Modulation PAR : Partial Translation
PTW : Part to Whole NOT : Near Optimum Translation PAP : Part to Another Part WET : Weak Translation
ROT : Reversal of Terms ZER : Zero Equivalence NOP : Negative of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and vice versa)
SFT : Space for Time IAL : Interval of Limits COS : Change of Symbol
Code (001/AFP/NOT)
001 : Number of the datum AFP : Type of Modulation applied
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Mohammad Noor Pamungkas
11211144002
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research are (1) to describe the types of modulation techniques employed in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, and (2) to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia – English expressions using modulation found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
This research employed qualitative method. The data sources of this research were Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The data were expression units representing modulation techniques that are located within sentence units of analysis, which are derived from the main character’s expressions in dialogues. The technique of data collection was note-taking. The technique of data analysis was referential analysis. Triangulation was used to establish the reliability of the data and to ensure the findings. Hence, it can enhance the trustworthiness of the data.
The results of this research are explained as follows. First, there are nine types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, namely abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another, reversal of terms, interval for limits, active for passive, negation of opposite, and change of symbol. There is no single datum that belongs to space for time. Of the nine types, part to whole is the most occurring type with 30 occurrences. It indicates that the translator tries to making the language sounds as general as possible in the target language. Thus, the movie can be easily understood by the readers of the target language. Second, it can be said that the translator quite succeeds in translating the subtitle. It can be seen that the most expression translated using modulation technique reach optimum translation and near optimum translation which are 114 data or 79.2%. Meanwhile, the rest or 30 data or 20.8% reach weak translation and zero equivalence. The findings indicate that the translation is quite equivalent in meaning.
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A. Background of the Study
Translation is commonly understood as an activity of transferring source
language (SL) texts into equivalent target language (TL) texts. It aims to reproduce
texts in the same or in different languages. It has been an important study at the
present time. We can see the essential roles of translation in the daily life. The need
of information which comes from different places with different languages now can
be accessed in a very short time by translation.
The way of communication has been varied in many ways. The media of
communications are also diverging in many forms. Radio, recorded music,
newspaper, magazine, and movie are some of examples of communication media.
From the examples that have been mentioned before, movie is one of the most
popular media of communication. It allows viewers to depict kind of society life
and even civilization of one society. In other words, movie is a method of
understanding an event which happened in different time and place.
Almost every country in the world has its own movie industry. In order to
spread the movie worldwide, it is inevitable that the movie maker should transfer
the language of the movie into the language of the country which becomes the
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Subtitle is a common method of giving understanding about the movie
content into another language used by the viewer. Subtitle can be defined as
caption. Caption is transcription of movie or TV dialogue that presented
simultaneously on the screen. Subtitles usually consist of one or two lines of
average maximum length of 35 characters. As a rule, subtitles are placed on the
bottom of the picture and are either centred or left-aligned. Therefore, it can be
concluded that subtitlingis words that translate what is said in a movie into a
different language and usually appears at the center bottom of the screen. Since the
researcher uses a movie as the subject of analysis, there will be subtitle as the part
of investigation in conducting this research. In this research the term subtitle refers
to the movie texts.
A subtitle translator should pay attention in transferring the meaning from
the source language into the target language. The information which is intended to
deliver has to be comprehensible to a target audience. It is because most of the
time, problems arise when translating texts with different background in culture.
One of the problems is the matter of perspective. That is why the translator should
understand well about the contexts of both of the texts.
Concerning with the explanation above, it is interesting to analyze and
conduct a research related to the perspective change contained in the movie texts.
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July, 14th 2005. This movie is about Soe Hok Gie who is known as an activist and nature lover from University of Indonesia. The story of the movie is based on the
diary Catatan Seorang Demonstran written by Soe himself. This movie has been awarded as the best movie at the 2005 Indonesian Movie Festival.
The way the translator made the subtitle is quite unpredictable. Some of the
form is changed and some other are preserved. These phenomena occurred due to
the difference of perspective between both languages. However, the changes are
often unbearable in order to keep the messages of the movie well accepted by the
target viewers. For example, when Gie’s teacher answers Gie’s protest by saying
“Kamu yang tukang becak!”, in the subtitle, the expression is translated into “And
you are no better than one!”. The significant difference in both sentences is when
the comparison of Gie with pedicab driver turns into a new perspective change
since perhaps the sense of comparing people in Indonesia is not the same as in the
other places. There are a lot of changes of perspective which are done by the
translator in this movie. The researcher thinks that the changes are made solely
because of the cultural differences.
B. Focus of the Research
This movie is selected by the writer because of the historical value and the
diversity of the language used in the setting. It becomes interesting since the writer
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However, this research only focuses on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English in
order to prevent problem expansion in this research.
Actually, there are many translation techniques which are used by the
translator in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The technique which is closely related to modulation is transposition. While transposition requires the
change in form of expression, modulation requires the change in both of form and
perspective. The researcher assumed that modulation is more complicated yet
challenging.
A translator will be faced by many kind of obstacles if they just translate a
text based on the literal meaning. It is because the way to see a phenomenon in one
culture and the other varies in many ways. For example, the expression ‘Apa yang
lebih puitis selain berbicara tentang kebenaran?’ as found in the subtitle, is
translated into ‘What could be more poetic than die defending the truth?’ The word
‘berbicara’ here is translated into ‘die defending’ which has the sense of
emphasizing the meaning of the source language that is also more common in the
target language.
The researcher wants to figure out the types of modulation technique found
in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. After it has been figured out, the result is assessed based on the degrees of meaning equivalence. Finally, below is
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1. What are the type of modulation techniquesemployed in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts?
2. What are the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia-English
expressions using modulation techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-Englishmovie texts?
C. Objectives of the Research
With the reference to the research problems, the objectives of the research are:
1. To describe the type of modulation techniques employed in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts, and
2. to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of Bahasa Indonesia-English
expressions using modulation techniquesin Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
D. Significance of the Research
Based on the background and the objectives, this study is expected to
provide theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, this research is
expected to enrich and give additional information in the field of translation
studies.
Practically, this research is expected to give benefits to the English
Language and Literature students who want to elevate their knowledge of
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equivalence. Besides, this research is also expected to give an alternative idea and
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review
1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
There are various definitions of translation proposed by many experts.
Basically, they have something in common about the notion. Newmark (1988:5)
states that translation is a process rendering the meaning of the text into another
language in the way the author intended the text.
Dubois in Bell (1991: 5) defines translation as an expression in another
language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another source
language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Therefore, the content
and the style of the original text should be preserved as far as possible in the
translated text. Furthermore, Catford in Leonardi (2000) defines that translation is
the changing process of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL).
The explanations above seem simpler that the translator only needs to
translate the target text in way that he/she wants to. As the matter of fact,
translation not only changes the meaning from the source language into target
language, but also has to make sure that the target readers receive the original sense
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simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but finding
appropriate ways of saying things in another language. In other words, a translator
should know in what way he should translates the text in order to produce a
translated text that fulfilled the requirements of a good translation.
To bind the definitions above, the researcher concludes that translation is an
act of replacing the meaning or message from source language to target language
regarding with the equivalent essence in target language by using an appropriate
way. That is why the translator should have translation skills and good
understanding about all the aspects from both languages.
b. Types of Translation
According to Jakobson as cited in Bassnett (2002: 23) there are three types
of translation, namely interlingual translation, intralingual translation, and
intersemiotic translation. Each is explained below.
1) Interlingual Translation
Interlingual translation can be defined as the interpretation of verbal signs
by means of signs of some other language. In other words, interlingual refers to the
different languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. It is called a bilingual
translation because it transfers the message of a language into different language.
Interlingual is most often done because many books and movies use foreign
9 2) Intralingual Translation
Intralingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other
signs in the same language. It involves explaining in it words of the same language.
It is called monolingual translation since it only involves one language. The usual
forms of this type of translation are rewording and paraphrasing. For example, the
word great is translated into excellent.
3) Intersemiotic Translation
Intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of
non-verbal sign systems. It transfers the message from the shape of symbol and
sign into the language or other shapes. This phenomenon often occurs in our daily
life. When we are trying to understand the meaning of a traffic sign, it means we
have to transfer the non-verbal sign into a descriptive language.
c. Process of Translation
Translation is the process of translating something from one language to
another. In order to translate well from the source language (SL) into the target
language (TL), a translator should follow some steps, namely process of
translation. According to Nida and Taber in Munday (2001: 39-40), the translation
process consists of three stages. The process of translation can be illustrated in
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Figure 1. The Process of Translation Proposed by Nida and Tabber
There are three stages in translating process, namely, analyzing,
transferring, and restructuring. The first stage is analyzing. The source language
structure is analyzed grammatically and semantically (including the meaning of
words, the meaning of phrases, and the meaning of the whole text) to feel the tone
and to get the feeling of the text. In this stage, the first thing to do is analyzing the
text before translating it.
The second stage is transferring. It means analyzing material that is
transferred in the translator’s mind from the source language to the receptor
language. The last stage is restructuring. It means the analyzed material is
reconstructed in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
Source Language Receptor Language
(Text) (Translation)
Analyzing Restructuring
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language. In this stage, the translator tries to make the result of the target text as
natural as the source text.
d. Translation Methods
According to Larson in Kozanecka (1998: 143), translation methods can be
divided into two types. The first type is a form-based or literal translation. The
second one is a meaning-based or idiomatic translation. Both method spread in the
continuum from very literal to unduly free. Furthermore, Larson in Kozanecka
(1998: 143) states that unduly free translations are not considered acceptable
translation and suggests idiomatic translations as the best way since it reproduces
the meaning of the source language in the natural form of the receptor language.
The continuum can be illustrated in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. The Translation Methods According to Larson
Translation methods can be divided into two types. The first one is the
method closest to the source language, namely source-language-oriented method.
The second method is the method closest to the target language, namely target
language oriented method. Each is described in the following illustrations.
Literal Unduly
Free Very
literal
Idiomatic Near
Idiomatic Inconsistent
Mixture Modified
12 1) Source-Language-Oriented Method
Source-language-oriented method can be divided into four categories,
namely word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and
semantic translation. Each category is explained below.
a) Word-for-word translation
The source language is translated word for word.
b) Literal translation
The source grammatical forms are converted to their nearest target language
equivalent. However, the lexical words are translated out of context.
c) Faithful translation
This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the
original within the differences in target language grammatical structures. It
transfers cultural word and follows the source language grammatical form
faithfully.
d) Semantic translation
This method concerns on the aesthetic value or the beautiful and natural
sound of the source language text. In addition, the method tries to seek the
13 2) Target-Language-Oriented Method
Target-language-oriented method is divided into four categories. Those are
free translation, adaptation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
The explanation of each category is presented below.
a) Free translation
Free translation is the translation that is not bounded to structure and manner
b) Adaptation
This category is the freest form of translation. It is frequently used for plays
(comedies) and poetry.
c) Idiomatic translation
This category aims to reproduce the message of the source text. Yet, it tends
to shift or change the nuances of meaning by preferring idioms.
d) Communicative translation
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the
original, so that both content and language are acceptable to the readers and can be
understood comprehensively.
e. Translation Techniques
Translation techniques are the micro units of translation method. They aim
at analyzing how the result of translation functions in relation to the corresponding
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Furthermore, Vinay and Dalbelnet in Lili (2009: 1) are two scholars who
divide translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. Both of them
define seven basic techniques that are classified into two general classifications,
namely direct and oblique. Each the category is explained below.
1) Direct Translation
Direct translation consists of three techniques, namely borrowing, calque,
and literal translation. Translator uses this technique when structural and
conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed directly into the
target language.
a) Borrowing
Borrowing is the idea of taking the word from the source language (SL) and
maintaining it in the target language (TL). It is considered as the simplest technique
and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new technical
process for which no term exists within the target language (TL), or when translator
wants to use the foreigner term to add flavor to the target text (TT). For example,
the English word computer has been applied directly into other languages. The advantage of using this technique is that the original connotation will be perfectly
delivered to the target language.
b) Calque
Calque is a ‘special kind’ of borrowing. A calque is adopted when an
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The translation using calque imitates the structure of manner of an expression of
the source language, the structure of the translation is usually stranger from the
target language. For example, the phrase photo studio is translated into foto studio
in Bahasa Indonesia.
c) Literal Translation
Literal translation can be defined as word for word translation. The
structure of the translation will be the same as the structure in the source language.
It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family
and culture. For example, ‘the car is broken’ in English will be translated as
‘mobilnya rusak’ in Bahasa Indonesia.
2) Oblique Translation
Oblique consists of four techniques, namely transposition, modulation,
equivalence, and adaptation. Translators usually employ oblique translation when
word for word translation is impossible.
a) Transposition
Vinay and Darbelnet referred to transposition as changing word class
without changing meaning. It refers to the changing of one part of speech for
another i.e., verb for noun, noun for prepositionn. Transposition also can be found
in a language; ‘I give him a massage’ is semantically no difference from ‘I massage
16 b) Modulation
Closely related to transposition which is a shift in grammatical categories,
modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Modulation can be adopted when,
though literal or transposition translation results grammatically correct utterance,
the patterns of target language in the target text are considered as abnormal or
awkward. For instance, the words in source language “Be my guest” is transformed
into Bahasa Indonesia “Silahkan” instead of “Jadilah tamu saya”.
c) Equivalence
Equivalence usescompletely different phrases for two expressions (source
and target expressions) in the same situation. It refers to a strategy to describe the
same situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for
producing ‘equivalent texts’. e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic
expressions like, “Killing two birds in one shot” into “Sekali merengkuh dayung,
dua tiga pulau terlampaui”.
d) Adaptation
It is a shift in cultural environment. It refers to a method used in cases
where the type of situation being referred to by the source languagemessage is
unknown in the target language culture. i.e., to express the message using a
different situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball
17 2. Modulation
a. Notions of Modulation
Modulation is basically a technique which the translator use to find a
solution of the gap that appear when a text is translated literally by changing the
perspective. The main aim of employing modulation isto make the sentence more
appropriate to the point of view of the target reader. Based on Vinay and
Darbelnet’s opinion, modulation is a shift in point of view (Molina and Albir,
2002). Modulation can be either obligatory or free (Guimaraes and Mota, 2005:
359). It is the degree that distinguishes both terms. In obligatory modulation, the
translator with good knowledge both in SL and TL can recognize the frequent use
and acceptance of the chosen solution, which has been already written in the
dictionary or grammar book.
Van Hoof in Salkie (2001: 3) provides a different perspective on
modulation, which he describes as a type of transposition at the global level,
applying to categories of thought, not grammatical categories. With modulation,
there will be different point of view on the same situation.
The modulationtechniques employed in this research are based on Vinay
and Darbelnet definition, in which modulation occurs because there is a shift in
perspective because of different point of view in source language to target
language. There are ten types of modulation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet that
18 b. Types of Modulation
The classification of modulation proposed by Vinay & Darbelnet is based
on the nature of mental operations underlying each type of modulation. Vinay and
Dalbennet divide modulation into ten types. Each is explained below.
1) Abstract for Concrete
This type of modulation reforms the abstract expression from the source
language into concrete one, since concrete words are recognized and rememberred
better than the abstract words. The example of abstract of modulation can be seen
below.
ST : There was stillno sign of Jim TT : Jim belumkelihatan juga
The phrase “still no sign of Jim” is literally translated “tidak ada tanda –
tanda Jim”. It means that Jim does not exist in that place in the time the utterance is
spoken. This is rather abstract for Indonesian readers, since in order to reveal the
existence, people usually use the word ‘kelihatan’ not ‘tanda –tanda’.
2) Explicative Modulation
Explicative modulation tends to make clear the implicit meaning. In other
words, it makes something explicit into implicit. This type of modulation is such as
the cause for effect, the means for the result, and the substance for the object. The
use of explicative modulation is illustrated below.
ST : ...with a gentleness that was almost an anachronism
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The phrase “an anachronism” is noun phrase, however, the translation is the
form adverbial phrase. Furthermore, it can be seen that the phrase ‘an anachronism’
when being literally translated, will be “anakhronisme”. Then, this term is
described with its definition into “nyaris tak sesuai lagi dengan zaman modern ini”.
3) Part to Whole
Part-whole modulation is when a specific term is translated into more
general one. It is also called as synecdoche. The use of part to whole can be seen
below.
ST : Will you give me your word? TT : Maukah kau berjanji?
The phrase “give me your word” which means “pegang kata – katamu” is a
part of “promise” and it is translated properly into target textto be “berjanji”.
4) Part to Another Part
This modulation type occurs when there is certain part of thing is translated
into another part. The use of part to another part is illustrated below.
ST : It is time to leave for work
TT : Sudah waktunya berangkat ke kantor
It can be seen that the phrase “leave for work” when being literally
translated will be “berangkat kerja”. However, this phrase is translated into another
20 5) Reversal of Terms
Reversal of term is a distinct technique, usually optional for making
language sounds natural in the target language. The use of reversal of term can be
seen below.
ST : “….and go on with her treatment as an outpatient” TT : “…dan berobat jalan saja”
It can be seen that the phrase “…go on with her treatment as an outpatient”
when being literally translated will be “menjalani perawatan dengan menjadi pasien berobat jalan”. However, this phrase is translated into “berobat jalan saja”.
6) Negation of Opposite
Negation of opposite is positive for double negative (or ‘double negative for
positive') and it is a concrete translation technique which can be applied in principle
to any action (verb) or quality (adjective or adverb). The translations are free, and
in theory the double negative is not as forceful as the positive; in fact the force of
the double negative depends on the tone of voice, and therefore the appropriateness
of this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context. This type of
modulation is similar to litotes. The use of negative of opposite is presented below.
ST : or at least they would be familiar face
TT : atau paling tidak wajah mereka tidak asing lagi bagi anda
The word “familiar” is translated into “tidak asing”. The word “asing” or
“strange” is the negation of “familiar”, so that the phrase “tidak asing” is the
21 7) Active for Passive
It is a common technique used by translators. It becomes mandatory when
no passive exists and it can also be advisable where a reflexive is normally
preffered to a passive. The use of active for passive can be illustrated below.
ST :Ashleywas employed at Global Computer Graphics Corporation
TT : Ashley bekerja di Global Computer Graphics Corporation
The phrase “was employed” literally translated “dipekerjakan”, which is
passive form. However, in this expression the translator changes it into active form
“bekerja” and it is more accepted in the target language rather than “dipekerjakan”.
8) Space for Time
This technique happens when an expression in the space term is translated
into expression that representing time. The use of space for time is presented
below.
ST : ….it was only when Ashley on her way back to the office TT : ….dalam perjalanan kembali ke kantornya
The phrase “when Ashley was on her way back to the office...” is indicating
time and it is translated into “Dalam perjalanan kembali ke kantornya”, which
indicates spatial condition.
9) Interval for Limit
Interval for limit is when a word or phrase indicates interval is translated
into a word or phrase which shows limitation. The use of interval for limit can be
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ST : I wonder if I could speak to you alone for a few minutes?" TT : Bisakah saya berbicara berdua saja dengan Anda sebentar?
The phrase “for a few minutes” which indicates interval is translated into
“sebentar” which indicates limitation.
10) Change of Symbol
Change of symbol refers to a metaphor which is transfered into fixed or new
metaphor based on the different images of the both languages. The use of change of
symbol is can be explained in the following illustrations.
ST : Dr. Patterson could be a cash cow for us
TT : Dr. Patterson bisa menjadi sapi perah untuk kita
The phrase “a cash cow”, which means someone or something which is
employed to get a lot of money and benefit, is translated into “sapi perah”, which
has the same meaning in the target language.
3. Equivalence in Translation
Nida and Taber (1982: 200) argue that there are two different types of
equivalence, namely formal and dynamic equivalence. Below is the detailed
explanation of each type of equivalence provided by the two theorists.
a. Formal Equivalence
Formal equivalence consists of a target language item which represents the
closest equivalent of a source language word or phrase. Nida and Taber also argue
that there are not always formal equivalent between language pairs. They suggest
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equivalence according to these theorists is associated with grammatical units,
consistency in word usage and meanings in therms of the source context.
b. Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to the
decision made by the translator to translate the meaning of the target language with
words that will trigger the same impact on the target readers as well as it did to the
source language readers. They argue that frequentlythe form of the original text is
changed. Yet, as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the
source language such as contextual consistency in the transferand transformation in
the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful.
4. Translation Quality Assessment
There has been a crucial increase on the study of translation quality
assessment recently. The arguments has always been vary due to the different
conception of assessment, evaluation, criticism and any other attempts to judge the
way a translator translates one text. Certainly, whatever the conception is, the
theory in assessing a translation should be qualitative enough in order to help the
process of assessment feasible and plausible.
The purpose of this research is to find out whether the modulation
techniques used in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie textsis equivalence in
meaning or not. Thus, the researcher will examine the quality of the translation by
24
degrees of meaning equivalence employed here are suggested by Bayar (2007: 213)
namely, optimum translation, partial translation (near optimum translation & weak
translation), zero equivalence, and non-translation.
5. Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
Translation equivalence is associated with various degrees of meaning
equivalence. Furthermore, equivalents are analysed based on how the units of
equivalence in translations correspond to the units in the source texts. Bayar (2007:
213-223), for instance, suggests four types of equivalence degree.
a. Optimum Translation
It is characterised by equivalence at all the levels. However, optimum or
absolute equivalence is claimed to be impossible to reach as structures of languages
differ. Since optimum translation appears as soon as equivalence is maintained at
all the levels mentioned above and no variations or uncertainties are possible in this
case. A translation that reaches optimum translation can be seen in the example
below.
ST: Will you give me your word?
TT: Maukah kau berjanji?
From the expressions above, all elements in the source text aretranslated
into target text. The form and the style is maintained. The phrase “give me your
word” is a part of “promise” and it is translated properly into“berjanji”. Therefore,
25 b. Partial Translation
Partial translation is divided into two sub-types, namely near optimum
translation and weak translation. Each is explained below.
1) Near Optimum Translation
Near optimum translation is quite close to optimum translation as only some
insignificant uncertainties are exhibited in the translated headlines of this degree,
while the main idea and the information (especially at the semantic level which is
very important in maintaining the meaning and the same effect of the whole
headline) is conveyed. It is exhibited when:
a) expressions do not correspond stylistically,
b) the form is rendered in a different way,
c) the semantic equivalence is conveyed (but very insignificant or nonessential
inaccuracy might appear at semantic level), and
d) the same information is maintained.
An expression that reach near optimum translation can be seen in the
following example.
ST: Are we on for Saturday night?
TT: Sabtu ini kita jadi?
From the expressions above, the phrase “Saturday night” is translated into
“Sabtu” which is equivalence but the meaning will nonessential. Altough the
26
the phrase is translated into “Sabtu malam” atau “malam Minggu”. Furthermore,
this translation only reaches near optimum equivalence.
2) Weak Translation
It refers to weak degree of equivalence maintained in the expression
translation. The translation is considered weak when there is:
a) not enough equivalence or even there is no equivalence at semantic level,
b) the form and the style is maintained,
c) the information is conveyed, and
d) additional information is added or some information isomitted.
Expressions that reach weak translation can bee seen in the following
example.
ST: He is too good to be true.
TT: Tak ada laki-laki seideal itu.
From the expressions above, the information is conveyed into the target
text. However, there is additional of information that added by the translator. It can
be seen that the expression“He was too good to be true” which is in the positive
form is translated into “Tak ada laki–laki seideal itu” which is in the negative form
and it negates the sourceexpression. Furthermore, the perspective is also changed
and the degree of meaningequivalence is decreased. Therefore, it reaches weak
27 c. Zero Equivalence
Zero equivalence is characterized by several points. The translation is
considered as zero when there is:
a) absolutely different wording,
b)a reference to the main idea of the original (the information is different as the
semantics of the translated expression as a whole is not maintained),
c) different style, and
d)different form.
In other words, the translated expressions with zero equivalence do not
exhibit any equivalence at any level. Therefore, there are some common and
unifying ideaswhich are expressed differently that will be explained in the
following example.
ST: His word’s good enough for me.
TT: Yah, apa boleh buat kalau begitu.
The expression “His word's good enough for me” has totally
differentmeaning with the expression “Yah, apa boleh buat kalau begitu.” since
there aremany changes done by the translator. However, the translation is failed and
it makesthe meaning becomes nonsense. Thus, the translation reaches zero
28 d. Non-Translation
Non-translation means that the expression in source text is not translated
into target text. Therefore, in the results, there is nothing to analyze.
6. Previous Study
The previous study was conducted by Wulandari. The title of her research
was Modulation Technique Employed in the Translation of Sidney Sheldon’s Work
Tell Me Your DreamInto Ceritakan Mimpi-Mimpimu By Listiana Srisanti. She discussed the types of modulation technique found in Tell Me Your Dream novel. She also discussed about the degrees of meaning equivalence of the expressions
translated using modulation technique found in the texts.
All the types of modulation technique as proposed by Vinay and Dalbenet
appear in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams and its translation Ceritakan Mimpi-Mimpimu. The types of modulation technique are abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of
opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and change of
symbol.
Meanwhile, related to the second objective, the translated expressions
which obtain optimum translation are mostly belonged to active for passive with 28
occurrences out of 78 data. Then, the translated expressions which obtain near
optimum translation are mostly belonged to active for passive and change of
29
obtain weak translation are mostly belonged to change of symbol with 21
occurrences out of 73 data. In addition, the translated expressions that reach zero
equivalence are mostly belonged to part to another part with 4 occurrences out of 9
data.
Nevertheless, this research has the same two objectives with the previous
study. Those are types of modulation technique and the degrees of meaning
equivalence of the expressions translated using modulation technique found in the
texts. The researcher also applies the same theory for the types of modulation
technique which proposed by Vinay and Dalbenet. Then, related to the second
objectives, the researcher also applies the same theory of degrees of meaning
equivalence which proposed by Bayar (2007).
However, the differences are the object of the research and the result of the
data. The previous study used Sydney Sheldon’s Tell Me Your Dreams novel, while this research used the movie entitled Gie and its Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts as the object.
B. About the Movie
Gie is an Indonesian movie directed by Riri Riza, starring Nicholas Saputra
as the main character. This movie was released theatrically on 2005. It is based on a
true story of Soe Hok Gie’s life, from the book entitled Soe Hok Gie: Catatan
30
It started with the Indonesian Revolution in 1957. Gie is an
Indonesian-Chinese who lived in the era of 1960’s. He is a history student of University of
Indonesia. He has been known as a nature lover and a critical activist who sounds
great concern about his collapsing nation. Furthermore, he loves to explore
mountains and admire the great beauty of nature.
As a child, Gie is different from his friends. Not only honest, heis also
known as a bold man. Young Gie grew up to be intolerant with injustice. His
attitude made him unacceptable for his surroundings. His struggle became much
more complicated as he grew up. His university life which should be free from
political intrigue, became an arena of existing political parties and certain interests
intrigue. He is active on opposing the dictatorship of Soekarno. Gie is well aware
of the social injustice, power abuse, and corruption under the government of
Soekarno. He speaks out against it in group discussion, student unions, and wrote
sharp criticism in the media.
He dreamt of Indonesia that is truly founded on justice, equality, and
righteousness. He is more critical to the government which began to act arbitrarily
to raise the prices of the things in the market. His heart is sad to see people queuing
to get their basic needs like food.
Unfortunately, because of his boldness, people around him started to leave
him one by one. His best friend left him and the woman he loved rejects him.It
31
which can accept him the way he is. Gie died on the summit of the highest
mountain in Java, just a day before his 27th birthday. C. Conceptual Framework
This study is formulated to analyze the occurrence of modulation
techniques and the degrees of meaning equivalence in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts. The expected objectives of this research are; to describe the
types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie
texts, and to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence of expressions and its
translated version using modulation technique in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English
movie texts.To carry out this research, the researcher applies a theory that proposed
by Vinay &Darbelnet in Molina and Albir (2002) for the types of modulation
techniqueand a theory that suggested by Bayar (2007) for the degrees of meaning
equivalence.
The classification of modulation proposed by Vinay &Darbelnet in Molina
and Albir (2002) is based on the nature of mental operations underlying each type
of modulation. Vinay and Dalbenet divide modulation into ten types, namely
abstract for concrete, explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part,
reversal of terms, negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval
for limit, and change of symbol.
Furthermore, in order to describe the degrees of meaning equivalence, the
32
equivalence is associated with various degrees of meaning equivalence.
Equivalents are analysed based on how the units of equivalence in translations
correspond to the units in the source texts. He suggests five types of equivalence
degrees: optimum translation, partialtranslationthatisdividedintotwo; near optimum
translationandweaktranslation, zero equivalenceand non-translation.
Gie movie is selected by the writer because of the historical value and the
diversity of the language used in the setting. It becomes interesting since the writer
found that there are some problems in the subtitles which are worth to be analysed.
Therefore, the researcher wants to figure out the type of modulation techniques
found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. After it has been figured out,
the result is assessed based on the degrees of meaning equivalence.
D. Analytical Construct
The researcher has drawn a figure showing the framework that the
researcher works on. This figure is made in order to make the readers understand
easily about what is being discussed in this research. The analytical construct of
33
Figure 3. The Analytical Construct
Quality
Target Text
Gie’s English
movie texts
Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia movie texts Intersemiotic Translation Interlingual Translation Intralingual Translation Translation Techniques Direct Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Calque
1. Abstract for Concrete 2. Explicative Modulation 3. Part to Whole
4. Part to Another Part 5. Reversal of Terms 6. Negative of Opposite 7. Active for Passive 8. Space for Time 9. Interval for Limit 10. Change of Symbol
Oblique Translation
Transposition
Equivalence
Adaptation
Modulation
Meaning Equivalence of Modulation Techniques in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English MovieTexts
Bilingual Translation Multilingual Translation Types of Translation
34
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Research
Since the objectives were to describe the types of modulation and the
degrees of meaning equivalence in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, this research was considered as qualitative research. Qualitative method is a
research procedure which presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral
data from the subjects of research being observed (Bodgan and Biklen, 1982:
39-48).
B. Data and Data Sources
The data sources of this research were the movie entitled Gie and its Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. The Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts were
downloaded from a reliable internet source, i.e. http://www.subscene.com.The data
were expression units representing modulation techniques that are located within
sentence units of analysis, which are derived from the main character’s expressions
in dialogues. The main character was chosen since he is the central person in the
story. He is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. In addition, he is vital to the
development and resolution of the conflict. In other words, the plot and the
resolution of the conflict revolve around him. Moreover, he generates the action of
C. Instruments of the Research
The primary instrument of the research was the researcher himself since it
employeda qualitative research. He acted as the planner, the collector, the observer,
the analyst, and the reporter of the findings.
Furthermore, the secondary instrument of this research is the data sheet
which was used to collect sentence units of analysis in which expression units
representing modulation techniques are located. The same expression units in
question in the same data sheet as an instrument are also analysed to measure the
degrees of meaning equivalence. Table 1 illustrated the form of the data sheet used
Table 1.Sample Data Sheet of Types of Modulationand Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
TIMES CODE SETTING DATA TYPES OF MODULATION DEGREES OF MEANING
EQUIVALENCE SOURCE TEXT
AFC EPM PTW PAP ROT NOP AFP SFT IFL COS OPT PAR ZER
TARGET TEXT
NOT WET
List of Abbreviations
Types of Modulation
AFC : Abstract for Concrete EPM : Explicative Modulation PTW : Part to Whole
PAP : Part to Another Part ROT : Reversal of Terms NOP : Negation of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and vice versa) SFT : Space for Time
IFL : Interval for Limits COS : Change of Symbol
Degrees of MeaningEquivalence OPT : Optimum Translation PAR : Partial Translation
NOT : Near-Optimum Translation WET : Weak Translation
D. Technique of Data Collection
The researcher used analysis of documents by note-taking to collect the data
in this research. Note-taking is appropriate to describe and interpret the data
because the researcher analyzed the modulation technique and the degrees of
meaning equivalence through Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts. In collecting the data, the researcher took the following some steps:
1. watching Gie movie,
2. taking notes of the data from the Bahasa Indonesia dialogues and the Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts which were in accordance with the objectives of
the research,
3. recording the collected data into the data sheet, and
4. coding the data to make it easier in the analysis.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher employed referential analysis to analyze the data in which
the researcher analyzed the data based on the theory explored. The procedures in
data analysis were mentioned in the following steps.
1. The researcher selected and classified the valid and relevant data. The data were
reduced in order to simplify the data. The data reduction was done by
2. The researcher coded the data to ease the analysis. In the data, many
expressions were translated using modulation techniques. Each expression is
belonged into certain types of modulation technique. Furthermore, the
expression also reveals the degree of equivalence. In order to identify certain
expressions, thus, the researcher created certain codes. The list of codes is
presented below.
Types of Modulation Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
AFC : Abstract for Concrete OPT : Optimum Translation
EPM : Explicative Modulation PAR : Partial Translation
PTW : Part to Whole NOT : Near Optimum Translation
PAP : Part to Another Part WET : Weak Translation
ROT : Reversal of Terms ZER : Zero Equivalence
NOP : Negative of Opposite
AFP : Active for Passive (and
vice versa)
SFT : Space for Time
IAL : Interval of Limits
Furthermore, each datum was given a data code. The example of data code
was presented below.
Code (001/AFP/NOT)
001 : Number of the datum
AFP : Type of Modulation applied
NOT : Type of Degree of Meaning Equivalence
3. applying the trustworthiness of the data by doing analyst triangulation,
4. describing and interpreting the data in order to answer the problems formulation
as stated in Chapter 1, and
5. drawing conclusion based on the result of the research.
F. Trustworthiness of Data
To gain the trustworthiness of the data, the researcher conducted deep and
detail study. The researcher employed triangulation technique to enhance the
trustworthiness of the data. Wahyuni (2012: 40) says to increase the credibility of
thedata, normally people use several data sources and different methods which is
called triangulation.
To achieve those trustworthiness’ criteria, triangulation process and
peerdiscussion were conducted. Triangulation means a method used to check the
datatrustworthiness by engaging something outside the data in order the data can
datatrustworthiness, three types of triangulation, which are source triangulation,
analyst triangulation, and theory triangulation have been done by the researcher.
Source triangulation was done to check whether the result changes when the data
are changed several times. Analyst triangulation was done to improve the
understanding; it was done through peer discussion with others and this process is
41
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the results of the research are explained in detail. This
chapter is divided into two sections, namely findings and discussion. Each is
presented below.
A. Findings
In this section, the findings are presented based on two problem
formulations as stated in Chapter I, which are to find out the types of modulation
technique used in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts, and to identify the degrees of meaning equivalence of expressions and its translatd version using
modulation as found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
There are ten types of modulation technique, namely abstract for concrete,
explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms,
negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and
change of symbol. Then, degrees of meaning equivalence are also given to each
expression ranging from optimum translation, partial translation (near optimum
translation and weak translation), and zero equivalence. The degrees of meaning
equivalence are used to show the accuracy of the translation.
Based on the analysis, this research reveals 144 data of modulation
of meaning equivalence of each datum are also identified to show the accuracy of
the translation. The following sections illustrate the research findings.
Table 2 below presents the result of data analysis dealing with the types of
modulation technique and the degrees of meaning equivalence found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
Table 2: Types of Modulation Technique and The Degrees of meaning Equivalence Found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie Texts
No Types of Modulation
Technique
Degrees of Meaning Equivalence
Tota l Per ce nt age (%) Optimum Translation
Partial Translation Zero Translation Near Optimum Translation Weak Translation
1 Abstract for Concrete
6 6 2 0 14 9.8
2 Explicative Modulation
12 10 2 0 24 16.6
3 Part to Whole 25 4 0 1 30 20.8
4 Part to Another part
1 6 18 2 27 18.8
5 Reversal of Terms
26 2 0 0 28 19.4
6 Negation of Opposite
1 0 0 0 1 0.7
7 Active for Passive
2 0 0 0 2 1.4
8 Space for Time
0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Interval for Limit
7 0 0 0 7 4.9
10 Change of Symbol
6 0 4 1 11 7.6
Total 87 28 26 4 144 100
[image:56.612.113.533.258.609.2]Table 2 shows nine types of modulation technique found in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English Movie texts, namely abstract for concrete, explicative
modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms, negation of
opposite, active for passive, interval for limit, and change of symbol. The most
often occurring type part to whole with 30 occurrences.Reversal of termsis in the
second rank with 28 occurrences. Part to another part is in the third rank with 27
occurrences. Explicative modulation is in the fourth rank with 24 occurrences.
Then, it is followed by abstract for concrete with 14 occurrences. Change of
symbol is the sixth rank with 11 occurrences. Interval for limit is in the seventh
rank with 7 occurrences. Then, Active for passive with only 2 occurrences.
Meanwhile, the least occurring type is negation of opposite with only one
occurrence. Negation of opposite is only by chance since there is only one
occurrence found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts.
Based on the findings, space for time is not found in Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesia-English movie texts. The complete findings of types of modulation
technique found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts are provided in
Appendix A. Meanwhile, the detail of explanation of modulation technique found
in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English movie texts is presented in the section of
discussion. Furthermore, Table 2 shows that the expression translated using
modulation techniques reach 144 data. Related to the degrees of
Afterwards, there are 54 data, consisting of near optimum translation with 28 data
and weak translation with 26 data. Then, it is followed by zero equivalence with 4
data
B. Discussion
This section presents the discussion of the study based on the research
findings in the previous section and the problem formulation as stated in Chapter I.
1. The Types of Modulation Found in Gie’s Bahasa Indonesia-English Movie
Texts
Modulation is a shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift
between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories.
Modulation can be applied when, though literal or transposition translation results
grammatically correct utterance, the patterns of source language in the target
language are considered as abnormal or awkward. The application of this technique
demands very much the translator’s capacity to mastering bilingual languages.
There are ten types of modulation technique, namely abstract for concrete,
explicative modulation, part to whole, part to another part, reversal of terms,
negation of opposite, active for passive, space for time, interval for limit, and
change of symbol. This part contains the explanations of the data findings in
reference to the data analysis. There are nine types of modulation technique found
a. Abstract for concrete
Abstract for concrete occurs because concrete words are recognized quickly
and remembered better that abstract words. In the translation of Gie’s Bahasa
Indonesiamovie texts into Gie’s English movie texts, there are 14data that belong to
abstract for concrete, in which 6 data have optimum translation, 6 data have near
optimum translation, and 2 data have weak translation. Furthermore, there is no
data found that reaches zero equivalence.
The evidence of abstract for concrete type that reaches optimum translation
can be seen in datum (033/AFC/OPT)
(Setting :After the graduation day, young Gie decides to go to mountain. Suddenly, in in the middle of the way to mountain, he reminds his high school memories)
ST : Dan semua kenangan-kenangan yang manis terbayang kembali TT : And the pleasant memories of that time come back to me
(033/AFC/OPT)
“Manis” can be defined as having a taste similar to that of sugar. Yet, in this
context, “manis”refers to the pleasant and satisfying feeling. The expression
“semua kenangan-kenangan yang manis” is translated into “the pleasant memories”
since it is more familiar and easy to be imagined by the readers of the Target
Language (TL). Therefore, the translation “the pleasant memories” is accepted
since it reaches optimum translation.
The example of abstract for concrete type that reaches near-optimum
(Setting : Gie introduces himself. It starts with the Indonesian Revolution on 1957. Gie is an Indonesian-Chinese who lived in the era of 1960’s)
ST : Aku dilahirkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 Desember 1942, ketika perang tengah berkecamuk di Pasifik
TT : I was born in Jakarta, December 17, 1942 when war was exploding in the Pacific
(001/AFC/NOT)
In Indonesian context, “berkecamuk” has similar meanings with “merasuk
dengan hebat”, “bergelora”, or “berkobar”. This is rather abstract for the readers of
the Target Language (TL). “Berkecamuk” is translated into“was exploding” that is
more concrete and easy to be understood by the readers of the target language. Yet,
the form is rendered in a different way. Therefore, the translation “was exploding”
is accepted since it reaches near optimum translation.
Datum (004/AFC/WET) is the example of abstract for concrete type that
reaches weak translation.
(Setting : Han was hit by his aunt and he went to Gie’s home. Gie welcomes Han to
sleep over but Dien and Djin disagree with him)
ST : Heh kalau dia pulang sekarang dia bakal dihajar habis-habisan. Lu tega?
TT : If he goes home, he’ll get beaten for sure. You want that to happen?
(004/AFC/WET)
The expression “dihajar habis-habisan” can be defined as to hit someone
