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T S
… … … … … … … … … E G A P E L T I
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… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P L A V O R P P
A ………….. ... ii
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A … …. ……….. i ii
… … … … … … … … … Y T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ………….……...... vi
H A I M L I A Y R A K I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L .. v
… … … … E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ………………………………………………. vi
… … … S T N E M E D G E L W O N K C
A …………………………………………… v ii
E L B A
T OFCONTENTS…………………………………………..… .…… …. v ii i …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … T C A R T S B
A ………………..………... x
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … K A R T S B
A ……………..………. xi
… … … … … … N O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C …………………..………… 1
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy………... …… .. 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton………..………….… 4 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy……… 4 .
D De ifniitono fTerm………..… . ……… 4 R
E T P A H
C II :THEORETICALREVIEW………………..………………… 6 .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies………..… ..……… 6 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires……….……… 9 .
a Theoryo fConfilct………..………... 9 .
b RelaitonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology.. ..………... 1 1 .
c Menta lRetardaitonSymptoms………..………… 1 2 .
d TheoryofI ntelilgence……… 1 6 .
C Theoreitca lFramework………...………. 18 .
… … … … … … … … … … … … Y G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C .………… 2 0
.
A Objec toft heStudy………..………… 2 0 .
B Approachoft heStudy……….………… 2 1 .
C Methodoft heStudy……….………… 22 …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … S I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C …………… 2 3
.
A Confilctsi n IAmSam……………………..……………….………. 2 4 .
x i .
a Confilc tbetweenSamandConner………...………… 52 .
b Confilct sbetweenSamandLucy……….………… 72 .
c Confilct sbetweenSamandRtia……….. …… . …. .. 3 0 .
2 Confilc tbetweenSamandSociety………...… …… 5… 3 .
3 Confilc tbetweenSamandHimsefl……… 94 .
B Menta lRetardaitonSymptoms……….……… 24 .
1 Communicaiton………...……… 54 .
2 Socia lSkills………..……….. 64 .
3 AcademicSkills……….. 84 .
4 Senso irmotor Skills……… 15 .
5 S -efl HelpSkills………... 15 .
6 Vocaitona lSkills……….……… 52 .
C TheI n lfuenceo fSam’ sMenta lRetardaitonTowardt heConfilcts… . 62 . .
1 Confilc tbetweenSamandConner………...……… 62 .. .
2 Confilct sbetweenSamandLucy……….……… 65 .. .
3 Confilct sbetweenSamandRtia………..……...……… 69 .
4 Confilc tbetweenSamandSociety………...………… 73 .
5 Confilc tbetweenSamandHimsefl……… 97 .
… … … … N O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ………………………….……… . 3…. 8
R G O I L B I
B APHY…………………………………… .……………..………….. 78 …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … X I D N E P P
x T C A R T S B A . n a a j a h a R a ti n o e L a ll i e s e r
C The In lfuence o fSam’ sMenta lRetarda iton s ’ n o s n h o J e n it s i r K n i s t c il f n o C e h t d r a w o
t IAm Sam .Yogyaka tra :Depa trmen to f
. 4 1 0 2 , y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E y r o t s y r e v e n i e l o r t n a tr o p m i n a s d l o h t c il f n o C . t c il f n o c s a h y r o t s y r e v E . t o l p a s e t a e r c t i e s u a c e
b Thi sstudy analyzes the movie sc irpt IAm Sam from the e h T . w e i v f o t n i o p l a c i g o l o h c y s
p analysi si sspeci ifed to the inlfuence of Sam’ s s t c il f n o c e h t d r a w o t n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
m .There are many thing stha tcan in lfuence e h t s e d i v o r p h c r a e s e r s i h T . s t c il f n o
c explanaiton; how Sam’ smenta lretardaiton e c n e u lf n
i s hi sconfilct .s
t s ri f e h T . s e v it c e j b o e e r h t f o s t s i s n o c s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u s i h
T is t o i dentfiy
e h
t confilctst ha taref acedbySam .Thes econdi st oanalyzeSam’ smentalr etardaiton d r a w o t n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m s ’ m a S e c n e u lf n i e h t e z y l a n a o t s i d ri h t e h t d n a s m o t p m y s .s t c il f n o c e h t y r a r b il s i y d u t s s i h t e z il a e r o t d e s u s i t a h t d o h t e m e h
T research ,sincet hedata
. s e l c it r a d n a s k o o b m o r f n e k a t s i y d u t s s i h t r o
f There are some theo ire stha tare
, s m o t p m y s n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m , t c il f n o c f o y r o e h t e r a y e h T . h c r a e s e r s i h t n i d e il p p a . e c n e g il l e t n i f o y r o e h t d n
a In thi sstudy ,these theo ire sare used to answe rthe e h t e z y l a n a o t s i h c r a e s e r s i h t f o s u c o f e h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t n i s n o it s e u q s ’ r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t e c n e u lf n
i menta lretardaiton whichi sapsychologica ldisablitiy t c il f n o c e h t d r a w o
t s tha thef aces .Therefore,t hemos tsutiableapproacht obeappiled . h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p s i y d u t s s i h t n i e h t , s i s y l a n a e h t n
I confilc ti sidenit ifed by using the theory o fconfilc tby . n i w e L d n a n o m r a H , r e t s r e
F Therearet hreet ype so fconfilctst ha tcanbef ound t in he y
r o t
s ;t heconfilc tbetweenperson ,st heconfilc tbetweenapersonands ociety ,andt he n o s r e p a n i h ti w t c il f n o c l a n r e t n i e h t s i t s a
l which i scalled approach-avoidance t c il f n o
c .To analyze how Sam’ smenta lretardaiton i sdesc irbed i n t he movie sc irpt , n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
m and also au itsitc disorde rsymptoms by Davidson and Wlison ea r d
e il p p
a in t he second par to fanalysis .The resul tof t he analysi sshows t ha tSam i s s t o r r a p , s ll i k s e v it p a d a e m o s n i d e ri a p m i s i o h w n a m s a r e ti r w t p ir c s e h t y b d e b ir c s e d t
ohers ’speech ,and also show scompulsive and rtiuailsitc act .Thi s ifnding confrim s c it s it u a h ti w n a m d e d r a t e r y ll a t n e m a s i m a S t a h t t p ir c s e i v o m e h t n i t n e m e t a t s e h t . s e i c n e d n e
t T he las tpa tr i n t he chapte rIV contains t he analysi sof t he i n lfuence o f m
a
S ’ smenta lretardaiton toward the confilcts .According to the analysis ,Sam’ s o t n o it c a e r s i h e c n e u lf n i y l n o t o n s e o d n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
m w ard confilcts ,i talso
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i x K A R T S B A . n a a j a h a R a ti n o e L a ll i e s e r
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t IAm Sam .Yogyaka tra :Depa trmen to f
, s r e tt e L h s il g n
E Facutlyo fLetters ,SanataDharmaUnivers tiy ,2014.
m a l a d g n it n e p n a n a r e p g n a g e m e m k il f n o K . k il f n o k i k il i m e m a ti r e c p a it e S . a ti r e s r u l a n a k a t p i c n e m k il f n o k b a b e s , h a s i k p a it e
s Karyai n imenganailsi ssk irpf lim
l u d u jr e
b IAm Sam dengan menggunakan sudu tpandang psikologi .Anailsa dalam i n i i d u t
s secara spesi ifk membaha stentang pengaruh dar iretardas imenta lyang .i p a d a h a i g n a y k il f n o k p a d a h r e t m a S i k il i m i d a d a a y n a m a tr e p n a u j u T . n a u j u t a g it i r a d i ri d r e t i n i i s p ir k
S lah untuk
k il f n o k i s a k if it n e d i g n e
m -konfilk yang dihadap ioleh Sam .Tujuan be irkutnya adalah a l a j e g a s il a n a g n e m k u t n
u -gejala retardas imenta lSam danyang ke itga adalah untuk k il f n o k p a d a h r e t m a S l a t n e m i s a d r a t e r h u r a g n e p n a k s a l e j n e
m -konfilkyangi ahadapi.
n a k d u j u w e m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d g n a y e d o t e
M peneilitan in i adalah stud i
a k a t s u
p ,hali n idikarenakandatayangdiambi luntukmelakukanpeneil itani n iberasa l u k u b i r a
d -buku dan jugaaritkel-aritkel .Adabeberapat eor iyangdiapilkasikandalam ir o e T . i n i i d u t
s -teo ir t ersebu tadalah t eor ikonfilk ,gejala-gejala retardas imenta ldan n e g il e t n i ir o e
t si .Dalampeneilitani n,it eo ir-teo irt ersebu tdigunakan untukmenjawab n a a y n a tr e
p -pe tranyaan yang terdapa tdalam rumusan masalah .Foku sdar istud iin i n e m k u t n u h a l a d
a ganailsa pengaruh dar imenta lretardas iSam terhadap konfilk -g n a y n a t a k e d n e p , u ti a n e r a k h e l O . i p a d a h a i g n a y k il f n o
k sanga t tepa t untuk
n a k a n u g i
d untuks tudii n iadalahpendekatanpsikolog.i
n a k a n u g g n e m n a g n e d i s a k if it n e d ii d k il f n o k , s i s il a n a n a i g a b a d a
P teor ikonfilk
g n a y k il f n o k s i n e j a g it t a p a d r e T . n i w e L n a d n o m r a H , r e t s r e F h e l o n a k p a k g n u i d g n a y r a t n a k il f n o k u ti a y , t u b e s r e t a ti r e c n a k u m e ti d t a p a
d a dua karakter ,konfilk antara
d m a l a d i d a jr e t g n a y n it a b k il f n o k n a d , s a ti n u m o k h a u b e s n a d r e t k a r a k g n a r o e
s ri i
a s il a n a g n e m k u t n U . r e t k a r a k g n a r o e
s penggambaranmentalr etardas iSam ,penjelasan a l a j e g i a n e g n e
m -gejala menta l retardasi dan auitsme yang diungkapkan oleh m a l a d n a k i s a k il p a i d n o s li W n a d n o s d i v a
D anailsi sbagian kedua . Hasi l anailsa a S a w h a b n a k u j n u n e
m m digambarkan sebaga i seorang p ira yang memiilk i a p a r e b e b m a l a d n a s a t a b r e t e
k kemampuanberadaptasi ,membeo perkataanorangl ain , i n i n a u m e n e P . s u r e n e m s u r e t g n a l u i d a tr e s b ij a w t a fi s r e b g n a y s a ti n it u r i k il i m e m n a d a ti r e d n e m m a S a w h a b n a a t a y n r e p n a k r a n e b m e
m keterbelakangan menta l dan
e m s it u a n a g n u r e d n e c e
k .Bagian terakhi rbab IV menganailsa pengaruh dar imenta l a h r e t m a S i s a d r a t e
r dap konfilk-konfilk .Anailsi spada bagian i n imenunjukan bahwa g n a y i s a d r a t e r l a t n e
m iaalami itdakhanyamempengaruhir eaksinyat erhadapkonfilk . m e m a g u j a y n i s a d r a t e r l a t n e
M pengaruh i pandangan orang lain terhadap Sam , u r a g n e p m e
m h i pandangannya terhadap di irnya sendi ir , dan juga se irng menjad i k il f n o k i r a d u c i m e p n u p u a m n a s a l
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
o s l a n a c t i , e r u s a e l p c it e h t s e a e l p o e p e v i g y l n o t o n s e o d e r u t a r e ti l g n i d a e R
e w r e v e t a h W . e fi l n w o r i e h t n i e c n e ir e p x e t o n o d y e h t s g n i h t e r o l p x e e l p o e p p l e h
n o n r o n o it c if s i ti r e h t e h w , d a e
r -ifcitonwearel ed byt hestoryt oexplorevairou s s
e c n e ir e p x
e o fhuman l fie .Ltieratureha ssomegenre .Theyarepoerty ,prose,and s A . m r o f n e tt ir w e h t n i y a l p s i e r u t a r e ti l s a d e r e d i s n o c s i t a h t a m a r d r o y a l P . y a l p
r o l p x e o t y d o b y r e v e r o f r o o d a o s l a s i y a l p , e r u t a r e ti l r e h t o e h
t emanyexpeirnce s
. e fi l n a m u h f o
y l n o t o n s i a m a r d r o y a l p , y g o l o n h c e t e h t f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t h ti w g n o l A
t l u s e r a s A . e c n a m o fr e p a m li f o t e l b i s s o p t i s e k a m a r e m a C . e g a t s n o d e m r o f r e p
g n i k a m e h t n i d e s u s i t a h t t p ir c s e h T . m li f r o e i v o m a e k il t c u d o r p d n if n a c e w
o n k n e h t e i v o m f o s s e c o r
p wn a smoviescirpt .In t hebook Understanding Plays , a
h p m e r e g n a r r a
B sizest hatt heword“text”o r“scirpt”t odescirbet hewirttenf orm a n i d e s u s i t a h t t p ir c s a s i t p ir c s e i v o M . ) 4 : 0 9 9 1 , r e g n a r r a B ( e l b a m r o fr e p s i h c i h w
o
m viemakingnott obeperformedonastage .Therefore,i tcanbesaidt ha tmovie s e o d t i ,t e Y . d e m r o fr e p e r a y e h t y a w e h t n i t n e r e f fi d e r a t p ir c s y a l p a d n a t p ir c s
) e i v o m ( A . tr a y r a r e ti l a o s l a s i t p ir c s e i v o M . r e h t o n a n a h t s s e l s i e n o e k a m t o n
t n i e r u t a r e ti l a s a d e d r a g e r e b n a c t p ir c
s heway tif ulifllst hei maginaitve ,aestheitc t
c e p s a e v it a e r c d n a y ti l a u
t c il f n o c , s l o b m y
s ,andothe relements ,whichi nvolve semoitons ,acitons ,andi dea s 9
9 9 1 , r e l s s e r B ( y r o t s a f o m r o f e h t n
i : 0).1
t n
I hi sstudy, al tierarywork si s ne e fromt hepsychologica lpoin to fview . i
n a m e l o
C n Abnorma l Psychology and Modern Lfie state s “The relaiton fo y
g o l o h c y s p d n a e r u t a r e ti
l happened l ongbeforeabnorma lpsychology becamean a
v r e s b o r i e h t n o d e s a b , y d u t s c if it n e i c s f o a e r
a tiono fhumanbehaviour( Coleman , )
8 : 6 7 9
1 .Menta lproblem t ha ti sdiscussed i n t hi sresearch i smenta lretardaiton . e
s u n e tf o r e ti r w e h t ,t a h t f o e s u a c e
B s thet erm menta lretardaiton . tIi sat erm o f y b d e z ir e t c a r a h c n o it i d n o c a e b ir c s e d o t d e s u s i h c i h w d l e if y g o l o h c y s p e h t
y b d e i n a p m o c c a , 8 1 f o e g a e h t e r o f e b g n i n i g e b e c n e g il l e t n i e g a r e v a b u s
.) 6 8 4 : 6 9 9 1 , n o s li W ( g n i n o it c n u f e v it p a d a n i s t n e m ri a p m
i The influence o fthe
t c e j b o s ’ r e ti r w e h t e b l li w t c il f n o c d r a w o t n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i a
m o f
s i s y l a n
a int hisr esearch.
t p ir c s e i v o m a s e s u r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t e z il a e r o
T w irtten by K irsitne
d e lt it n e n o s n h o
J IAm Sam a sthe study object . IAm Sam si a 2001-Ameircan t t o c S . O . A y b n e tt ir w w e i v e r A . n o s l e N e i s s e J y b d e t c e ri d d n a n e tt ir w m li f a m a r d
n
i TheNew York Time sstatest ha tanyonewho has t ired t o raisea young ch lid a t u o b a a m a r d o l e m g n it fi l p u y l s s e l e m a h s a '' , m a S m A I '' e r o f e b s s e l p l e h e b l li w
o f g n it h g if n a m d e g n e ll a h c y ll a t n e
m r custody o f hi s young daughter w t e b t c il f n o c e h t s e c u d o rt n i t p ir c s e h T . ) w e i v e r/ e i v o m / m o c .s e m it y n . w w w
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f The
l li w y c u L e v e il e b y e h t e s u a c e b y a w a y c u L e k a t o t y rt s e c i v r e S l a i c o S t n e m tr a p e D
o t e l b a e b t o
s i m a
S a“ mentally challenged man,” meaning to say he ha spsychologica l m
e l b o r
p calledmentalr etardaiton.
y b d e t a e r c s i t a h t e p y t o e r e t s n w o r i e h t e v a h n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m h ti w e l p o e P
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n We can ifnd numerou sresul to fmenta lretardaiton stereotype i n t
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t . hT e stereotypecanbe irght ,canbewrong .Theburdeno fdisablitiyi s e l b a e h t d n a , w o r r o s t n a t s n o c f o e fi l a s i n o s r e p d e l b a s i d a h ti w e fi l ; g n i d n e n
u
-P . m e h t p l e h o t n o it a g il b o l a u n it n o c a r e d n u d n a t s d e i d o
b eople wtih disabiilite s
s e il i m a f ri e h t d n
a --the"noblesacirifcers"--aret hemos tpefrec tobject so fchartiy ; s s e n d n i k f o s g n il e e f n e k a w a o t ,s r e h t o n i e c n e l o v e n e b e ri p s n i o t s i n o it c n u f ri e h t
y ti s o r e n e g d n
a (www.disab litiymuseum.org/dhm/edu/essay.html?id=24) .Tha ti s t
a h t s e p y t o e r e t s e h t f o e n
o can be found in the internet .The statemen ttha tsay m a S f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c e h t o t y r a rt n o c s i n e d r u b g n i d n e n u s i y ti li b a s i
d sa a
n a m d e d r a t e r y ll a t n e
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i r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t s a n a m d e d r a t e
r IAmSam .The rtuthi ,st ha tstereotypei sa w
o r r a
n generailzaiton. I n f act, therearesomet ype so fmentalr etardaitont ha twe .
n o n o it n e tt a t u p o t d e e n
t a h t e r o f e b d i a s s i
tI thewirtte rwants ot analyzethei n lfuenceoft hemajo r y
ti li b a s i d l a u t c e ll e t n i r o n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m s ’ r e t c a r a h
c toward the confilct stha t n
e p p a
h in t hescirp.t To beable t o do t hat t hewrtie rneeds to show readers the t
c il f n o
c s tha toccur in t he story ,the classiifcaiton o fmental ratardaiton ,and t he e h t n i d e b ir c s e d e r a t a h t s m o t p m y s s ti n o d e s a b n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m s ’ m a S f o e p y t
t p ir c
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r ’s ense.
.
B ProblemFormula iton
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B s:
.
1 Wha taret heconfilctstha texpeirenced byt hemajo rcharacter? .
2 Howaret hes ymptom so fmentalr etardaitondescirbedi nt hes cirpt? .
3 How doe sSam’ smenta lretardaiton in lfuence the confilct sin K irsitne s
’ n o s n h o
J IamSam?
.
C Objec itve soft heStudy
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T n t ha t
t s ri F . e v o b a d e t a t s n e e b s a
h l y, thewrtie rwants t o identfiy t he t he confilcts t ha t ,
y r o t s e h t n i d n e p p a
h IAm Sam .Second i sto analyze the symptom so fmenta l t
p ir c s e h t n i d e b ir c s e d n o it a d r a t e
r and the thrid i sto analyze the in lfuence o f ’
m a
S smentalr etardaitont owardt heconfilct .s
.
D Deifni itono fTerms
t e d i v o r p o t r e d r o n
I he irgh tunderstading ,the wrtie rgives reader sthe s
m r e
t tha trelated to the study .The term stha tneed to be explained are menta l o
it a d r a t e
r n .Sincei nt hi sstudy t hewrtie ruses thist erm al o ,tt her eader sneed t o .
o t g n i d r o c c
A APA Dicitonary o fPsychology , menta lretardaiton i sa r
e d r o s i
d tha ti scharacteirzed by intellectua lfunciton tha ti ssigni ifcanlty below i
w l a u d i v i d n i n a f o t a h t y ll a c if i c e p s : e g a r e v
a th a measured IQ o f70 o rbelow , d e t s e fi n a m s i n o it i d n o c e h t m o h w n i d n a , d e ri a p m i s i r u o i v a h e b e v it p a d a e s o h w
, d o ir e p l a t n e m p o l e v e d e h t g n ir u
6 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L F O W E I V E R
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudy
m a S m A
I i sa movie sc irp tw irtten by K irsitne Johnson and Jessie Nelson.
n o s l e N e i s s e
J si no tonlyi nvolved i n t hesc irp tw iritng ,he i salso t hedriector of t he
e i v o
m .Thes c irptt hatt ell sabou tamentally retardedf athe rwho ifghtsf o rthecustody
s i h f
o sevenyea rolddaughte rwasf limedi n2001byNewLineCinema .Righ tat rhe
y e h t e s u a c e b s e c i v r e S l a i c o S f o t n e m tr a p e D e h t y b n e k a t s i y c u L , y a d h tr i b h t n e v e s
e v e il e
b tha tSam who ha smental r etardaiton wli lno tbe ablet o r aise Lucyprope lry .
e li h w n o it c e t o r p t r u o c n i d e c a l p d n a e m o h s ' m a S m o r f d e v o m e r s i y c u L , t a h t r e tf A
. d e v l o s e r s i e u s s i y d o t s u c e h
t Inorder t owint he cou trt iraland gets Lucyback,Sam
’ m a S s e k a t a ti R t u o s n r u t t i t u b n o s ir r a H a ti R r e y w a l a e ri h o t s e ir
t scase a sa pro
e u s s i l a t n e m s ’ m a S , y r o t s e h t n I . e s a c o n o
b is t he mainr eason t hatmake shi sablitiy
. d e n o it s e u q s i r e h t a f a s
a Sam’s l fie i sno l onge rsimple .He has t o face cou tr t iral ,
s t c il f n o c n i d e v l o v n
i tha the neve rfound before and thinking about quesiton stha t
. m e h t g n ir e w s n a n i y tl u c if fi d s a h t h g i m t n e r a p l a m r o n y ll a t n e m a n e v e
t a h t d i a s e b n a c t
I IAmSami sno tanewmovie.I tha sbeen13year ssincet he
e s a e l e r s a w e i v o
m d .Ye,t there i s only o ne study tha tcan be found related to the
c s e i v o
m ir . pt The only research t ha tanalyzes the movie scirp tof IAm Sam that t he
f r e ti r
w ound si a research by Megan Dowdy e tint dle IAm Sam :Portraya lo f
m li F r a l u p o P n i s e it il i b a s i
e z y l a n a e h S . y d u t
s d the medica lmode lpo trraya land socia lmode lporrtayal i n IAm
m a
S . The conclusion o f he rstudy is , the socia l mode lbecome s a method o f
t n e m r e w o p m
e fo rSam .Meaning t o say, the socia lmodel t hat i sporrtayed by Sam
.l e d o m l a c i d e m s i h r e v o s li a v e r p
f e r n
I erence to the itlte , IAm Sam ,by the end o fthe flim ,through both f l e s m i h y b d e if it n e d i s i m a S , s t n e m e l e n o it c u d o r p d n a s n o it c a r e t n i r e t c a r a h c
s a d e y a rt r o p s i e h , l e d o m l a i c o s e h t h g u o r h T . s m e l b o r p l a c i d e m s i h y b t o n d n a
v it i s o p a d n a y t e i c o s o t t e s s a n
a e ,loving in lfuence fo rLucy .By using the s i h r e v o p i h s n a i d r a u g o t t h g ir s ’ m a S f o t c il f n o c e h t e v l o s e r o t l e d o m l a i c o s
f o d o h t e m d e r r e f e r p e h t s a l e d o m l a i c o s e h t s y a rt r o p m li f e h t , r e t h g u a d
viewingpeoplewtihdisabiilites(Dowdy ,2002 : ). 29
Thi s study i s clea lry no t the fris t study tha t sees a l tierature from
e h t e z y l a n a t a h t t s ri f e h t t o n o s l a d n a w e i v f o t n i o p l a c i g o l o h c y s
p psychological
s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u n A . e r u t a r e ti l f o k r o w a n i m e l b o r
p w irtten by Theodora Fill i
t s
A ir , nda e itlted The Contribuiton o fConfilc tReveailng Nina Sayers ’Personaltiy
n a w S k c a l B s ’ n a m y e H k r a M n i n e e S r e d r o s i
D also analyzes confilc t and
. m e l b o r p l a c i g o l o h c y s
p In orde r to d o he r study , a t fris t she analyze s the
n i a l p x e n e h t d n a , t c il f n o c e h t y fi t n e d i , d n o c e S . r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c
d e ll a c s i h c i h w m e l b o r p l a c i g o l o h c y s p s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t g n il a e v e r t c il f n o c w o h
a i n e r h p o z i h c
s (Ast irda ,2011 : . 6)
r e h t o n
A study tha tanalyze a ltierary work from the psychologica lpoin to f
y b e n o d s i w e i
v Ade Danie l Patty in hi sundergraduate thesi ,s Schizophrenia
d n a , n a m y e H k r a M , z n i e H a e r d n A n i r e t c a r a h C n i a M e h t n i n e e S s a e p y T d i o n a r a P
n a w S k c a l B s ’ n il h g u a L c M n h o
d e m a
n schizophrenia .He analyze show t he main characte rcharacte irzed, i denit ifed
f o s m o t p m y s e h
t schizophrenia paranoid type, and factor stha tcause the main
s ’ r e t c a r a h
c schizophreniaparanoidt ypei nBlackSwa n(Patty ,2012 :4).
t e s o h t e k il n
U h reepreviou sstudies ,thi sstudyf ocusesont hein lfuenceof t he
n e v E . t c il f n o c e h t d r a w o t n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m s ’ r e t c a r a h c r o j a
m thoughthes tudyt hati s
done byDowdy usest he samemoviesc irpt ,her f ocu so fstudyi sont he compa irson
h c r a e s e r e h T . n o s w a D m a S f o l a y a rt r o p l e d o m l a i c o s d n a l a y a rt r o p l e d o m l a c i d e m f o
t s A y
b irda i salso dfiferen tfrom thi sstudy . tAs irda’ sand the wrtier’ spattern so f
T . t n e r e f fi d s i s i s y l a n
a here i sno analysi son characte ro rcharacte irzaiton in thi s
. h c r a e s e
r Thewrtie ronlyf ocusesont hes ymptomo fmentalr etardaitontha tdesc irbes
.t c il f n o c e s a c s i h t n i t n e m e l e c i s n ir t n i e h t d n a t p ir c s e h t n
i Patty’ sresearch t ha tuse s
t p ir c s e i v o m e h
t Black Swan i salso dfiferent from thi sresearch in the pattern o f
. s i s y l a n
a The study tha ti sdone by Patty analyze sthe characte irzaiton o fthe main
o s l a d n a r e t c a r a h
c analyzesthecauseo fmenta lproblemt hat t hemain characte rhas .
, d n a h r e h t o e h t n
I the study t hat t he wrtie rdoe sfocuse s on t he confilcts ,symptoms ,
e h t d n
a inlfuence o fmenta lretardaiton toward the confilct .s Moreover ,the menta l
s e i d u t s s ’ y tt a P d n a s ’ a d ir t s A n i s i s y l a n a f o t c e j b o e h t s e m o c e b t a h t r e d r o s i
d i s
a h t r e d r o s i d l a t n e m e h t m o r f t n e r e f fi
d tthe wrtie ranalyze sin thi sresearch .The
a i n e r h p o z i h c s s i m e h t y b d e z y l a n a s i t a h t r e d r o s i d l a t n e
m . Ont heconrtary,t hewrtie r
s e z y l a n
.
B ReviewO fRelatedTheories
t a h t s e ir o e h t e m o s e r a e r e h
T a re used in thi sstudy in orde rto answe rthe
e r a y e h T . r e t p a h c s u o i v e r p e h t n i n o it s e u
q theoryo fconfilcts ,retardaitonsymptoms ,
f o y r o e h t e h t s i e n o t s a l e h t d n
a intelilgence.
.
1 Theoryo fConfilcts
n i r e t s r e F o t g n i d r o c c
A ThroughLtierature :a ThemaitcAnthologyand Guide
, g n it i r W c i m e d a c A o
t confilc tmay include clashe so rtension between people o r
g n it s a rt n o c e v a h o h w r o g n i h t e m a s e h t f o n o i s s e s s o p e v i s u l c x e t n a w o h w s p u o r g
o o t e n o e m o s r o f d e e n e h t s a r a e p p a y a m s m e l b o r p e h T . e u l a v d n a l a o
g vercome
. ) 4 7 : 5 0 0 2 , r e t s r e F ( l a o g e h t e v e i h c a o t s e l c a t s b
o Therefore,i tmeanst heconfilct t ha t
r u c c
o s inastoryi scausedby irvarlyo fpossessingt hesamet hing ro conrtasitnggoa l
. e u l a v d n
a InAHandbookt oLtierature :NinthEdiiton ,WliilamHarmonexplainst ha t
t c il f n o c f o s e p y t r u o f e r a e r e h
t (Harmon ,2003 :114),t heyare:
.
a A s rtuggleagainst nature .Thi skindo fconfilc thappen swhenacharacte rmus t
, r e h t a e w e m e rt x e : e l p m a x e r o F . s n o it i d n o c r o s e l c a t s b o l a r u t a n e m o s e c a f
, r e t s a s i d l a r u t a
n dangerouss eawave,o ranimal smayal lconsider sa asrtuggle
t s n i a g
a nature.
.
b A s rtuggle agains tanothe rperson .I ti sa srtuggle between two people tha t
. e u l a v d n a l a o g t n e r e f fi d e v a h o h w r o g n i h t e m a s e h t t n a w
.
c A s rtuggleagains tsociety . tIi sastruggle t ha toccur swhena characteri s i na
n o
.
d A s rtuggle fo rmastery by two element swtihin the person .Thi stype o f
. t c il f n o c l a n r e t n i d e ll a c s i e l g g u rt
s I ti sa confilc tbetween aspect sin a
e s r e n n i s ’ r e t c a r a h
c l ftha tsrtuggle fo rdominance .These aspect scan be
.l a r o m r o l a u t c e ll e t n i ,l a n o it o m e
e c n e ir e p x e n o s r e p t a h t n e h w s r a e p p a f l e s r e n n i s ’ n o s r e p a n i t c il f n o C
. s e ri s e d r o s d n a m e d e l b it a p m o c n
i A socia lpsychologist ,Kur tLewin ,suggested tha t
e c n a d i o v a d n a h c a o r p p a : s e i c n e d n e t g n i s o p p o o w t y b d e b ir c s e d e b n a c t c il f n o c
. ) 7 5 2 : 7 8 9 1 , n h o ji tt e P
( Fromt hoset wot endencies ,confilcti sdividedi ntot hreet ypes ,
: e r a y e h t
.
a Approach-Approach Confilct .There are two equally desriable goal stha tare
e v a h n e tf o e l p o e p t c il f n o c s i h t g n i c a f n I . t c il f n o c f o e p y t s i h t n i e l b it a p m o c n i
p u g n i v i g s n a e m l a o g e n o g n i s o o h c e s u a c e b , n o i s i c e d g n i k a m n i y tl u c if fi
d t he
, e m it e m a s e h t t a s e i v o m o w t e e s t o n n a c e n o e m o s , e l p m a x e r o F . e n o r e h t
o he
o h c y l n o n a c e h s r
o oseone .Whatever t heperson choose ,ssheo rhewli lhave
f i d e t s i x e e v a h t o n d l u o w t a h t s s e rt s o t s d a e l n o it i d n o c s i h T . ti t u o b a s t b u o d
.r e h t o n a r e v o e n o e s o o h c o t s a h t o n o d n o s r e p t a h t
.
b Avoidance-AvoidanceConfilct .Therearet woequallyundesriabledemandsi n
o c s i h
t nfilct .Nomatte rwhichonei schosen,i twli lno tgivepeoplehappiness .
il s s e l s i h c i h w e v it a n r e tl a e h t e s o o h c o t s i n o it a u ti s s i h t f o e v it c e j b o e h
T kely
o t y a w a s i e r e h t fI . l u f s s e rt s e b o
t escapet hi sconfilct ,people have t endency
.
c Approach-AvoidanceConfilc.tI nt hist ypeo fconfilc,tt herei sonlyagoa land
s i h
t goa lha sboth negaitveandalso posiitveside .Peoplew ho expeirence t hi s
t c il f n o
c mayr emain undecided andl et t heoppo truntiysilp away.Lewinsay s
“we may rty an atlernaitve soluiton before we make t he move ,being aware
, s n a e m t I ” .) 8 5 2 : 7 8 9 1 , n h o ji tt e P ( e v it i s o p l l a t o n e r a s e c n e u q e s n o c e h t t a h t
s n i tl u s e r ll i w o d e w g n i h t y n a t s o m l
a omes rtes .s
t t c il f n o c s i t c il f n o c f o y r o e h t s ’ n i w e
L ha toccurswtihini ndividual ,meaningt o
y a
s ti i san i nterna lconfilct( onilnes.fsu.edu/psych200/unti10/101.htm .)In t hi sstudy ,
e h
t wrtieruse sFerster ,HarmonandLewin’st heoryo fconfilct lal together toanalyze
r u c c o t a h t t c il f n o c e h
t s inSam,t hemaincharacter’sl fie.
.
2 Rela itonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology
s i h
T studyi sgoingt o analyzet hei n lfuence amovie sc irp tenitlted IAm Sam
f o k r o w e h t s
a ltierature ,whichiss eenf romt hepsychologica lpoin to fview .Worko f
c it e m i m m o r f n e e s e b n a c e r u t a r e ti
l o irentaiton ,which says t heexplanaitono far ta s
e s s
e nitally ani mtiaitono faspect soft he universe ( Abrams ,1993 :8) .Thi sstatemen t
n a s a n e e s e b n a c k r o w y r a r e ti l a t a h t s n a e
m imtiaitonorr epresentaitono fhumanl fie.
n a m u h f o y d u t s e h t s i y g o l o h c y s p t a h t n w o n k l l e w s i
tI behavior, andl tieraturea san
n a m u h f o n o it a v r e s b o n o d e s a b e d a m s i e fi l n a m u h f o n o it a ti m
i behavior .
y tr e v o p , s c i m o n o c e ; s g n i h t y n a m t u o b a s k l a t e r u t a r e ti
L ,coloniailsm ,poilitcs ,
, y ti l a m r o n b a , s s e n ll
i and many others . tI i spossible t hat l tierature can be related t o
, e fi l n a m u h n i g n i h t y r e v
, n o it i d E h t 5 e fi L n r e d o
M Colemanmake sastatementt ha tsuppo tredAbrams’t heory .
“ , d i a s e
H T he relaiton of l tierature and psychology happened long before abnorma l
n a m u h f o n o it a v r e s b o r i e h t n o d e s a b , y d u t s c if it n e i c s f o a e r a n a e m a c e b y g o l o h c y s p
r o i v a h e
b ” (Coleman ,1976 :8). Based on the quotaiton above ,i tcan be said tha t
d n a e r u t a r e ti
l psychology i srelated fo r a very long itme . Both ltierature and
e v r e s b o y g o l o h c y s
p human behaviors. They have a really deep conneciton ,since
psychologica lstiuaiton such a sfeeilng scan be found easliy in ltierary work sfrom
. a r e y r e v
e Moreove ,rl tierarywork sdo no tonlyt alk about f eeilngst owardevents, ti
y g o l o h c y s p l a m r o n b a t u o b a s k l a t o s l
a , ilkei nthemovies c irp t IAmSam.
.
3 Menta lRetarda itonSymptoms
e h
T diagnositc crtieiron fo rmenta lretardaiton is signi ifcanlty subaverage
Q I d e t a rt s i n i m d a y ll a u d i v i d n i n a n o w o l e b r o 0 7 y l e t a m i x o r p p a f o Q I n a : g n i n o it c n u f
( t s e
t Wlison ,1996 :487) .I tmean speoplewtihmentalr etardaitonhaveI Qabou t70o r
n I . w o l e
b Davidson’sbookt ha talsot alk sabout t henatureo fmental r etardaiton ,tii s
x i s n i t n e t x e e m o s o t t s a e l t a d e ti m il y ll a r e n e g s i n o s r e p d e d r a t e r a t a h t d e t a t
s skill s
g n i v il y li a d r o f d e d e e
n -communicaiton ,socia lskills ,academic skills ,senso irmoto r
fl e s , s ll i k
s -helpskills ,andvocaitonalskills( Davidson ,2004 :404) .Mentallyr etarded
e l p o e
p are ilmtiedi nsome fo adapitveskillst ha thavebeenstatedabove. Inhi sbook,
e r o m s e v i g o s l a n o s d i v a
.
a Communicaiton
e l p o e
P w tih mlid handicaps may requrie only minima lsuppor tto achieve
O . n o it a c i n u m m o c e v it c e f f
e n t he othe rhand ,people whomore disabled need
n e t n
i sive language rtaining and some who considered too disabled use
l e v it c e f f e s s e r p x e o t r e d r o n i e g a u g n a l n g i s y b e t a c i n u m m o c e g a u g n a
l y t hei r
. g n il e e f d n a s d e e n c i s a b
.
b Socials kills
l a t n e m h ti w e l p o e p r o f n o m m o c s i
tI retardaiton t o have dfi ifculite smaking
g n i p e e k d n
a f irends .Themorese irouslyr etardedpeopleshowl tilteawarenes s
.s n o it n e v n o c l a i c o s f o
.
c Academics kills
s ll i k s c i m e d a c A . s ll i k s c i m e d a c a n i d e ti m il e r a e l p o e p d e d r a t e r y ll a t n e
M refer
o
t reading ,w iritng ,andmathemaitc .s
.
d Senso irmotors kills
y ll a t n e m e b o t r a e p p a t a h t e l p o e p y n a
M retardedalsohavephysicaldisablitiy ,
e c s a h c u
s rebra lpalsy and hea irng l oss .People wtih cerebral palsyare t hose
a n i s d n a h g n i s u h ti w m e l b o r p , g n i k a e p s d n a g n i k l a w n i s e it l u c if fi d e v a h o h w
.s e c a m ir g l a i c a f e l b a ll o rt n o c n u d n a n o i h s a f e t a n i d r o o c , h t o o m s
.
e S -efl helps kills
fl e
S -help skill sare the rou itne acitvi ite so fda liy ilving ,such a sbathing ,
, g n it a e , g n i s s e r
.f Vocaitonals kills
t r o p p u s o t d e d e e n e r a t a h t s ll i k s s n a e m s ll i k s l a n o it a c o
V people i n t he wo lrd
it a d r a t e r l a t n e m h ti w e l p o e P . k r o w f
o oncanl earns omeworks kill ,st hes imple
d n a d e r u t c u rt s , s b o j e l p m i s r o f s ll i k s y ll a u s u e r a y e h T . s e n
o supervised ,in
.s e s s e n i s u b y li m a f r o s p o h s k r o w d e r e tl e h s
f o s e e r g e d r u o f e r a e r e h
T severtiy o fmenta lretardaiton. T he fris ti smlid
l a t n e
m retardaiton, characte irzedbyI Qo fbetween50-55and70 .Secondi smoderate
, n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
m characte irzed by IQ leve l35-40 to 50-55 .The thrid i ssevere
, n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
m which requried IQ o fbetween 20-25 to 35-40 ,and the las tis
l a t n e m d n u o f o r
p retardaiton ,whichIQl eve lbelow20o r25 .Relatedt ot hiss tudy,t he
. n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m e t a r e d o m ; e e r g e d d n o c e s e h t t u o b a e r o m e d i v o r p l li w r e ti r w
i
Wlson explains tha tmoderate menta lretardaiton people are those who are
a c o v m o r f ti f e n e b o t e l b a n e tf
o itona l rtainingand ,wtihsupervision ,canl earnt o care
o t e l b a e r a y e h T . s e v l e s m e h t r o
f acqurie minima lacademic skills ,atlhough they
o n o d y ll a r e n e
g t progres sbeyondt hesecond gradel evel(Wlison ,1996 :488) .Which
s n a e
m nomatte rhow olda moderate mentall yretarded man f o rexample ,hehas t he
e c n e g il l e t n
i fo na around six o rseven yea rold boy. Wlison also add sthat du irng
e c n e c s e l o d
a , people wtih moderate menta l retardaiton may having successfu l
s l a u d i v i d n i e s e h t , s tl u d a s A . s r e e p h ti w s p i h s n o it a l e
r can work a tunski lled o r
i s g n it t e s d e r e tl e h s n i s b o j d e ll i k s i m e
t n a c if i n g i s e r a e r e h
T numbers o fmentally retarded people who have auitsitc
y c n e d n e
t .In hi sbook Abnorma lPsychology ,Integraitng Perspecitves ,Wlison say s
e t a r e d o m h ti w d e d r a t e r y ll a t n e m s a d e s o n g a i d e r a o h w e l p o e p f o t u o e e r h t t a h
t range
6 9 9 1 , n o s li W ( c it s it u a e r
a :510) .Mentallyr etarded people wtih au itsitct endency are
a e g a r e v a w o l e b y lt n a c if i n g i s s i h c i h w n o it c n u f l a u t c e ll e t n i e v a h o h w y e h
t nd also
n i d e ti m il , s s e n e n o l a c it s it u a , s a h c u s r e d r o s i d c it s it u a f o s m o t p m y s e m o s w o h s
e g a u g n a
l o rhavea grea tobsessivedesrie tha teverythingabout t hem r emain exaclty
. ) 0 2 4 : 4 0 0 2 , n o s d i v a D ( e m it e h t l l a e m a s e h
t There are three symptom so fauitsitc
t a h t r e d r o s i
d dfiferenitate tif rommentalr etardaitonandalsos chizophrenia .Theyare:
.
a ExrtemeAuitsitcAloneness
m o r f w a r d h ti w t o n o d y e h T . t n e m p o l e v e d l a i c o s r o o p e v a h e l p o e p c it s it u A
e r a m s it u a h ti w e l p o e P . h ti w n i g e b o t t i d e n i o j r e v e n y e h t , d e e d n I . y t e i c o s
fl e s y l e t e l p m o
c -absorbed ,neve rnoitcing the comings ,going sand doing so f
e l p o e p r e h t
o (Davidson ,2004 :422).
.
b CommunicaitonProblems
e h T . e fi l r i e h t e ri t n e r o f s s e l h c e e p s r o e t u m d n i m e r e l p o e p c it s it u a f o f l a H
r e h t
o haflt hats peaksmayparrott hes peecho fothers .Thi sbehaviorist ermed
a il a l o h c
e (Wlison ,1996 :510) .Fo rexample,i fat eache rasks na auits itcboy ,
“What i syou rname?” The boy wli lno trespond by giving an answer.” The
“ e b l li w d n o p s e
.
c CompulsiveandR tiuailsitcActs
n i s e g n a h c r e v o t e s p u y r e v e m o c e b y e h T . s e g n a h c e k il t o n o d e l p o e p c it s it u A
y li a
d rouitne and thei rsurrounding s(Davidson ,2004 :424 .) People wtih
a e v a h r e d r o s i d c it s it u
a n “obsessional” qualtiy. A rearrangemen to ffurntiure
m e h t e k a m n a
c cry or mad .They cannot t ake va iraiton ,whtie mus tgo wtih
, e ti h
w and t heycanno tstand t osee whtie and pink ata same container .They
o s l
a ilve in preservaiton o fsameness ,they wli lno tea ta ta new restauran t
e s u a c e
b theywantt ot astenewmenu .Theywli lalway sea tt herestaurantt hey
. e fi l y e h t t u o h g u o r h t g n it a e n e e b e v a
h I tcan be seen tha tthey do no tsee
a
e itng a san acitvtiy t o ful ifll t hei rbody needs .They eat i n compulsive and
.) 4 2 4 : 4 0 0 2 , n o s d i v a D ( e s o p r u p d e d n e t n i ti r o f n a h t r e h t a r r e n n a m c it s il a u ti r
e h t l l a w o h s y a m y c n e d n e t c it s it u a d n a n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e m h ti w e l p o e P
s m o t p m y
s o fauitsitcdisorder ,ors howj us toneort wooft hem.
.
4 Theoryo fIntelilgence
e c n e g il l e t n
I i sadfi ifcutlt ermt ode ifneprope lry .Yet ,peopleunderstandwha t
y b t n a e m s
i intelilgentbehavior .Tobeablet ounderstand t het erm,t hewr tiert ires t o
w o h e e
s intelilgence i smeasured and ifnd t heprope rmeaningof i ntelilgence related
y d u t s e h t o
t .One’si ntelilgence can bemeasured by ani ntelilgence t est ,which o tfen
s e c u d o r
p an IQ o rintelilgence quoitent .Mos tintelilgence test ssrtes sverba lskills ,
.s ll i k s g n i v l o s m e l b o r p d n a s ll i k s e v it a ti t n a u
, n o it c u d o r t n
I Pettjiohn state stha t intelilgence i ssimply the performance o f an
u s a e m o t n g i s e d t s e t a n o l a u d i v i d n
i re t he abiilite snecessary fo rsuccess i n society
.) 8 2 1 : 7 8 9 1 , n h o ji tt e P (
i d r o c c
A ng to Pettjiohn, intelilgence i srelated to verba lski lls ,quanttiaitve
, s ll i k
s pracitca lproblem-solvingablitiy ,andsocia lcompetence( Pettjiohn1987 :127) .
h o ji tt e
P n also state stha tintelilgence in lfuence othe rbehavior processes ,such a s
n o it p e c r e p d n a e g a u g n a l , y r o m e m , g n i n r a e
l . In hi s study , Guiflord state s tha t
intelilgencei n lfuence i nformaitona personi st hinking about ,aciton so fa person and
n o it a m r o f n i e h t t u o b a g n i k n i h t f o t l u s e
r (Pettjiohn ,1987 :128) .Therefore, i tcan be
e d u l c n o
c dt hatone’si ntelilgencei n lfuencehi sreaciton t owardal lkind so fevent tha t
a
h ppens inh isl fie.
e h
T discussion o fmenta lretardaiton canno tbe separated from intelilgence .
e m e rt x e s i n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e
M lowerofi ntelilgence .Mentallyretardedpeoplearet hey
r a l u c it r a p a n o d e s a b 0 7 w o l e b Q I e v a h o h
w intelilgencetest .An adul twtih exrteme
e t n i f o r e w o
l lilgenceo rmentalr etardaitonarel acko fverbals kill ,squanttiaitves kills ,
m e l b o r
p -solving ablitiy, and also socia lcompetence (Pettjiohn ,1987 :127). A sa
s ’ n o s r e
p intel ilgence ha sin lfuence t oward al lkind so feven ttha thef aces, aperson’ s
f o r e w o l e m e rt x
e intelilgence o rmenta lretardaiton a lso ha sin lfuence toward lal
n e p p a h t a h t t n e v e f o s d n i
.
C Theore itca lFramework
s e s s u c s i d y d u t s s i h
T the inlfuence o fthe main character ,Sam Dawson’ s
l a t n e
m retardaitontowardconfilctst ha thappened int hestory .Int hisr esearch ,wrtie r
s e s
u theory o f confilct , menta l retardaiton symptoms , and also the theory o f
e c n e g il l e t n
i . e Th theo ires ea r chosenbased ont heri r elevancyt ot he t opici n order to
n a e h t o
d alysis .The wrtie ri s going t o use t hose t heo ires t o answer t he quesitons i n
.r e t p a h c t s ri f , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t
, y lt s ri
F the t heory o fconfilcts, t here are t hree t heo ires i n t hi spa tr .They are
, e n n e K , n e d d a M y b t c il f n o c f o y r o e h
t andFerster .Thew irte rusest heset heo irest obe
e l b
a to see t he confilct stha thappen t o t he majo rcharacte rand also t o i dentfiy t he
.s e c a f r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t t a h t t c il f n o c f o e p y t
y d u t s s i h t e c n i S . y g o l o h c y s p d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b n o it a l e r e h t s i d n o c e s e h T
r e ti l a s e e
s aryworkf rom t hepsychologica lpoin to fview ,ti i si mpo trantt o poin tou t
o w t e s e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h
t ifelds.
s i t x e n e h
T menta lretardaiton symptoms .This theory i s used t o answer t he
d n o c e
s quesitoni nt heproblemf ormulaitonsince tii sabou tmajo rcharacter’ smenta l
s m o t p m y s n o it a d r a t e r l a t n e M . t p ir c s e h t n i e b ir c s e d t a h t s m o t p m y s n o it a d r a t e
r are
y b d e s
