An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of The Raid: Redemption Movie.

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An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of The Raid:

Redemption Movie

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

Denna Aulia Rusianty

1006412

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION

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An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the

Subtitles of

The Raid: Redemption

Movie

Oleh

Denna Aulia Rusianty

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

©Denna Aulia Rusianty 2015

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

September 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING STRATEGIES IN THE SUBTITLES OF THE RAID: REDEMPTION MOVIE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan strategi penerjemahan yang paling banyak digunakan di

subtitle film The Raid: Redemption dan menganalisa kualitas dari terjemahan tersebut. Studi ini

menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Creswell (2012, hal.

274). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa strategi Gottlieb (dikutip dari Ghaemi & Benyamin,

2010, hal. 42) yang digunakan dalam terjemahan adalah paraphrase (165 kali), transfer (143

kali), expansion (44 kali), dislocation (43 kali), condensation (27 kali), imitation (18 kali),

resignation (7 kali), decimation (5 kali), deletion (2 kali), and transcription (0 kali). Terjemahan

tersebut dikategorikan sebagai terjemahan yang baik. Hal itu berdasarkan teori yang

dikemukakan oleh Larson (dikutip dari Anari & Bouali, 2009, hal. 80) yang mana sebuah

terjemahan yang baik dinilai berdasarkan 3 komponen; yaitu, natural, accurate, dan

communicative.

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ABSTRACT

An Analysis of Translating Strategies in the Subtitles of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie

The study was aimed at finding out the most frequently translating strategies used in the subtitles

of “The Raid: Redemption” movie and analyzing the quality of the translation. This study used a

qualitative descriptive method as proposed by Creswell (2012, p. 274). The result revealed the

strategies used in the translation which proposed by Gottlieb (cited in Ghaemi & Benyamin,

2010, p. 42) were paraphrase (165 times), transfer (143 times), expansion (44 times), dislocation

(43 times), condensation (27 times), imitation (18 times), resignation (7 times), decimation (5

times), deletion (2 times), and transcription (0 times). Meanwhile, the translation was categorized

as good. It was based on the theory proposed by Larson (cited in Anari and Bouali, 2009, p. 80)

in which a good translation is judged by three components; those are natural, accurate, and

communicative.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LISTS OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF FIGURE ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Questions... 3

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4

1.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 4

1.7 Organization of Paper ... 5

1.8 Concluding Remark ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Definitions of Translation ... 7

2.2 The Principles of Translating ... 8

2.3 Audiovisual Translation (AVT) ... 9

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2.4 Subtitle and Subtitling ... 11

2.5 Subtitle Functions ... 12

2.6 Interlingual Subtitling ... 14

2.7 Translating Strategies ... 15

2.7.1 Expansion ... 16

2.7.2 Paraphrase ... 17

2.7.3 Transfer ... 18

2.7.4 Imitation ... 18

2.7.5 Transcription ... 19

2.7.6 Dislocation ... 19

2.7.7 Condensation ... 20

2.7.8 Decimation ... 21

2.7.9 Deletion ... 22

2.7.10 Resignation ... 22

2.8 Characteristics of A Good Translation ... 23

2.9 Previous Researches ... 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Design of the Study ... 27

3.2 Subject of the Study ... 28

3.3 Procedure of the Study ... 29

3.4 Analysis of the Study ... 29

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3.4.2 Analysis of Quality of the Translation ... 31

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Translating Strategies Used in the Movie... 32

4.1.1 Paraphrase ... 34

4.1.2 Transfer ... 36

4.1.3 Expansion ... 37

4.1.4 Dislocation ... 39

4.1.5 Condensation ... 41

4.1.6 Imitation ... 42

4.1.7 Resignation ... 43

4.1.8 Decimation ... 43

4.1.9 Deletion ... 44

4.1.10 Transcription ... 45

4.2 The Translation Quality of “The Raid: Redemption” Movie Subtitle ... 45

4.2.1 Natural ... 46

4.2.2 Accurate ... 47

4.2.3 Communicative ... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 The Conclusions ... 51

5.2 Suggestions ... 54

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APPENDICES…… ... 63

LISTS OF TABLES Table 3.1 Examples of Identification and Codification from “The Raid: Redemption” Subtitles ... 30

Table 4.1 Data Distribution of Translating Strategies Used in the Translation . 33 Table 4.2 Examples of Adding Words to Give a Clear Explanation to the Target Text ... 38

Table 4.3 Examples of Adding Personal Pronoun ... 38

Table 4.4 Examples of Condensation with Word Repetition ... 42

Table 4.5 Examples of Imitation ... 43

Table 4.6 Examples of Resignation ... 43

Table 4.7 Examples of Decimation ... 44

Table 4.8 Examples of Deletion ... 45

Table 4.9 Examples of Dissimilarity Meaning ... 46

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x

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 Process of Interlingual Subtitling ... ... 15

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter firstly explains the background of the study, the significance of

the study, research questions, the aim of the study, and also the scope of the study.

Moreover, the clarification of some terms used in the study and the organization of

paper will be presented and explained in the end of this chapter.

1.1 Background of the Study

Today, translation is very important in many aspects. Newmark (1988, p. 10)

stated that translation is now used to transmit knowledge, understanding, and culture

between groups and nations. He also declared that translation is rendering the

meaning of a text from one language into another language in accordance with the

intention of the translator. It is also supported by Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 6) who

amplified that translation is the process of transferring a written text from source

language (SL) to target language (TL). Followed by Kelly (2005, p. 26-27), who

defined translation as the skill of understanding the source language (SL) and render

it in the target language (TL) by using the register, the background knowledge, and

other language resources according to the intended purpose. From the definitions

mentioned above, it can be concluded that translation is a process of conveying the

text from source language (SL) into target language (TL) in which the meaning of

source language should be equivalent with the target language (TL).

Translation can be separated into two types; literary translation and audio

visual translation (AVT) (Reich, 2006, p. 7). According to Kolawole and Adewuni

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Meanwhile Chiaro (2009) described audiovisual translation is transferring written

text from one language to another of the verbal components contained in audiovisual

works and products. On audio visual translation (AVT), there are two major types

exist; dubbing and subtitling (Jaskanen, 1999, p. 8). Cintas (2003, p. 195) explained

that dubbing is replacing the original dialogue from the actor with the target language

(TL) spoken by dubber —people who do dubbing—at the same time, thus voice of

dubber synchronized with the lip movements of the actor. The aim of dubbing stated

by Dries (1995, p. 9) is to make the audiences feel as if they were listening to what

actors actually speaking.

Therefore, O'Connell ( 2007, p. 125) declared that subtitling is supplementing

the original voice soundtrack by adding written text on screen and dubbing is

replacing the original voice soundtrack with another voice in another language.

According to Luyken as quoted in Georgakopoulou (2009, p. 14), subtitle is defined

as condensed written translation of original dialogue from a movie.

Subtitling and dubbing which are defined by Baker & Hochel (1998, p. 74) is

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In term of linguistic viewpoint, Jakobson (cited in Spanakaki, 2007, p. 7)

divided subtitling into two types; there are intralingual subtitling and interlingual

subtitling. According to Gottlieb (cited in Baker, 1998, p. 247), intralingual subtitling

involves taking speech down in writing, changing its mode but not its language. It is

used when target language is the same with source language. Meanwhile, Cintas

(cited in Anderman & Rogers, 2003, p. 199) described interlingual subtitling as

transferring source text (ST) to target text (TT) where there is a change of language or

transferring source text (ST) to different language of target text (TT). In conclusion,

in intralingual subtitling both the source text and the target text are composed in the

same language, whereas in interlingual subtitling the two texts are composed in

different languages.

In delivering the meaning of a text from source text (ST) to target text (TT), a

translator must consider about the strategies. Gottlieb (as cited in Ghaemi &

Benyamin, 2010, p. 42) proposed a set of translating strategies which are commonly

used by the translator; expansion, transfer, condensation, paraphrase, imitation,

dislocation, decimation, deletion, transcription, and resignation.

There have been some previous researches in conducting translating strategies

on various movies. Zhang and Liu (2009) have done a research about translating

process in the subtitle. In 2010, Ghaemi and Benyamin also have done a research

about the strategies used in translation of interlingual subtitling from target language

(TL) to source language (SL). Afterward, Hosseinnia (2014) has done a research

about translating strategies. She attempted to describe the mostly strategies used by

the translator on children cartoon movies.

This study is specifically designed to explore the translating strategies which

are mostly used in the subtitle of The Raid: Redemption. This study used descriptive

method to collect the data.

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This research is conducted to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the most frequent translating strategies that are used in the

subtitles of The Raid: Redemption movie?

2. What does the quality of the translation on The Raid: Redemption movie

subtitles look like?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The aims of this study are:

1. To find out translating strategies used in the subtitles of The Raid:

Redemption movie.

2. To analyze the translation quality of the subtitles on The Raid:

Redemption movie.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study focused on analyzing the translating strategies on The Raid:

Redemption movie subtitles. The analysis focused on the strategies which are mostly

used in that movie; expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription,

dislocation, condensation, decimation, deletion, and resignation proposed by

Gottlieb (1992), and the quality of translation as proposed by Larson (cited in Anari

and Bouali, 2009, p. 80).

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this

research is expected to provide a clear explanation about translating strategies which

are mostly used in The Raid: Redemption movie subtitles. This research also explains

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research is important to be carried out because the result of this study can contribute

information and become reference for students of translation courses.

1.6 Clarification of Key Terms

In order to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding toward main terms

that will be used in this study, this section will clarify the following terms:

1. Translation is rendering the meaning of a text from one language into

another language in accordance with the intention of the translator

(Newmark, 1988, p. 5).

2. Subtitle is a transfer meaning from one language into another language,

and from spoken dialogue into a written, condensed translation which

appears on the screen (Dries, 1995, p. 26).

3. Translating Strategies is a strategy which is used by a translator when

she/he encounters a problem while translating a text (Owji, 2013, p.4).

1.7 Organization of Paper

In this section, organization paper will be elaborated and the content of each

chapter in the paper is overviewed as follows:

a. Chapter I Introduction: this chapter provides background of the study,

scope of the study, research questions, purpose of the study, significance

of the study, clarification of the key terms, and also organization of this

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b. Chapter II Literary Review: this chapter explains theoretical foundation

which provides information to investigate the research problems. The

theories are useful to investigate the data findings.

c. Chapter III Methodology: this chapter describes research methods,

source, techniques of collecting data, techniques of analyzing data, and

synopsis of the movie.

d. Chapter IV Findings and Discussions: this chapter presents the study

after conducting the research and obtaining the necessary data that are

depicted including the analysis of the data using the theoretical

framework.

e. Chapter V Conclusions and Suggestions: this chapter provides the writer’s interpretation of the research findings in the form of conclusions and suggestions.

1.8 Concluding Remark

This chapter has presented some aspects underlying the study including

background of the study, statement of problems, purposes of the study, scope of the

study, significance of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of the

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The previous chapter elaborated the literature review underlying the study.

This chapter now will turn to the methodology used in the study. This chapter

consists of design of the study, subject of the study, data collection, and data analysis

which will be elaborated in the following sections.

3.1 Design of the Study

This study was conducted based on a qualitative method. Qualitative research

as defined by Denzin and Lincoln (in Joubish, 2011, p. 2083) is a method which

studies the things in the natural setting. In accordance with the article written by

Joubish et al. (2011), the qualitative research is aimed to find the reasons and

explanations, but not simply the description of the method of research and the sum of

its results. This type of research deals with the unstructured information and relies on

the people’s behaviors, attitudes, their value systems, concerns, motivations,

aspirations, and culture or lifestyles. Fraenkel et al. (2012, p. 426) described that

qualitative research goes directly to the particular setting of interest to observe and

collect the data.

There are six characteristics of qualitative methods (Bogdan and Biklen,

2007). First, the research must be in a natural setting. Second is the key instrument of

the research. The research becomes the key instrument of the research, in which the

researcher collects the data directly. Third, the research is written in descriptive form

and the data is in the form of words rather than number. Fourth, the process of

research is more important than outcome. Five, the meaning of the research is the

main purpose in the research. Last, the research tends to be inductive. It can be said

that the qualitative research does not formulate the hypothesis before testing it out.

Thomas (2003, p 3) said that in inductive analysis, the data is determined by both of

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findings are derived from both the research objectives outlined by the researcher and

findings arising directly from the analysis of the raw data. Patton (2002, p. 242)

concluded that by using the qualitative method, the study inquiry approaches instead

of statistical formulas.

In addition, this study employed a descriptive qualitative method. The

qualitative research is considered to be applied to the study’s main purposes that

aimed at collecting the data, and then analyze it for explaining the existing occurrence

(Heigham & Crocker, 2009, p. 4).

Descriptive method is a research method that tries to describe phenomenon,

occurrence, event, that happens in the present. Creswell (1994) said the descriptive

method of research is to gather information about present existing condition. Creswell

(2012, p. 274) explained the purpose of descriptive method is to find a detailed

explanation and description about the object of the research systematically.

Thus, based on the explanation above, the researcher assumed that a

descriptive qualitative method is relevant for this research. The researcher analyzed

the subtitles to find the translating strategies used in conducting the subtitles and the

quality of the translation (subtitles).

3.2 Subject of the Study

The texts as the primary data of the research were taken from the Indonesian –

English subtitles of the movie entitled The Raid: Redemption. The length of the

movie is 109 minutes. This movie was released in 2011 under the production house

of Merantau Films. The movie was directed by Gareth Evans. The research was

limited to analyze the translation strategies that were used in Indonesian and English

subtitles of the movie, so that monologues or another language dialogues were not

analyzed. There were 324 subtitles were analyzed.

This movie has been chosen because of the practicality, quality of the film,

and the purpose of the study itself. This study focuses on both Indonesian and English

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Raid: Redemption movie offers that requirement, because this movie has go

international, which means the movie has been aired in many countries. English

subtitle is used as the main subtitle before translated into the language of the country.

Thus this movie has Indonesian subtitles and English subtitles as well. Moreover, the

quality of this film is definitely good because this film has been published in the

Toronto International Film Festival (Toronto International Film Festival, TIFF) in

2011 and received The Cadillac People's Choice Midnight Madness Award. Another

award given to the film was Best Achievement in Sound Editing nominated in Oscar

2013. While in term of the study’s purposes, the movie’s subtitles have been chosen

in order to find out the translating strategies according to Gottlieb’s theory and to

analyze the quality of the subtitles with Larson’ theory.

3.3 Procedure of the Study

There were some material processes done to answer two research questions.

In this study, the material process started from watching The Raid: Redemption

movie. Then, the researcher transcribed subtitles both in bahasa Indonesia and

English. This transcription of subtitles was then used as the primary material in this

study.

To answer the first research question, both of the subtitles were read. After

that, the transcription of Indonesian and English subtitles were compared. Then the

researcher analyzed those subtitles to see what kind of Gottlieb’s translating

strategies fit in that subtitles. It was followed by counting the translating strategies.

To answer the second research questions, the English subtitles were analyzed

with Larson’s theory about characteristic of a good translation which consists of natural, accurate, and communicative.

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The analysis of the material in the study was broken into two steps. There are

analysis of translating strategies by Gottlieb and analysis of quality of the translation

by Larson.

3.4.1 Analysis of Translating Strategies

In this step, the researcher re-typed all of the Indonesian subtitles as well as

the English subtitles. Next, the researcher compared both of those subtitles and

classified it into the translating strategies. In this case, the main theory that was used

to analyze the material was the theory of translating strategies by Gottlieb (as cited in

Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010, p. 42).

Identifying and codifying the material were some steps in the data analysis.

Hodinkson (2009) said that identifying and codifying data in qualitative research are

important. Codification was done in which the relevant parts of the material are

codified after they had been identified. The example of those follows in the following

table.

Table 3.1

Examples of Identification and Codification from The Raid: Redemption Subtitles

No. Bahasa Indonesia Dialogues English Subtitles Strategies

1 Jam berapa, sayang? What time is it, sweetheart? Trf1

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The codes are the short forms of the translating strategies names — Exp as

expansion, Par as paraphrase, Trf as transfer, Imi as imitation, Trc as transcription,

Dis as dislocation, Con as condensation, Dec as decimation, Res as resignation, and

Del as deletion. Identification and codification were helpful to analyze the material

efficiently.

3.4.2 Analysis of Quality of the Translation

After finding out the translating strategies, the next step was analyzed the

quality of the translation of subtitles. The researcher still used Indonesian and English

subtitles. The researcher analyzed each dialogue by using Larson’s theory. First, the researcher measured the naturalness of English subtitles. Natural means the translator

uses natural form appropriately. It means that the changes that occurred between

source text (ST) and target text (TT) may be as close as possible to the meaning of

the target text (TT).

Second, the researcher measured the accurateness of English subtitles.

Accurate is where the translator translates the text as exact as possible. This means as

truly conveying the informational content of the source text to the target text. Third,

the researcher measured whether the English subtitles communicative or not.

Communicative means the translator clarifies the meaning understandably to the

intended receptor.

3.5 Concluding Remark

This chapter has elaborated design of the research, subject of the research,

procedure of the research and analysis of the research. In the next chapter, the

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion derived from the finding and discussions

of the study in answering the research questions, and offers the suggestions that

should be considered for the next research about translating strategies in the part of

suggestion.

5.1 The Conclusions

Every single dialogue from The Raid: Redemption subtitles can be translated

by one, two, or even three strategies. It was because the use of some translating

strategies depends on word, phrase, or sentence that existed in the dialogue.

Therefore, the translating strategies as proposed by Gottlieb (cited in Ghaemi &

Benyamin, 2010, p. 42) were greater than the total amount of the dialogues. The

translating strategies were 454, whereas the amounts of the total dialogues were 324.

The analysis of the translation showed that among all of the translating

strategies, paraphrase was the most frequently used strategy, which was applied 165

times. Basically, it was applied in order to get greater clarity when the dialogues had

difficult constructions of syntactic form. It was also applied when honorific terms

were changed into personal pronouns because they were not really familiar with the

target viewers. It became the mostly strategy used because in the material there were

much replacement of syntactic form from source text to the applicable syntactic form

of target text and there were some replacement of proper noun in the source text into

personal pronoun in the target text. Translator preferred to use this strategy instead of

others might be because of the syntactic form of the source text. If it is not translated

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52 Denna Aulia Rusianty, 2015

The second-mostly used strategy was transfer strategy that was used 143

times. This strategy is used by maintaining the source text as accurately as possible

into the target text. It was discovered that this strategy was used if the dialogues were

short-length dialogues or medium-length dialogues. This is why in this movie

transfer strategy got the second-mostly-used strategy because this movie has much of

short-length dialogues.

Expansion strategy was positioned in the third place as the third-mostly used

strategy with the use of 44 times. From the material, expansion strategy was found in

the dialogue which added personal pronoun in the subtitle. This strategy also can be

found when a word that was not appearing in the source text then was added to the

target text. Moreover, it could also be applied when a swear word added in the

translation. It included in the top-three strategies that frequently used because there

were so many personal pronouns additions in target language. It added personal

pronouns as the requirement of target text because of the syntactic form of target text.

It will be a nonstandard sentence if personal pronouns were not added into it.

The fourth-mostly used strategy was dislocation strategy which was appeared

43 times. Dislocation strategy deals with achieving effect between the source text and

the target text with different expression. From the material, dislocation strategy was

used for the swear word. This movie used many dislocation strategy to render the

swear word in the source text to the swear word in the target text because the movie

was in high tension, thus the swear word widely used in the movie.

Condensation strategy was used 27 times, automatically it was the

fifth-mostly strategy used in the translation. In the translation, condensation strategy was

used if the subtitles occurred in short speeches. Some parts were deleted in order to fit

another subtitle’s occurrence time. This strategy was adopted by omitting word,

clause, and deleting repetition of words. For addition, repetition of words was often

found in the material then condensation was chosen to translate it. Contrary to the

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strategies used in translating the subtitle is condensation. This might be influenced by

the displacement of dialogue between the actors. The displacement of dialogue

between the actors in this movie was not too fast, thus condensation strategy was not

become the most frequently used.

Imitation strategy was the sixth-mostly strategy used in the material with 18

times occurrences. It was very easy to identify expressions that were translated with

imitation strategy as long as there were the same expression of names of people,

places, or greeting in both source text and target text. The analysis of the translation

showed that imitation strategy was only performed if the dialogues mentioned names

of people. However, none of the use of this strategy was for name of place and

greeting. This strategy was not very often used considering the dialogue of this film

that was not much mentioned the name of people, place, or greeting.

The seventh-mostly used strategy was resignation which was found 7 times.

This strategy occurred because sometimes there is element in source text that is

cannot be created with the same effect in target text language. As Taylor (2000, p. 10)

described that the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be found and

meaning is inevitably lost. This strategy is rarely used due to the lack of

untranslatable elements in the source text.

Decimation strategy is placed in the eighth position with 5 times occurrence.

The translation showed that decimation strategy was applied if the dialogues speed

were fast and if the dialogues length is short or medium. This strategy was done by

deleting some parts of the dialogues. This strategy is slightly used because the

dialogue between actors was not fast, yet it generally was medium.

The bottom-two strategies that were used in the material were deletion

strategy and transcription strategy. The least-used strategy was deletion that was

applied twice. In the translation, it was found that most of the dialogues that were

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cannot be translated well in the target text, and if the word or phrase is removed, it

will not change the contents of the entire text. Unfortunately, transcription strategy

was not used at all in the subtitles. It happened because there was no anomalous

speech in the material.

The quality of translating subtitle was good. The translation was fulfilled the

criteria of a good translation by Larson (cited in Anari and Bouali, 2009, p. 80). The

criteria were natural, accurate, and communicative. In the translation, there were

some misunderstanding translations, yet it could be tolerated considering the entire

text that could be understood well although there were some errors.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the study, there are some suggestions for the next researchers who

are interested in analyzing translating strategies. Below are the suggestions about

what should be considered in researching the translating strategies based on the

experience in conducting present research.

The first thing to be considered is selecting the data material. Choose the

preferred material of the researcher or the material which has personal relationship

with the researcher, because it will provide an overview to the researchers about what

the research finding would be and it can make the process of analyzing easier and

faster.

The next step is compiling theoretical foundation as much as possible, in order

to help the researcher in analyzing the material. In conducting the research, the

researcher sometime should find the supporting theories to enhance the findings

which not only from translating literature.

After analyzing the research, the next move is presenting the findings and

discussions. It should be written well-structured to avoid reader getting confused.

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about, it is really important for the researcher to explain the research clearly.

Furthermore, the researcher should focus on what should be investigated and answer

what are questioning in the research questions.

Last, this research used Gottlieb’s theory as the main theory in conducting the

research. Thus, it is recommended for further studies to used the other theory to

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