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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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F I would ilket o expres smy sinceres tanddeepes tgrattiudef o r s s e l d n e r i e h T r o f s ti ri p S y l o H d n a y r a M t n i a S , t s ir h C s u s e J , n e v a e h n i r e h t a F
a m r a h D a t a n a S n i y d u t s y m h s i n if o t e l b a m a I t a h t o s , s e c a r g d n a s g n i s s e l b
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o t s e o g e d u ti t a r g l a i c e p
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E G A P N O I T A C I D E
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Y T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
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I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
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T C A R T S B
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K A R T S B
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S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... ix
F O T S I
L PICTURES ... vx i
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... vx
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H
C ... 1 ....
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.
1 ProblemFormulaiton ... 3 3
.
1 Objecitveoft heStudy ... 4 4
.
1 Benefti soft heStudy ... 4 5
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1 Deifniitono fTerms ... 5
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R . I I R E T P A H
C ... 6
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ii x 2
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2 Reviewo fRelatedLtierature ... 8 1
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2 Characteirzaiton ... 01 3
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2 Freud’ sConcep toft heI d,t heEgo ,andt heSuperego... 21 4
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2 Anxiety ... 61 5
. 2 .
2 EgoDefenseMechanisms ... 71 6
. 2 .
2 Freud’sEgoDefenseMechanism ... 81 7
. 2 .
2 Vaillan ’t sEgoDefenseMechanism... 22 3
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2 Theoreitca lFramework... 72
Y G O L O D O H T E M . I I I R E T P A H
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3 Objec toft heStudy ... 29 2
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3 Approachoft heStudy ... 31 3
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3 Methodoft heStudy ... 23
. V I R E T P A H
C ANALYSIS... 43
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4 LauraWing ifeld’sCharacteirsitcs ... 43 1
. 1 .
4 PhysicalCharacteirsitcs... 43 2
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4 PsychologicalCharacteirsitcs ... 36 2
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4 Socia lPressure sExpeirencedbyLauraWing ifeld... 44 1
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4 Pressuresf romAmanda ... 44 2
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4 Pressuresf romTom ... 45 3
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4 Pressuresf romt heSociety ... 46 3
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4 DefenseMechanism sEmployedbyLauraWing ifeld ... 74 1
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4 Fantasy ... 74 2
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4 Hypochond irasis ... 05 3
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4 AcitngOut ... 51 4
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ii i x D N A S N O I S U L C N O C . V R E T P A H
C SUGGESTIONS... 6..5
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5 Conclusions... 56 2
.
5 Suggesitons ... 58 1
. 2 .
5 Suggesitonsf o rFutureResearchers ... 95 2
. 2 .
5 Suggesitonf o rTeache rs ... 06
Y H P A R G O I L B I
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s m a il li W e e s s e n n e T f o y h p a r g o i
B ... 69
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s u b a ll y
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n a l P n o s s e
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I R E T P A H C
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f o s t s i s n o c t r a p y r o t c u d o rt n i e h T . y d u t s s i h
t if ve subheading s which are
background o fthe study tha tcontain sthe reason swhy the study i sestabilshed ,
problem formulaiton which contains t wo problem sof t hestudy ,objecitve of t he
study which explains the purpose o fthe study ,beneif to fthe s ytud t hat show s
y d u t s e h t g n it c u d n o c y b d e n i a t b o e g a t n a v d a t a h
w , and deifniiton o fterm swhich
t n a tr o p m i s e s s u c s i
d deifniitonst oavoidt erm smisinterpretaiton.
1 .
1 Backgroundoft heStudy
, s n o it a u ti s e h t f o s s e n e r a w a s ’ r o h t u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r n e tf o k r o w y r a r e ti l A
s i h s e s u r o h t u a e h t , s e m it e m o S . m i h d n u o r r u s t a h t s g n i n e p p a h r o , s t n e m o m
i v s i h t n e s e r p e r o t m r o f a s a g n it ir
w ewabou tsomef actst ha thappeni nt hi swo lrd .
o w r e d n o h c S d n a r a a L e D n a
V e rd commen tabou tthe relaitonship between the
k o o b r i e h t n i k r o w s i h d n a e fi l s ’ r o h t u
a An Approach t oEngilshLtierature.They
o t r o h t u a e h t r o f s n a e m a s i k r o w y r a r e ti l t a h t k r a m e
r communicatehisl essono f
.s r e d a e r e h t o t e fi l
y li r a s s e c e n t s il e v o n y r e v e , y l s u o i c s n o c n u r o s u o i c s n o c , y lt c e ri d n i r o y lt c e ri D
. e fi l f o s m e l b o r p e h t f o e m o s d n a e fi l f o w e i v n i a tr e c a l e v o n s i h n i s t n e s e r p
. c t e , s e v it o m , s r e t c a r a h c , s t n e d i c n i s t n e s e r p e r e
H in such a way ast o revea l
s m e l b o r p e h t n o p u s k o o l e h h c i h w n i y a w e h t y lr a e l c d n a y lt c e ri d s s e l r o e r o m
.) 4 7 1 ( e fi l f o
a , w e i v f o t n i o p s ’ r o h t u a e h t m o r
F ltieraryworkcanno tbeseparatedf romt he
e h t f o n o it a t n e s e r p a s i ti e c n i s e fi l l a e
r phenomenahappens i n t hewo lrd .Every
g n i n e p p a h y r e v e , t n e v e y r e v e , e c n e r u c c
o alway s has ,a tleast , a lesson tha t
n a c e n o y r e v e t o n , y l e t a n u tr o f n U . r e tt e b e fi l r e h r o s i h e k a m o t e s u n a c e n o e m o s
d n e h e r p m o c d n a e z il a e
r the l esson from thei rexpeirences .Therefore ,thewrtie r
s d n e t n
i to show whatl essonpeoplecan l earn f romt hei rexpeirences;i n t hi scase
s e it i v it c a y a d y r e v e n i e s u y l a m r o n e l p o e p t a h t s e s n e f e d f l e s e h
t .
s m e l b o r p y n a m o s e c a f e l p o e p , d lr o w l a e r e h t n
I evenpressuresi nt hei rilv .es
e r e h
T a tre wo kind so fproblem in human lfie ;one stha tcan be solved and the
t c a e r e l p o e p , s m e l b o r p e s o h t h ti w g n il a e d n I . d e v l o s e b t o n n a c t a h t s e n o
e m o S . y lt n e r e f fi
d people are being “defeated” by problems. They do nothing t o
s m e l b o r p e s o h t e v l o
s tb u mourning and regretitng fo wha thappen to them and
y e h
t giveupi nunendingsuffer .Thosepeopleareconsideredasl osers whodo on t
. e v il o t n o it a n i m r e t e d e h t e v a h
d n a h r e h t o e h t n
O ,there are people who can dea lwtih problem so reven
r p o t t c a e r o h w e l p o e P . s e r u s s e r
p oblemsi n posiitvemanne rwli lresolvet hem i n
approp irate w s ay and vice versa .However, theway speopledea lwtih problems ,
r e h ti
e in posiitveo rnegaitveways ,wli lresutli npsychologica lacitons calledsel f
s e s n e f e
d .Thosedefenses maybeusefuli fusedi naproporitona lamount ,bu tmay
. y l g n i m l e h w r e v o d e s u f i t c e f f e l u f m r a h g n ir b
r e h t o h g u o r h t r o s e c n e ir e p x e e fi l l a e r h g u o r h t s e s n e f e d f l e s e v r e s b o n a c e n O
s n o it c if , s e ir o t s tr o h s ,s l e v o n , s m li f ,s t p ir c s a m a r d e k il k r o w y r a r e ti l s a h c u s a i d e m
. n o o s d n
. ti n i s t n e m e l
e Speaking abou tdrama ,in almos tal lo fthe drama ,there are sel f
y b d e s s e s s o p s e s n e f e
d a characte rin deailng wtih confilcts .Some o fthe work s
u e v i s s e c x e e h t t n e s e r
p seofs el fdefensest ha tb irngnegaitvef eedbackt ot hedoer .
s i s k r o w t p ir c s e h t f o e n
O The Glas sMenagerie wirtten by Tennessee
' s c it ir C a m a r D k r o Y w e N e h t n o w ” y a l p y r o m e m “ e v it a c o v e s i h T . s m a il li W
if s a w t I . n o s a e s e h t f o y a l p t s e b e h t s a d r a w a e l c ri
C lmed i n 1950 and ha sbeen
s ti f o e s u a c e b n e s o h c s i t p ir c s s i h T . d lr o w e h t t u o h g u o r h t e g a t s e h t n o d e m r o f r e p
d n a y r o t s g n it s e r e t n
i i’t swel lcombined elements .There ,a reaciton toward a
r e t c a r a h c e h t f o e n o y b d e c n e ir e p x e e r u s s e r p l a i c o
s s , Laura Wing ifeld, si
r a l u c it r a p o t n i e n o e m o s d a e l n a c e r u s s e r p l a i c o S . t n e m h s i n o t s a n i d e b ir c s e d
t a h t s n o it c a e r e h t f o e n O . e v i s n e f f o r o e v i s n e f e d , e v it a g e n r o e v it i s o p , s n o it c a e r
e s n e f e D f l e S d e ll a c , e n o e v i s n e f e d e h t s i y d u t s s i h t n i d e s s u c s i d y l n i a m e b l li w
m s i n a h c e
M ,posse sbyLauraWing ifeld .
2 .
1 ProblemFormula iton
e r a e r e h t , e v o b a d n u o r g k c a b e h t n o d e s a
B t wo problem s tha t wli l be
: w o l e b s n o it s e u q o w t n i d e t a l u m r o f e r a s m e l b o r p e h T . y d u t s s i h t n i d e s s u c s i d
.
1 Howi sLauraWing ifeldcharacte rdescirbedi nt hi snovel?
.
2 Wha tkind sofs el fdefenses mechanisms areemployedbyLauraWing ifeld
3 .
1 Objecitveoft heStudy
n i a m e h t f o e n o , d l e if g n i W a r u a L e b ir c s e d o t s i y d u t s s i h t f o e v it c e j b o e h T
r e t c a r a h
c s in TennesseeWliilams ’TheGlas sMenagerie. Thi sstudy also aim sa t
d n i k t a h w g n il a e v e
r s o fsel fdefenses mechanisms tha tLauraWing ifeld does t o
. e r u s s e r p l a i c o s e h t h ti w l a e d
4 .
1 Beneftis oft heStudy
r e h s y o l p m e r e t c a r a h c d l e if g n i W a r u a L w o h g n i n r a e l y b t a h t d e t c e p x e s i t I
a i c o s d r a w o t e s n e f e d f l e
s lpressures int hes cirp tTheGlas sMenagerie,t her eaders
g n i d n e f e d n i l u f e r a c e r o m e b n a c y e h t , e l p m a x e r o F . e fi l f o s n o s s e l e m o s e k a t n a c
r o m e h t m r a h t o n l li w e s n e f e d e h t t a h t o s e r u s s e r p r a l u c it r a p d r a w o t s e v l e s m e h t
. k c a b d e e f e v it a g e n m e h t e v i g
u f r o
F trherr esearchers ,hopefully,t hi sstudywli lprovidesufifcientr eference
s r e h c a e t p l e h n a c n o i s s u c s i d e h t t a h t d e t c e p x e o s l a s i tI . y d u t s r i e h t g n it r o p p u s n i
a s a h s il g n E g n i n r a e l n i e r u t a r e ti l f o e s u e h t g n i d r a g e r l a ir e t a m r i e h t g n i n g i s e d n i
S . e g a u g n a
l ome example sare a sfollows :using ltierary work a sa mateira lin
e m o s g n i k a t , n o it c i d g n i h c a e
t monologuestopefrorma spub ilcspeaking rtaining ,
, s s a l c e r u t c u rt s n i s i s y l a n a e r u t c u rt s e g a u g n a
5 .
1 De ifniitono fTerms
g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o
T int hestudy,t herearesomet ermst ha tneed t obe
. e r u s s e r p l a i c o s d n a e s n e f e d e r a s m r e t e s o h T . d e n i a l p x e
( e e r e o B n i d u e r F o t g n i d r o c c
A p.7) ,defense mechanism i san aciton o r
. y t e i x n a g n i m l e h w r e v o e h t m o r f fl e s ti d n e f e d o t o g e e h t y b d e s s e s s o p e u q i n h c e
t tI
e r o m a o t n i m e h t g n it r o t s i d r o s e s l u p m i e h t g n i k c o l b y l s u o i c s n o c n u y b o s s e o d
o g E r o , m e t s y S e s n e f e D d e ll a c o s l a m r e t s i h T . m r o f g n i n e t a e r h t s s e l , e l b a t p e c c a
e h t e s u l li w r o h t u a e h t , y d u t s s i h t f o n o i s s u c s i d r e h tr u f n I .s e s n e f e
D Sel fDefense
m s i n a h c e
M terminologyi nexplainingt heacitonemployedbyLauraWing ifeldi n
. e fi l r e h g n i c a f
o t g n i d r o c c
A Chapiln (1985)i n Dicitonaryo fPsychology ,socia lpressurei s
“any t ypeo fcoercion exe tred by an i nsttiuiton o ragroup ofi ndividua.l” In t hi s
f o s p u o r g e h t m o r f s e m o c d l e if g n i W a r u a L y b d e c n e ir e p x e e r u s s e r p e h t , y d u t s
n r o b b u t s r e h , y li m a f r e h r e b m e m e h t e r a e s o h T . n o it u ti t s n i n a d n a l a u d i v i d n i
e h T . d l e if g n i W m o T , r e h t o r b s u o il l e b e r r e h d n a d l e if g n i W a d n a m A , r e h t o m
r a p g n i k a t n o it u ti t s n
I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
e h t s e d i v o r p r e t p a h c s i h
T approach used in the study ,theo ires used to
n i k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h t e h t d n a e ir e g a n e M s s a l G e h T e z y l a n
a the proces sof
s m a il li W e e s s e n n e T n ir e t c a r a h c d l e if g n i W a r u a L g n i z y l a n
a TheGlassMenagerie .
r o e h t e h
T ie sto be reviewed are: theo ire s o f characte rand characte irzaiton ,
y t e i x n a f o y r o e h t ; o g e r e p u S e h t d n a , o g E e h t , d I e h t f o t p e c n o c s ’ d u e r
F ; Ego
o g E s ’t n a ll i a V t s a l d n a m s i n a h c e M e s n e f e D o g E s ’ d u e r F , m s i n a h c e M e s n e f e D
m s i n a h c e M e s n e f e
D .In t he t heoreitca lframework ,severa lconsideraitons t o use
. d e s o p x e e b l li w t p ir c s e h t g n i z y l a n a n i s e ir o e h t d e t c e l e s e h t
. 1 .
2 PsychologicalApproach
s i h c a o r p p a e l b a ti u s d n a t c e r r o c a , k r o w y r a r e ti l r a l u c it r a p g n i z y l a n a n I
y d u t s s i h t e c n i S . d e d e e
n i sdeailngmoret ot hehuman psyche, t hewrtie rchoose s
. h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s
p Descirbedbelowi stheapproachusedi nanalyzingLaura
m s i c it ir c r o h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o c y s P . h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p , r e t c a r a h c d l e if g n i W
f o e n o s
i nine common ciritca lapproachest o t he ltierature .Quotaiton sare from
s ’ a i o i G a n a D d n a y d e n n e K . J.
X Ltierature :An Introduciton to Ficiton ,Poetry ,
a m a r D d n
a ,SixthEdiiton( 1995 ,p.1790-1818.)
m s i c it ir C l a c i g o l o h c y s P
h t o b n o p u d a h s a h y g o l o h c y s p n r e d o m t a h t t c e f f e e h t s t c e lf e r h c a o r p p a s i h T
m s i c it ir c l a c i g o l o h c y s p n i s e r u g if l a t n e m a d n u F . m s i c it ir c y r a r e ti l d n a e r u t a r e ti l
f o s n o it o n r u o d e g n a h c s e ir o e h t c it y l a n a o h c y s p “ e s o h w , d u e r F d n u m g i S e d u l c n i
l p x e y b r o i v a h e b n a m u
h o irng new o rcon rtoversia larea s ilke wish-ful ifllment ,
r u o g n i d n a p x e s a l l e w s a ” n o i s s e r p e r d n a , s u o i c s n o c n u e h t , y ti l a u x e s
r i e h t g n it a rt s n o m e d y b e t a r e p o s l o b m y s d n a e g a u g n a l “ w o h f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u
r a C d n a ; ” s e ri s e d r o s r a e f s u o i c s n o c n u t c e lf e r o t y ti li b
a lJung ,whose theo ire s
. m s i c it ir C l a c i g o l o h t y M f o n o it a d n u o f y e k a o s l a e r a s u o i c s n o c n u e h t t u o b a
y ll a u s u t i , l a r e n e g n i t u b , s e h c a o r p p a f o r e b m u n a s a h m s i c it ir c l a c i g o l o h c y s P
: s e h c a o r p p a e e r h t f o ) e r o m r o ( e n o s y o l p m e
.
1 An i nvesitgaiton o f“thecreaitveproces soft hearitst :whati st henatureo f
” ? s n o it c n u f l a t n e m l a m r o n o t e t a l e r ti s e o d w o h d n a s u i n e g y r a r e ti l
.
2 The psychologica l study o f a paritcula r aritst , usually noitng how an
f a s e c n a t s m u c ri c l a c i h p a r g o i b s ’ r o h t u
a fec to rin lfuence thei rmoitvaiton s
. r o i v a h e b r o / d n a
.
3 The analysi so f ifcitona lcharacter susing the language and method so f
. 2 .
2 Reviewo fRelatedLtierature
1 . 2 .
2 Character
d r o w e h
T characterhast wo dfiferen tmeanings;t he frist i s t heperson ,fo r
“ ’ s m a il li W e e s s e n n e T n i d l e if g n i W a r u a L e l p m a x
e The Glas sMenagerie” ;the
, t n e i d e b o , s s e n l u f r e e h c e l p m a x e r o f , r e t c a r a h c e h t f o y ti l a n o s r e p e h t s i d n o c e s . h tr o f o s d n a , t n e g il i d , c it s a c r a s , n a e m t a h t s e t a t s s m a r b
A “character sare the person presented in dramaitc o r
l a r o m h ti w d e w o d n e g n i e b s a s r e d a e r e h t y b d e t e r p r e t n i e r a o h w s k r o w e v it a r r a n y a s y e h t t a h w n i d e s s e r p x e e r a t a h t s e it il a u q l a n o it i s o p s i
d – the dialogue – and
o d y e h t t a h
w – theaciton–“ ( .p2 1 .)
h c t a h t s e t a t s k o o b s i h n i o r o t n a y i g r u
N aracter scan be classi ifed into two
r o n i m “ r o l a r e h p ir e p d n a ” r e t c a r a h c r o j a m “ r o n i a m e r a y e h T . s e ir o g e t a c e h t n i e c n a tr o p m i t s e h g i h s a h t a h t r e t c a r a h c e h t s i ” r e t c a r a h c r o j a m “ A . ” r e t c a r a h c e d n a l e v o n e h t n i n o i s s u c s i d l a rt n e c e h t s i e h s r o e h d n a l e v o
n veni ns omenovels ;
e h t e li h W . d e n r e c n o c l e v o n e h t n i e g a p y r e v e n i d e t n e s e r p s y a w l a s i r e t c a r a h c e h t s s e l ,t n e u q e r f s s e l s i l e v o n e h t n i e c n a r a e p p a e s o h w r e t c a r a h c a s i r e t c a r a h c r o n i m s d e e n r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t fi y l n o e c n a r a e p p a r e h r o s i h d n a t n a tr o p m
i himo rher .
( .p 61 -7 178) .
d e z ir o g e t a c e b n a c r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t ,s i w e L d n a d r e b n e tl A o t g n i d r o c c A d n a l a e d i e h t s i t s i n o g a t o r p e h T . ” t s i n o g a t n a “ d n a ” t s i n o g a t o r p “ ; s p u o r g o w t o t n i a e r e li h w t a h t s y a s e H . e ri m d a s r e d a e r e h t t a h t s e u l a v e h t f o n o it a t s e fi n a
m ding a
r e t c a r a h c e h t s a d e n if e d s i t s i n o g a t n a e h t e li h w , t s i n o g a t o r p d e ll a c s i o s d e t a e rt
cause sthe confilct .In some novels ,the antagonist sare created to oppose the
( y ll a c i s y h p r o y ll a t n e m t s i n o g a t o r
p p.5 9 .)
( r e t s o F , s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t n o d e s a
B p.18 ) divide s characte rinto “lfa t
e ll a c o s l a ( r e t c a r a h c t a lf A . ” r e t c a r a h c d n u o r “ d n a ” r e t c a r a h
c d a type o r“two
t u o h ti w d e t n e s e r p s i d n a ” y ti l a u q r o a e d i e l g n i s a “ d n u o r a d li u b s i ) ” l a n o i s n e m i d d e b ir c s e d y l e t a u q e d a d n a y lr i a f e b n a c e r o f e r e h t d n a , li a t e d g n i z il a u d i v i d n i h c u m t c a r a h c e h t y r o t s e h t f o g n i n n i g e b e h t m o r F . e c n e t n e s r o e s a r h p e l g n i s a n
i e rdoe s
e h t f o g n i n n i g e b e h t n i e l p m a x e r o f ; y ll a c it a m a r d c it s ir e t c a r a h c n i e g n a h c t o n t a lf a s i e h f I . n o s r e p l a y o l d n a , e v a r b , d i p u t s s a d e b ir c s e d s i r e t c a r a h c a l e v o n . n o s r e p l a y o l d n a , e v a r b , d i p u t s a l li t s s i e h , y r o t s e h t f o d n e e h t n i ,r e t c a r a h c n
I the othe r side , a round characte r i s complex in temperamen t and
o t tl u c if fi d s a s i e h , s u h T . y ti r a l u c it r a p e lt b u s h ti w d e t n e s e r p e r s i d n a n o it a v it o m s i h , n o s r e p a e k il , r e v o e r o M . s i e fi l l a e r n i n o s r e p a s a y c a u q e d a y n a h ti w e b ir c s e d c y a m r e t c a r a h c r e h r
o hange dramaitcally i fthere i sa facto rin lfuencing the
.s r e d a e r e h t e s ir p r u s y a m e g n a h c e h t d n a , r e t c a r a h c ( s i w e L d n a d n r e b n e tl A a ir e ti r c e h t n o d e s a
B p.58) , we can catego irze
. ” r e t c a r a h c g n i p o l e v e d “ d n a ” r e t c a r a h c c it a t s “ , s e ir o g e t a c o w t o t n i s r e t c a r a h c s a p o l e v e d r o e g n a h c s e o d y ll a it n e s s e h c i h w , r e t c a r a h c a s i r e t c a r a h c c it a t S o t t n e m e v l o v n i d n a e c n e u lf n i s s e l s a h r e t c a r a h c s i h T . n o it a u ti s e h t o t g n i d r o c c a s a h y ll a u s u r e t c a r a h c c it a t s A . p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s d n a t n e m n o ri v n e f o s e g n a h c e h t ;r e t c a r a h c t a
lf he o rshe doe sno tdevelop from the beginning to the end o fthe
t n e m p o l e v e d r o s e g n a h c s e k a m t a h t r e t c a r a h c e h t s i r e t c a r a h c g n i p o l e v e D
y t e i c o s e h t n i s n e p p a h t a h w s e c n e u lf n i e h s r o e H . y r o t s e h t f o s s e c o r p e h t g n ir u d
e h t f o d n e e h t t a , y ll a u s u d n
a story ,hi so rhe rcharacte rchange sdramaitcally.
r e t c a r a h c f o d n i k t a h w e z ir o g e t a c d n a e n i m r e t e d o t e v r e s l li w y r o e h t e s e h T
s ’ m a il li W e e s s e n n e T n i d l e if g n i W a r u a L s
i TheGlas sMenage ire.
2 . 2 .
2 Characte irzaiton
c a r a h c s i h s e t a e r c r o h t u a n a h c i h w y b s s e c o r p e h
T ter sin a story i scalled
( s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o R . n o it a z ir e t c a r a h
c p.20 ) said “characte irzaiton i s no t
o t d e b ir c s e d s i t i y a w e h t t u b , y ti l a n o s r e p f o n o it c e l e s e h t o t d e t a l e r y l e r e m
. y r o t s f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u e l o h w e h t e t a ti li c a
f ” Thus ,in orde rto understand some
t u o b a e r o m e r o l p x e l li w n o it c e s s i h t ; d e z y l a n a e b l li w t a h t s r e t c a r a h c
. n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c
( s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R p.20 )statet ha t“eachcharacteri sdfiferentf romt he
. ” s e t u b ir tt a l a c i s y h p “ d n a s e it il a n o s r e p c if i c e p s e v a h y e h t e s u a c e b s r e h t
o ” They
ll a
c characte irzaitona saproces susedbyanauthort ocreateacharacte.r
( y h p r u
M p 1.1 -6 173 )alsopoint sninemethodst o understand t hecharacters .
, e fi l t s a p , h c e e p s , r e h t o n a y b n e e s s a r e t c a r a h c , n o it p ir c s e d l a n o s r e p e r a y e h T
it c a e r ,s r e h t o f o n o it a s r e v n o
c on ,driec tcommen,tt hought ,andmanneirsm.
r e t c a r a h c r a l u c it r a p t u o b a r e d a e r e h t m r o f n i o t d e s u s i n o it p ir c s e d l a n o s r e P
r o h t u a y r e v e , e r u t a r e ti l f o k r o w e h t n I . e k il s k o o l e h t a h w , n r o w e h t a h w m o r f
( s e h t o l c d n a s e c n a r a e p p a s ’ n o s r e p a s e b ir c s e d s y a w l
a p.161) .Characte ra sseenby
f o r e t c a r a h c e h t w o n k y a m r e d a e r e h t , n o i n i p o s ’ e l p o e p m o r F . k n i h t r o y a s e l p o e p ( w o h s o t s t n a w r o h t u a e h t t a h t n o s r e p
a p.162 .)
a w e h t s i h c e e p
S yt her eader sknowt hecharacte ro faperson ;whenaperson
n o i n i p o s i h s e v i g e h n e h w d n a e l p o e p r e h t o h ti w n o it a s r e v n o c a s e k a m r o s k a e p s h g u o r h t n o s r e p e n o f o r e t c a r a h c e h t s w o h s r o h t u a e h t , e r o f e r e h T . g n i h t e m o s t u o b a ( s y a s n o s r e p t a h t t a h
w p.164) .The reader smay also know thecharacte ro fone
t a h w e n i m r e t e d n a c e fi l t s a p e s u a c e b , e fi l t s a p s ’ n o s r e p a g n i n r a e l y b n o s r e p ( e v a h t h g i m n o s r e p e h t s e o d r e t c a r a h
c p.166) .The autho rmigh talso show a
a e l p o e p r e h t o f o n o it a s r e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e
p nd the thing sthey
y e h t n e h w s g n i h t d n a e l p o e p r e h t o t u o b a k l a t n e tf o e l p o e p e s u a c e b m i h t u o b a y a s ( r e h t o h c a e t e e
m p.167) .
s w o n k r e d a e r e h t g n it t e l y b n o s r e p e n o f o r e t c a r a h c a s w o h s o s l a r o h t u a e h T a n o it a u ti s f o s d n i k y n a s d r a w o t s t c a e r n o s r e p t a h t w o
h nd event s(p.168) .The
n o s r e p t a h t f o t n e m m o c a g n i v i g y b r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e p a e b ir c s e d o s l a n a c r o h t u a ( y lt c e ri
d p.171) .Then, t her eade rmayknow t hecharacte rby knowingwha thei s
h n o s r e p y r e v e t a h t w o h s o t s t n a w r o h t u a e h T . d n i m s i h n i t u o b a g n i k n i h
t a sa
( g n i k n i h t t n e r e f fi
d p.171) .Thel as,tt her eader sknow onecharacte rbyknowinga
e n i m r e t e d y ll a e r r e n n a m d n a t i b a h s ’ n o s r e p a e s u a c e b r e n n a m d n a t i b a h s ’ n o s r e p ( s i e h n o s r e p f o d n i k t a h
w p.173 .)
l w o n k e h t t a h t d e t a t s y h p r u M , n o it a n a l p x e s i h p u m u s o
T edgeo fmethod so f
y b , r e v o e r o M . s r e t c a r a h c e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t s r e d a e r e h t p l e h y a m n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t e t a i c e r p p a n a c y ll u f e p o h s r e d a e r e h t , s d o h t e m e h t g n i w o n k ( l e v o n a y ll a i c e p s
v e s e b ir c s e d o t d e s u e r a s n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h
T era l physica l and
’ s m a il li W e e s s e n n e T n i d l e if g n i W a r u a L f o s ti a rt l a c i g o l o h c y s
p The Glas s
. e i r e g a n e M
3 . 2 .
2 Freud’ sConcep toft heI d,t heEgo ,andt heSuperego
c i h p a r g o p o t e h t s a w d n i m e h t f o l e d o m y l n o s ’ d u e r F , s e d a c e d 2 y lr a e n r o F
, d e n il t u o t s u j e v a h e w e n
o and hi sonly porrtaya lo fphysicsrtfiewast heconfilc t
d u e r F , s 0 2 9 1 e h t g n ir u d , n e h T . s e c r o f s u o i c s n o c n u d n a s u o i c s n o c n e e w t e b
e e r h t a d e c u d o rt n i ) a 1 6 9 1 / 3 2 9 1
( -par tsrtuctura lmodel .Thi sdivision oft hemind
o p o t e h t t n a l p p u s t o n d i d s e c n i v o r p e e r h t o t n
i graphicmodel ,buti thelped Freud
.s e s o p r u p r o n o it c n u f ri e h t o t g n i d r o c c a s e g a m i l a t n e m n i a l p x e
s a w d n i m e h t f o t r a p e v it i m ir p t s o m e h t , d u e r F o
T da sEs ,o rthe “ti” ,
s a w n o i s i v i d d n o c e s a ; d i s a h s il g n E o t n i d e t a l s n a rt s y a w l a t s o m l a s i h c i h
w da s
h c
I , or the “,I” rtanslated a sego ;and a ifna lprovincewa sda sUber- hIc ,or t he
r e v o
“ - ,I”which i sr endered i nto Engilsh a ssuperego .Theseprovince sorr egion s
. s t c u rt s n o c l a c it e h t o p y h y l e r e m e r a t u b , e s r u o c f o , e c n e t s i x e l a ir o ti r r e t o n e v a h
ti w t c a r e t n i y e h
T ht het hreel eve lo fmentall fieso t hatt heegocut sacros s
s u o i c s n o c n u d n a , s u o i c s n o c e r p , s u o i c s n o c s a h d n a s l e v e l c i h p a r g o p o t s u o ir a v e h t
t d n a s u o i c s n o c n u d n a s u o i c s n o c e r p h t o b s i o g e r e p u s e h t s a e r e h w , s t n e n o p m o
c he
s u o i c s n o c n u y l e t e l p m o c s i d
e r u t c i
P 1 .Thei llusrtaitonofi d ,egoands uperego
1 . 3 . 2 .
2 TheI d
, d u e r F o t g n i d r o c c
A humanswerebornwtihaco lleciton o fbasici nsitncts
s i h t d e ll a c d u e r F . y g r e n e l a n i d i b il r u o y f o e c r u o s e h t e r a t a h t s e v ir d l a c i g o l o i b r o
f o t e
s insitnctua ld irve sthe id ,from the Laitn word fo r“i.t” These d irve sare
e h t f o m e t s y s c i b m il e h t s a h c u s , n i a r b r u o y f o s r e t n e c r e w o l e h t y b d e t a i d e m
s u o i c s n o c n u r u o y f o l e v e l t s e p e e d e h t t a d e ir u b s i d i e h t , h c u s s A . s u m a l a h t o p y h
m o r f d e v o m e r r a f , d n i
m consciou srealtiy .Freud descirbed t hei d a sa“cauldron
h c i h w , n o it a z i n a g r o r o e r u t c u rt s r e n n i o n s a h h c i h w ” t n e m e ti c x e g n i h t e e s f o
m o r f e m o c t a h t s e r u s a e l p e h t y l n o s k e e s h c i h w d n a , s y a w l a c i g o ll i n i s e t a r e p o
discharging ti spent-upenergies(McConnell ,p.485).
h c i h w , e l p i c n ir p e r u s a e l p e h t s y e b o t i e s u a c e b e v il a t n a f n i n a s p e e k d i e h T
e s e h t f o t s o m e c n i S . s d e e n s ’t n a f n i e h t ll a f o n o it a c if it a r e t a i d e m m i e h t s d n a m e d
s n o it c n u f y li d o b o t d e t a l e r e r a s d e e
s n e s d n
a ua lsitmulaiton – the newborn chlid survive sbecause i’t sbiologically
l a n i d i b il s ti e s a e l e r o t d e m m a r g o r
p energy in lfie-sustaining ways (McConnell ,
) 5 8 4 .
p .
. 2 . 3 . 2 .
2 TheEgo
i e h
T d helpst hei nfan tsurvivebecause tii sselifsh and i mpulsive .But ,a s
h
t e i nfan tmature ,s t he“rea lwo lrd” beginst o make demand son t hechlid – and
s A . s y a w e t a ir p o r p p a y ll a i c o s n i d n o p s e r t o n s e o d d li h c e h t fi y l e r e v e s t i s e h s i n u p
t i , s d e e n l a u t c n it s n i s ti f o e m o s f o n o it a c if it a r g y a l e d o t d e c r o f s i t n a f n i e h t
o c e b y ll a u d a r
g me saware tha tthere i sa dfiference between ti sown desrie sand
e h t d n a f l e s ti n e e w t e b h s i u g n it s i d o t s n i g e b d li h c e h t e c n o d n A . e l p o e p r e h t o e s o h t
r o o g e s ti , d lr o w r e t u
o consciouss el fcomesi ntobeing (McConnell ,p.485).
h t , n o s n e d l o G M . R o t g n i d r o c c
A e ego i sa group o fmenta lfunciton so r
, s e ir o m e m e r o t s , s t n e m g d u j e k a m , n o s a e r , e v i e c r e p o t u o y e l b a n e t a h t s e s s e c o r p
. s m e l b o r p s u o ir a v e v l o s d n
a T he id wa spresen ta tbitrh .T he ego developed
s a y l w o l
s eo n learnedt omaste rhis /herimpulses ,delayi mmediategraitifcaitono f
r e h / s i
h needs ,andge talongwtihothers (McConnell ,p.485).
e h
T ego i st hepar to fone’spersonaltiy t hati si ncommunicaiton wtih t he
, n e h t , tr a p t s o m e h t r o F . d lr o w l a n r e t x
e t he ego operate sa ta consciou s(o r
l e v e l ) s u o i c s n o c e r
p ,bu ttii nclude ssomeunconsciou sprocesse sa swell .Thu silke
e h
t ,id t he ego i ssubjec tto the demand so fthe pleasure p irnciple .Bu ta so ne
, e r u t a
m his /herconsciou ssefli smorei n lfuencedbywha tFreudcalledt her ealtiy
e l p i c n ir
e r u s a e l p f o s e c r o f g n i s o p p o e h t n e e w t e b n r o t e b y a
m -seekingand r ealtiy. I to tfen
y f s it a s o t g n i y rt y b t c il f n o c s i h t s e v l o s e
r t he insitnctua ldesrie s(id )in socially
s y a w d e v o r p p
a (McConnell ,p.485).
3 . 3 . 2 .
2 TheSuperego
o t e r o m s i e r e h
T one’s personaltiy ,however ,than id and ego, ro than
s a , r o F . e l p i c n ir p y ti l a e r d n a e l p i c n ir p e r u s a e l
p o ne grows ,the people around
r e h / m i
h demandt ha the/s headopts ociety’ s“rule sandr egulaiton .s”Todos o ,o ne
u
m s tbu lid up aconscience t ha tkeep shim /her from violaitng t he rules ,and an
o g
e -idealt ha the/s hemusts t irvet oattain .Freudcalledt hi spar to ft hepersonaltiy
f o t r a p s a t i d e d r a g e r d n a o g e r e p u s e h t e r u t c u rt
s one’s ego tha tsplti sof fand
o t s n i g e
b ac ton ti sown (McConnell ,p.485).
e h
T superego develop sslowly (and unconsciously )du irng the fris t ifve
f o s r a e
y one’s lfie a she /she increasingly imtiate the thought sand aciton so f
s r e h t
o – p irmarliy t hoseo ft heparents .Du irngadolescenceand young adutlhood
e h
t superego mature seven morea so necomei nto contac twtihadutls( othert han
m o h w ) s t n e r a
p he /she admries and whose value she /she take on in par to rin
, l e v e l s u o i c s n o c n u n a t a s r u c c o s s e c o r p n o it a z il a i c o s s i h t ,t r a p t s o m e h t r o F . e l o h w
s
a t hesuperego gainst hepowert o ciritcizeand supervisebothone’sid and ego .
e h
T superego ist hu sone’s“unconscious”voicet ha thelp shim /herdiscirminates
t u o h ti w s g n o r w m o r f s t h g ir l a i c o
s him /her being aware o fwhy he /she do so
. 4 . 2 .
2 Anxiety
e r a n o i s s e r g a d n a x e
S the cente ro fFreudian dynamic theory wtih the
s i ti “ t a h t d e z i s a h p m e ) 4 6 9 1 / 3 3 9 1 ( d u e r F , y t e i x n a g n i n if e d n I . y t e i x n a f o t p e c n o c s n a w t a h t n o it a s n e s l a c i s y h p a y b d e i n a p m o c c a e t a t s t n a s a e l p n u , e v it c e f f a , tl e f a e l p o e
p againsti mpendingdanger”( Feis tandFeist ,2006 ,p.33).
d n a , o g e r e p u s , d i e h t t u b , y t e i x n a l e e f r o e c u d o r p n a c o g e e h t y l n O , l a r o m , c it o r u e n : y t e i x n a f o s d n i k e e r h t f o e n o n i d e v l o v n i e r a h c a e d lr o w l a n r e t x e d i e h t n o e c n e d n e p e d s ’ o g e e h T . c it s il a e r d n
a resutl sin neuroitc anxiety ; ti s
e h t n o e c n e d n e p e d s ti d n a ; y t e i x n a l a r o m s e c u d o r p o g e r e p u s e h t n o e c n e d n e p e d 3 3 . p ( y t e i x n a c it s il a e r o t s d a e l d lr o w r e t u
o -3 4.)
. r e g n a d n w o n k n u n a t u o b a n o i s n e h e r p p a s a d e n if e d s i y t e i x n a c it o r u e N i s t s i x e f l e s ti g n il e e f e h
T n t he ego ,but i to irginate sfrom i d i mpulses .A second
d n a o g e e h t n e e w t e b t c il f n o c e h t m o r f s m e t s , y t e i x n a l a r o m , y t e i x n a f o e p y t t i ,r a e f o t d e t a l e r y l e s o l c s i , y t e i x n a c it s il a e r , y t e i x n a f o y r o g e t a c d ri h t A . o g e r e p u s i c e p s n o n , t n a s a e l p n u s a d e n if p e d s
i ifc feeilng involving a possible danger .
a e v l o v n i t o n s e o d t i t a h t n i r a e f m o r f t n e r e f fi d s i y t e i x n a c it s il a e r , r e v e w o H r a e l c m o d l e s e r a y t e i x n a f o s e p y t e e r h t e s e h T . s t c e j b o l u f r a e f c if i c e p
s -cu to reasliy
. d e t a r a p e s s y t e i x n a “ t a h t d i a s ) 4 6 9 1 / 3 3 9 1 ( d u e r
F erve sanego-preservingmechanism
e h t s w o ll a y t e i x n A . ) 4 3 . p ( ” d n a h t a s i r e g n a d e m o s t a t s u s l a n g i s ti e s u a c e b f o l a n g i s e h t , r e g n a d d n a t a e r h t f o s n g i s r o f t r e l a e b o t o g e t n a li g i v t n a t s n o c e d r o t h g il f r e h ti e r o f e z il i b o m o t s u s e t a l u m it s r e g n a d g n i d n e p m
i fense .Freud
fl e s o s l a s i y t e i x n a “ t a h t d e t a t s o s l a ) 4 6 9 1 / 3 3 9 1
o n d a h o g e e h t f I . ) 4 3 . p ( y t e i x n a f o n i a p e h t s e c u d e r n r u t n i h c i h w , n o i s s e r p e r
w y t e i x n a e h t ,r o i v a h e b e v i s n e f e d o t e s r u o c e
r ould becomei ntolerable .Defensive
f o n i a p e h t n i a g a o g e e h t g n it c e t o r p y b n o it c n u f l u f e s u a e v r e s e r o f e r e h t ,s r o i v a h e b
. y t e i x n a
e r a h c i h w , s e r u s s e r p l a i c o s w o h g n i n i a l p x e n i d e s u y t e i x n a f o y r o e h t s i h T
l a r e v e s s e s s o p o t r e h e c r o f d n a r e t c a r a h c d l e if g n i W a r u a L t c e f f a , y t e i x n a c it s il a e r
. o g e r e h t c e t o r p o t r e d r o n i e s n e f e d f l e s f o s r e b m u n
5 . 2 .
2 EgoDefenseMechanisms d
e t a t
S earilerint het heoire ,s theegos'j ob wast osaitsfyt hei ds'i mpulses ,
o t n i g n i k a t l li t s e li h w , o g e r e p u s e h t f o r e t c a r a h c c it s il a r o m e h t d n e f f o t o n
a e r e h t n o it a r e d i s n o
c ltiyoft hestiuaiton. stI i alsostatedt hatt hi swa sno taneasy
. b o
j Thinkoft hei dast he' devi lon you rshoulder 'andt hesuperegoast he a'nge l
'. r e d l u o h s r u o y f
o Human beingdon' twan tetihe ronet ogett oosrtongsowet alk
a e h , m e h t f o h t o b o
t rt hei rperspecitveandt henmakeadecision. Thi sdecisioni s
. e c n a l a b y h tl a e h t a h t r o f g n i k o o l e n o e h t , g n i k l a t o g e e h t
k l a t e r o f e
B i ngmoreaboutt his ,tii sr equriedtounderstandwha td irvest he
. o g e r e p u s d n a , o g e , d
i Accordingt oFreud ,humanonlyhavet wo d irves ;sexand
. n o i s s e r g g
a In othe rwords ,everything we do i smoitvated by one of t heset wo
. s e v ir
d Sex ,also called Eros o rthe Lfie force ,represent s ou rd irve to ilve ,
. g n ir p s f f o e c u d o r p d n a , r e p s o r
p Aggression ,also called Thanatos o rour Death
r u o , e c n e t s i x e r u o o t s t a e r h t f f o e v a t s d n a e v il a y a t s o t d e e n r u o s t n e s e r p e r , e c r o f
r p r u o d n a , r e w o
6 . 2 .
2 Freud’ sEgoDefenseMechanism
e h t w o h f o y r o t s e h t y ll a e r s i t n e m p o l e v e d l a u x e s o h c y s p f o y r o e h t s ’ d u e r F e h t d n a , o g e r e p u s , d i e h t y b e d a m s d n a m e d g n it c il f n o c e h t e v l o s e r o t s n r a e l o g e s ti t a s m s i n a h c e m e s n e f e d l a r e v e s s a h o g e e h T . t n e m n o ri v n e l a n r e t x e e h t f o y ti l a e r e s e h t m o r f g n i s ir a s s e rt s e h t y b d e z it a m u a rt g n i e b m o r f f l e s ti t c e t o r p o t l a s o p s i d s t c il f n o
c .Bu tthe ego i sno talway saware o fwha tthe need so fthe id and
f o e c n e r r u c c o e h T . s u o i c s n o c n u e r a s d e e n e s e h t f o y n a m e s u a c e b , e r a o g e r e p u s t i t a h t g n o rt s o s e m o c e b e v a h s n o i s n e t l a n i d i b il t a h t o g e e h t s n r a w y t e i x n a l a n g i s l d n a h r e h ti e t s u
m et hemo rbedisabledbys rtess (McConnell ,p.488).
e e r h t e v a h o g e e h t o t e l b a li a v a s m s i n a h c e m e s n e f e d e h t f o l l a t s o m l A : n o m m o c n i s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c they are way so f rtying t o reduce srtes sand anxiety ,
they involve the denying o r distoriton o f realtiy , and they operate a t an
l e v e l s u o i c s n o c n
u (McConnell ,p.488).
e s n e f e D o g E s ’ d u e r F n i d e s s u c s i d y l n o m m o c t a h t s e s n e f e d e n i n e r a e r e h T .s e s n e f e d e s o h t s s u c s i d l li w s h p a r g a r a p g n i w o ll o f e h T . m s i n a h c e M 1 . 6 . 2 .
2 Repression
, n o i s s e r p e r y l d e t b u o d n u s i s m s i n a h c e m e s n e f e d e h t f o t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h T s u h t d n a s e ri s e d r o s t h g u o h t g n i n e t a e r h t f f o s k c o l b o g e e h t h c i h w y b s s e c o r p e h t e s e h t f o t s o M . s s e n s u o i c s n o c f o t h g il t o p s e h t o t n i g n i p e e w s m o r f m e h t s p e e k g r a h c s i d n u e v a h s e c n e ir e p x
e ed ilbidina lenergy attached t o t hemi nsomeway. I n
o t r e d r o n i d n e p x e t s u m o g e e h t y g r e n e e r o m e h
t keep the mate ira lrepressed .
d e s s e r p e r e h t f o s e c e i p d n a s ti b d n a , m a e t s f o t u o n u r y a m o g e e h t y ll a u t n e v E
n i l o b m y s s a r o , e u g n o t e h t f o s p il s s a s s e n s u o i c s n o c o t h g u o r h t k a e l y a m l a ir e t a m
s m a e r
d (McConnell ,p.488).
2 . 6 . 2 .
2 Regression
s ’ d u e r F f o e m o s n e h
W paitent sexpeirencedgreats rtes ,st heyf el lbacki nto
r e v o y b s s e rt s o t d e d n o p s e r m e h t f o e m o S . s n r e tt a p r o i v a h e b h s i d li h
c -eaitngo rby
f o e d o m ) l a r o ( r e il r a e n a o t n o i s s e r g e r a s a s i h t w a s d u e r F . h c u m o o t g n i k n ir d
e t n e it a p e l a m g n u o y a n e h w r O . e r u s a e l
p ncountered heterosexua ldfiifculites ,he
n o it a b r u t s a m s a n o it a c if it a r g f o s m r o f e r u t a m m i h c u s o t tr o s e r d l u o w s e m it e m o s
y g r e n e l a n i d i b il e g r a h c s i d o t n a m e h t d e w o ll a n o i s s e r g e r s i h T . y ti l a u x e s o m o h r o
t g n i y rt m o r f m i h d e t n e v e r p o s l a t i t u B . y a w ” e f a s “ a n
i o solve hi spresen t
m e l b o r p l a n o s r e p r e t n
i (McConnell ,p.488-489).
3 . 6 . 2 .
2 Iden itifcaiton
y b s i s ir c a rt c e l E r o s u p i d e O r i e h t e v l o s e r e l p o e p , r e il r a e d e t o n e w s A
e m a s r i e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t n o g n i k a
t -sex parent .Freud saw t hi sproces so f
e h t s a n o it a c if it n e d
i ego’ swayo fdefendingagainsti ncestualf eeilngs .Theyoung
h t a r w s ’ r e h t o m r e h f o r a e f f o t u o r e h t o m r e h h ti w s e if it n e d i l ri
g – and thereby
n I ” . e c n e i c s n o c “ e h t , o g e r e p u s r e h f o n o it r o p s u o i c s n o c n u e h t p u s d li u b
e h t o h ti w s e if it n e d i l ri g e h t , e c n e c s e l o d
a r women and thu s srtengthen s the
o g e “ e h t , o g e r e p u s r e h f o n o it r o p s u o i c s n o
y b y t e i x n a e c u d e r d e p l e h t a h t m s i n a h c e m e s n e f e d ” r e p u s “ f o d n i k a s a f l e s ti
e l a n i d i b il e s a e l e r o t n o s r e p e h t g n i w o ll
a nergy in socially approved ways
(McConnell ,p.489).
4 . 6 . 2 .
2 Denial
f o s u o i c s n o c n u ” y l e t a r e b il e d “ e b o t d e m e e s s t n e it a p s ’ d u e r F f o y n a M
e s n e f e d a , l a i n e d g n i c it c a r p e r e w y e h t t a h t d e d i c e d d u e r F . s t c a f l u f n i a p n i a tr e c
t s y H . s e it il a e r n i a tr e c m o r f f f o f l e s ti s t u h s o g e e h t h c i h w y b m s i n a h c e
m eirca l
l
bindnessi sanexampleo fdenial (McConnell ,p.489).
5 . 6 . 2 .
2 ReacitonFormaitonandProjeciton
s e g n a h c o g e e h t h c i h w n i , n o it a m r o f n o it c a e r s i l a i n e d d n o y e b p e t s A
e c i v r o ( e t a h e l b a t p e c c a o t n i e v o l e l b a t p e c c a n
u -versa.) I famothe rhate she rchlid
– af eeilng shemus tdenyconsciou sawarenes so f– themothe rmaysmoothert he
g n i d n e t e r p y b n o it c e j o r p n i e g l u d n i y a m o g e s ’ r e h t o m e h t r O . n o it c e f f a h ti w d li h c
