SUMBER HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

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SUMBER HUKUM

INTERNASIONAL

Iman

ImanPrihandonoPrihandono, SH., MH., LL.M, SH., MH., LL.M Departemen

DepartemenHukumHukumInternasionalInternasional Fakultas

FakultasHukumHukumUniversitasUniversitasAirlanggaAirlangga E

E--Mail: Mail: [email protected]@unair.ac.id Blog

Blog: : imanprihandono.wordpress.comimanprihandono.wordpress.com

Sumber

Hukum



Materiil: Materiil: bahanbahan--bahan/materibahan/materiyang yang

membentuk

membentukatauataumelahirkanmelahirkankaidahkaidahatauatau norma

normayang mempunyaiyang mempunyaikekuatankekuatan mengikat

mengikat; ; dandanmenjadimenjadiacuanacuanbagibagi terjadinya

terjadinyasebuahsebuahperbuatanperbuatanhukumhukum..



Formal: Formal: menentukanmenentukanprosedurprosedurpembuatanpembuatan

hukum

hukum((siapasiapa, , bagaimanabagaimana), ), dandan bagaimana

bagaimanahukumhukummateriilmateriilditegakkanditegakkan. .

Sumber

HK.

HK. Internasional

Internasional

Article 38 (1) of the ICJ Statute

Article 38 (1) of the ICJ Statute The Court, whose function is to decide in

The Court, whose function is to decide in

accordance with international law such disputes

as are submitted to it,

as are submitted to it, shallshallapply:apply:

a.

a. International Convention, whether general or International Convention, whether general or

particular, establishing rules expressly

recognized by the contesting states;

b.

b. International Custom, as evidence of a general International Custom, as evidence of a general

practice accepted as law;

c.

c. The General Principles of law recognized by The General Principles of law recognized by

civilized nations;

d.

d. Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial

decisions and the teachings of the most highly

qualified publicists of the various nations, as

subsidiary means for the determination of rules

of law.

Hierarki

VCLT (1969), art. 53, treaty

VCLT (1969), art. 53, treaty menjadimenjadi batal

batalbilabilabertentanganbertentangandengandengan norm of general international law norm of general international law. . Maka

Maka, , bukanbukanhierarkis, hierarkis, tapitapi::

1.

1. SumberSumbera a dandanbb: sumber: sumberdaridari

hukum

hukumpositif.positif.

2.

2. SumberSumberc c dandan dd: : sumbersumberdaridari hukumhukum

alam alam..

Mochtar

Kusumaatmadja

Sumber

Sumber hukumhukumutama/primer :utama/primer :

1.

1. perjanjianperjanjianinternasionalinternasional;; 2.

2. hukumhukumkebiasaankebiasaaninternasionalinternasional;; 3.

3. prinsip-prinsip-prinsipprinsiphukumhukumumumumum;;

Sumber

Sumber hukumhukumtambahan/subsidiertambahan/subsidier::

1.

1. keputusankeputusanpengadilanpengadilan;; 2.

2. ajaranajaranparaparasarjanasarjanaterkemukaterkemuka;;

Starke

Starke’

’s: Source of IL

s: Source of IL

1.

1. Customary international law;Customary international law; 2.

2. Treaty;Treaty; 3.

3. Decisions of judicial/ arbritalDecisions of judicial/ arbrital

tribunal; tribunal;

4.

4. Juristic works;Juristic works; 5.

5. Decisions or determinations of the Decisions or determinations of the

organ of international institutions; organ of international institutions;

(2)

Arti

penting

Custom

:

1.

1. Customary internasionalCustomary internasionallaw adalahlaw adalah

fundamental

fundamental daridari hukumhukumperjanjianperjanjian internasional

internasional;;

2.

2. Customary law principle “Customary law principle “pactapactasuntsunt

servanda

servanda””yangyangmemberikanmemberikanefekefek mengikat

mengikat daridari sebuahsebuahTreaty.Treaty.

1. CUSTOM

Art. 38(1)(b)

Art. 38(1)(b) StatutaStatutaICJ: ICJ: “

“International Custom, as evidence of International Custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law a general practice accepted as law”” State practice

State practice:: USSR,

USSR, BreznevBreznevDoctrine (1968) Vs. Doctrine (1968) Vs. US, Grenada Intervention (1983) US, Grenada Intervention (1983)

State Practice

1.

1. UsageUsage: : praktekpraktekumumumumnegaranegarayang yang tidak

tidakmenimbulkanmenimbulkankewajibankewajibanhukumhukum;;

2.

2. ComityComity: : sopansopansantunsantundalamdalamhubunganhubungan internasional

internasional;;

3.

3. CustomCustom: : praktekpraktekumumumumyang yang dilakukandilakukan berulang

berulang--ulangulangdandanditerimaditerimasebagaisebagai

hukum

hukum;;

Elemen

dari

CUSTOM

“

“International Custom, as evidence International Custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as of a general practice accepted as law

law””

1.

1. OpinioOpinioJurisJuris;; 2.

2. Duration;Duration; 3.

3. Uniformity and Consistency;Uniformity and Consistency; 4.

4. Generality;Generality;

I. I. Opinio

Opinio

juris

sive

necessitatis

1.

1. A believe that a certain practice is A believe that a certain practice is

obligatory as a matter of law.

2.

2. A conviction felt by states that a certain A conviction felt by states that a certain

form of conduct is required or permitted

by international law

The Lotus Case (1927)

The Lotus Case (1927) ““conscious of having conscious of having a duty to abstain

a duty to abstain””. .

The Asylum Case (1950)

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969)

“

“reservation to a treatyreservation to a treaty””..

II. Duration

1.

1. Long duration;Long duration;

2.

2. Short Duration cukupShort Duration cukup bilabilastate state

practice

practice telahtelahsecarasecaranyatanyatadandan meluas

meluas menjadimenjadiuniformuniform;;

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969)

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III. Uniformity and Consistency

1.

1. Uniformity: Uniformity: tindakantindakan oleholehnegara-negara

-negara

negarapadapadapraktiknyapraktiknyatidaktidakjauhjauh berbeda

berbedaantaraantarasatusatunegaranegaradengandengan lainnya

lainnya..

2.

2. Consistency: Consistency: terhadapterhadapkasuskasusyang yang

sama

sama, , praktikpraktikolekoleknegaranegara--negaranegara tidak

tidakterdapatterdapatkontradiksikontradiksidandan perbedaan

perbedaan. .

IV. Generality

1.

1. DijalankanDijalankansecarasecarameluasmeluasdandanumumumumdidi

antara

antaramayoritasmayoritasnegaranegara--negaranegara;;

2.

2. KebiasaanKebiasaanyang yang dijalankandijalankanoleholehsebagiansebagian

area

area atauataudijalankandijalankanoleholehbeberapabeberapa

negara

negaratertentutertentutidaktidakdapatdapatdikatakandikatakan sebagai

sebagaikebiasaankebiasaaninternasionalinternasionalbagibagi

seluruh

seluruhnegaranegaradididuniadunia;;

The Anglo

The Anglo--Norwegian Fisheries Case Norwegian Fisheries Case (1951):

(1951): Persistent ObjectorPersistent ObjectorVs. Vs.

Subsequent Objector Subsequent Objector

Proses

Transisi

Custom

Custom ke

ke

Treaties:

Kebiasaan

Kebiasaaninternasionalinternasional (1)

(1) ↓↓ Hukum

HukumKebiasaanKebiasaanInternasionalInternasional(2)(2) (2)

(2) ↓↓ Perjanjian

PerjanjianInternasionalInternasional(1)(1) (3)

(3) ↓↓ Hukum

HukumInternasionalInternasional

Alasan

transisi



 AspekAspekhistoris;historis;



 AspekAspekfungsional;fungsional;



 AspekAspekkepastiankepastianhukum;hukum;

2. TREATIES

VCLT (1969) Art. 2:

VCLT (1969) Art. 2: “

“An international agreement An international agreement concluded between

concluded between statesstatesin in written written form

formand and governed by international governed by international law

law, whether embodied in a single , whether embodied in a single instrument or in

instrument or in twotwoor or moremorerelated related instruments and whatever its

instruments and whatever its particular

particular designationdesignation””

Unsur

Pembentuk

PI



 AdanyaAdanyasubyeksubyekhukumhukum

internasional internasional::

a. Negara, VCLT (1969) Art. 2(1)a a. Negara, VCLT (1969) Art. 2(1)a b. OI, VCOI(1986) Art. 2(1)a b. OI, VCOI(1986) Art. 2(1)a



 DiaturDiaturoleholehhukumhukuminternasional.internasional. 

 MempunyaiMempunyaiakibatakibathukumhukum.. 

 AdanyaAdanyakehendakkehendakuntukuntukdiikat.diikat. 

 AdanyaAdanyapersetujuanpersetujuanuntukuntukdiikatdiikat

dalam

dalam perjanjianperjanjianyang diwujudkanyang diwujudkan dalam

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Terms used in the UN Treaty

Collection

  Treaty;Treaty;   Agreement;Agreement;   Convention;Convention;   Charter;Charter;   Arrangement;Arrangement;   Protocol;Protocol;   Declaration;Declaration; 

 Memorandum of Understanding;Memorandum of Understanding; 

 Modus Modus VivendiVivendi;; 

 Exchange of Note;Exchange of Note;

Penggolongan

PI



 ParticipantParticipant: : Multilateral TreatyMultilateral Treaty

Bilateral Treaty



 StructureStructure: : Law Making TreatyLaw Making Treaty

Treaty Contract



 ObjectObject: : PoliticPolitic

Economic



 ValidityValidity: : Self ExecutingSelf Executing

Non

Non--self Executing self Executing

Types of Treaty

1.

1. Bilateral Treaty: Bilateral Treaty: treaty contract / treaty contract / contractual treaties

contractual treaties..

2.

2. Multilateral Treaty: Multilateral Treaty: law making treaty.law making treaty.

3.

3. “Legislative“Legislative””treaties. treaties.

Bilateral Treaty

Treaty contract / Contractual treaties: Treaty contract / Contractual treaties:

1.

1. LebihLebihmerupakanmerupakansumbersumber““kewajibankewajiban””

daripada

daripada““sumbersumberhukumhukum””..

2.

2. TidakTidakdisusundisusununtukuntukmenciptakanmenciptakanprinsipprinsip-

-prinsip

prinsiphukumhukumyang yang mengaturmengaturtingkahtingkahlakulaku para

parapihakpihak..

3.

3. ““KontrakKontrak””sepertisepertihalnyahalnyakontrakkontrakprivatprivat..

Contoh

Contoh: : PerjanjianPerjanjianekstradisiekstradisi, , PerjanjianPerjanjian Kerjasama

KerjasamaKeamananKeamanan, , PerjanjianPerjanjianPerbatasanPerbatasan. .

Multilateral Treaty

Law Making Treaty

Law Making Treaty::

1.

1. MenciptakanMenciptakan“legal principles“legal principles””yang yang

dipakai

dipakaiuntukuntukmengaturmengaturtindakantindakanparapara pihak

pihakterhadapterhadappihakpihaklainnyalainnyadalamdalam treaty.

treaty.

2.

2. SumberSumberhukumhukuminternasionalinternasionallangsung.langsung. 

 Treaty of Rome 1957 (EEC)Treaty of Rome 1957 (EEC) 

 The UN CharterThe UN Charter 

 UNCLOS 1982UNCLOS 1982

Legislative treaties



 Treaties concluded by some states which Treaties concluded by some states which

purports to determine the law and

obligation incumbent upon other states

that are not parties.



 PI yang PI yang dibuatdibuatoleholehbeberapabeberapanegaranegara

untuk

untukmenentukanmenentukanhukumhukumdandankewajibankewajiban yang

yang dimilikidimilikioleholehnegaranegara--negaranegarabukanbukan

pihak

pihak..

VCLT Art. 34 Vs. The UN Charter Art. 2(6)

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3. 3. Prinsip

Prinsip-

-prinsip

prinsip

Hukum

Umum

Art. 38(1)(c)

Art. 38(1)(c) ““The General Principles The General Principles of law recognized by civilized

of law recognized by civilized nations

nations””..

1.

1. asasasashukumhukumumumumumyang diakuiyang diakuioleholeh

bangsa

bangsa--bangsabangsayang beradabyang beradab;;

2.

2. tidaktidakhanyahanyahukumhukuminternasionalinternasional

saja

saja, , tetapitetapiasasasashukumhukumpadapada umumnya

umumnya;;

Pentingnya

Pentingnya““PrinsipPrinsipHukumHukumUmum”Umum”(PHU):(PHU):

a.

a. untukuntukmencegahmencegahnonnon--liquetliquet, ,

memberikan

memberikan jalanjalanbagibagiICJ ICJ untukuntuk menggunakan

menggunakanprinsip-prinsip-prinsipprinsip hukum

hukum yang yang digunakandigunakan oleholeh pengadilan

pengadilan nasionalnasional; ;

b.

b. kedudukankedudukanMahkamahMahkamah

Internasional

Internasionalmenjadimenjadilebihlebihkuat;kuat;

c.

c. bermanfaatbermanfaatbagibagiperkembanganperkembangan

hukum

hukum internasionalinternasional;;

Batasan

PHU



 Lord Walter Lord Walter PhillimorePhillimore: Rules of : Rules of

procedure, basic principle of legal procedure, basic principle of legal conduct (ex: good faith,

conduct (ex: good faith, resresjudicatajudicata, , nemo

nemojudexjudexin in causacausasuasua););



 Unarguable, incontrovertible;Unarguable, incontrovertible;



 Universal; Universal;

Tambahan

PHU



 EquityEquity: General principle of justice. : General principle of justice.

Flexible disposition of cases according to

ideas of fairness rather than to the strict

application of rules of law.



 Ex Ex aequoaequoet bonoet bono: : PslPsl. 38(2) . 38(2) StatutaStatutaICJ ICJ

“

“KetentuanKetentuanpadapadaayatayat1 1 tidaktidakmengurangimengurangi

kekuasaan

kekuasaanhakimhakimuntukuntukmemutuskanmemutuskan suatu

suatuperkaraperkaraberdasarberdasarkeadilankeadilan(ex (ex

aequo

aequoet bono) et bono) apabilaapabilaparaparapihakpihak

menyetujuinya

menyetujuinya””..



 Jus Jus CogensCogens: : PslPsl. 53 VCLT (1969), . 53 VCLT (1969), normanorma

hukum

hukumyang yang tidaktidakdapatdapatdiubahdiubah..

Equity:



 DigunakanDigunakandalamdalamkeadaankeadaanmendesakmendesak

untuk

untukkeadilankeadilan;;



 MekanismeMekanismeuntukuntukmenyelesaikanmenyelesaikan

persoalan

persoalanyang yang seharusnyaseharusnyadiisyaratkandiisyaratkan oleh

olehhukumhukum;;



 SecaraSecarateoritikteoritikdibagidibagidalamdalam3 3 fungsifungsi: (1). : (1).

mengadaptasi

mengadaptasiketentuanketentuanhukumhukumterhadapterhadap fakta

faktadalamdalamkasuskasustertentutertentu((equity infra equity infra legem

legem), (2).mengisi ), (2).mengisi kekosongankekosonganhukumhukum (

(equity praeterequity praeterlegemlegem),(3). ),(3). AlasanAlasanuntukuntuk tidak

tidakditetapkannyaditetapkannyasebuahsebuahhukumhukumyang yang tidak

tidakadiladil((equity contra equity contra legemlegem););

Putusan

ICJ

ICJ -

-

P. Sipadan

dan

P. P. Ligitan

Ligitan

(INA Vs. MAY)



 The International Court of Justice has The International Court of Justice has

decided that Malaysia shall have the

sovereignty over

sovereignty over PulauPulauSipadanSipadanand and PulauPulau

Ligitan

Ligitanbased on the principle of based on the principle of “

“effectivitee”effectivitee”..



 British authorities have carried out British authorities have carried out

concrete administrative acts as a

reflection of its sovereignty over the

islands.



 Ordinance on birds sanctuary, collection of Ordinance on birds sanctuary, collection of

levis on collection on turtles eggs since

the 1930s and the operation of life houses

since the early 1960s.

(6)

4. 4. Sumber

Sumber

HI “

HI

“

Subsidiary

”

Art. 38(1)(d) ICJ Statute: Subject Art. 38(1)(d) ICJ Statute: Subject to the provisions of

to the provisions of Article 59Article 59, , judicial decisions and the teachings judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified

of the most highly qualified

publicists of the various nations, as publicists of the various nations, as

subsidiary

subsidiarymeans for the means for the determination of rules of law. determination of rules of law.

Article 59, Statute of the ICJ



 The decision of the ICJ is binding The decision of the ICJ is binding

only on the parties in the particular only on the parties in the particular case;

case;



 TidakTidakmenganutmenganutprinsipprinsip““stare stare

decisis decisis””;;



 ICJ sebagaiICJ sebagai“law“law--determiningdetermining””

agencies

agencies dandanbukanbukan““lawlaw--creatingcreating””.. Anglo

Anglo--Norwegian Fisheries Case Norwegian Fisheries Case (1951), measuring T. Sea (1951), measuring T. Sea

Judicial decisions:



 ICJ, ICJ, decision decision dandanadvisory opinionadvisory opinion;; 

 The Court of Justice of the European The Court of Justice of the European

Communities; Communities;



 European Court of Human Rights;European Court of Human Rights; 

 Arbitral Decision;Arbitral Decision;

Teachings of the most highly

qualified publicists.



 Mare Mare liberumliberum((Hugo Hugo GrotiusGrotius) Vs. ) Vs.

Mare

Mare clausumclausum(John Selden) (battle of (John Selden) (battle of books)

books)



 CornelisCornelisvon von BynkershoekBynkershoek: : terraeterrae

protestas

protestasfiniturfiniturubiubifiniturfiniturarmorumarmorum vis

vis..

Codification



 Art. 13(1)a UN Charter;Art. 13(1)a UN Charter;



 International Law Commission (ILC);International Law Commission (ILC);

Draft articles on Responsibility of States for internationally

wrongful acts adopted by the International Law Commission

at its fifty

at its fifty--third session (2001)third session (2001)



 ResolusiResolusiMajelisMajelisUmumUmumPBB, PBB, berakibatberakibatpadapada

timbulnya

timbulnyaDeklarasiDeklarasiyang yang kemudiankemudiandituangkandituangkan

menjadi

menjadiKonvensiKonvensi..

Elimination of the Forms of Racial Discrimination

Convention (1963)

UN Model Law



 2005 2005 --United Nations Convention on the United Nations Convention on the

Use of Electronic Communications in

International Contracts

International Contracts dandan2001 2001 -

-UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic

Signatures (

Signatures (UndangUndang--undangundangITEITE););



 1985 1985 --UNCITRAL Model Law on UNCITRAL Model Law on

International Commercial Arbitration

(

(UndangUndang--undangundangNo. 30 No. 30 TahunTahun1999 1999 tentang