xiii ABSTRACT
DYAHPRAMESTI, PURINDRASWARI. The Translation of English Fictional Book Titles into Indonesian Contexts: A Functionalist Approach. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
This undergraduate thesis is about the equivalence and acceptability of several English fictional books which are translated into Indonesian. The concern studies a list of book titles which are specifically no word-for-word translation that are comprised in the thriller or romance genre category. The functionalist approach is taken as main theory used in this study since the analysis would go towards texts translation functions in bridging two different cultures from ST to TT.
In the study, there are two problems raised to analyze. The first problem is to find whether the data of ST and TT are equivalent by using the assessment of communicative effectiveness theory, as a part of functionalist approach method in evaluating whether ST and TT translation achieve the same purpose. Besides, the second problem is how acceptable the translation of TT for TT readerships.
The method used in this study is the library and field research. The field research takes acceptability analysis of study which needs 30 respondents to fill out the questionnaires of 30 data translation. The indications is used for questionnaires is Nababan’s acceptability category. The library research is also used for the needs of information, theories and study related to the topic discussed in such equivalence problem which only uses functionalist theory to analyze.
xiv ABSTRAK
DYAHPRAMESTI, PURINDRASWARI. The Translation of English Fictional Book Titles into Indonesian Contexts: A Functionalist Approach. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang ekuivalensi dan keberterimaan beberapa buku fiksi bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam konteks Bahasa Indonesia. Sasaran utama pada sekumpulan judul buku yang secara spesifik bukan terjemahan kata-per-kata yang telah di kategorikan dalam misteri dan romansa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan fungsional yang mana turut menjadi teori utama dikarenakan analisis teks akan mengenai fungsi teks terjemahan itu sendiri dalam menjembatani dua kebudayaan yang berbeda dari Teks Sumber (Source Text) dan TeksTarget (Target Text).
Dalam studi ini terdapat dua permasalahan yang akan di analisis. Permasalahan pertama adalah menemukan ekuivalensi dari data ST dan TT menggunakan teori keefektifan komunikatif yang merupakan bagian dari metode pendekatan fungsional yang mengevaluasi belum atau sudahnya terjemahan ST ke TT mencapai tujuan yang sama, dan masalah kedua adalah seberapa berterima terjemahan TT untuk pembaca TT.
Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah penelitian pustaka dan lapangan. Penelitian lapangan digunakan dalam analisis keberterimaan yang membutuhkan 30 responden untuk mengisi kuesioner yang terdiri dari 30 data terjemahan. Indikator yang digunakan dalam kuesioner adalah kategori keberterimaan milik Nababan. Penelitian pustaka digunakan sebagai sumber informasi, teoridanstuditambahan yang berhubungan dengan topik diskusi seperti permasalahan ekuivalen, yang hanya menggunakan teori fungsional dalam analisisnya.
THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH FICTIONAL BOOK
TITLES INTO INDONESIAN CONTEXTS:
A FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
PURINDRASWARI DYAHPRAMESTI Student Number: 114214024
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH FICTIONAL BOOK
TITLES INTO INDONESIAN CONTEXTS:
A FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
PURINDRASWARI DYAHPRAMESTI Student Number: 114214024
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
The secret of life, though, is to
fall seven times and to get up eight
times.
viii
ACKNOLEDGMENTS
For all the process and achievement in finishing this thesis, this page is meant to be a small gratitude for people who have helped me through until today. Like it is very impossible of me to finish this alone, therefore it is He who blesses me with every chance to encounter and feel all things that could possibly be the best parts of growing up.
Secondly, I would like to thank my advisor, Harris Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum. for all his guidance given before I even began writing this thesis until it is eventually finished. Besides, I would like to thank Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis co-advisor, for helping me in correction and guidance to complete this thesis. I would also thank Sanata Dharma University for the better knowledge that builds me as a person and a student.
Next, for my family who always encourages me to take the next step to the furthest extent, I thank them for the prayers and supports in many ways.
Most of all, my biggest gratitude goes for all of my friends whom I particularly have during these four years. They have given more than I could ask for by making four years feel very short. I thank them so much for togetherness, laughter, time, lesson, support and motivation so that every weighs feel like a feather. Moreover, I thank them all for being another home to me.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE...iv
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH...v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY...vi
MOTTO PAGE... vii
ACKNOLEDGMENTS... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...ix
LIST OF TABLES... xii
ABSTRACT... xiii
ABSTRAK ...xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...1
A. Background of study ...1
B. Problem Formulation ...5
C. Objectives of Study...5
D. Definition of Terms...6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE...8
A. Review of Related Studies ...8
B. Review of Related Theories...11
1. Theory of Translation ...11
2. Translation Equivalence...11
3. Translation Acceptability...12
4. Functionalist Approach ...13
x
6. Field, Mode and Tenor...15
7. Lexical Density ...16
8. Back Translation ...17
C. Theoretical Framework ...17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY...19
A. Areas of Research ...19
B. Object of Study ...19
C. Method of Study ...20
D. Research Procedure...20
1. Types of Data ...20
2. Data Collection ...21
3. Population and Sample ...23
4. Data Analysis ...23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS...27
A. The Translation Equivalence Assessment Using Communicative Effectiveness ...27
a. Equivalent Translation ...28
1. The Target Text Has the Same Field, Mode and Tenor as Source Text ...28
b. Not Equivalent Translation ...35
1. The Target Text Has the Same Field and Mode, but Different Tenor from Source Text...36
2. The Target Text Has the Same Mode, but Different Field and Tenor from Source Text...44
3. The Target Text Has the Same Mode and Tenor, but Different Field from Source Text ...53
B. The Translation Acceptability Assessment...57
xi
2. The Less Acceptability Translation in the Analysis Using
Target Text’s Blurb...80
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION...85
BIBLIOGRAPHY...87
APPENDICES...89
Appendix 1: List of Data, Genre Categorization and Lexical Density...89
Appendix 2: Recapitulation of Equivalence Analysis Result...91
Appendix 3: Acceptability Questionnaires...93
Appendix 4: Recapitulation of Acceptability Questionnaires ...106
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Example of Acceptability Analysis ... 22 Table 2. Example of Translation Equivalence Assessment Using Communicative
Effectiveness ... 24 Table 3. Nababan’s Indicator of Acceptability (modified) ... 25 Table 4. Example of Acceptability Questionnaires (written in Indonesian)
xiii
ABSTRACT
DYAHPRAMESTI, PURINDRASWARI. The Translation of English Fictional Book Titles into Indonesian Contexts: A Functionalist Approach. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
This undergraduate thesis is about the equivalence and acceptability of several English fictional books which are translated into Indonesian. The concern studies a list of book titles which are specifically no word-for-word translation that are comprised in the thriller or romance genre category. The functionalist approach is taken as main theory used in this study since the analysis would go towards texts translation functions in bridging two different cultures from ST to TT.
In the study, there are two problems raised to analyze. The first problem is to find whether the data of ST and TT are equivalent by using the assessment of communicative effectiveness theory, as a part of functionalist approach method in evaluating whether ST and TT translation achieve the same purpose. Besides, the second problem is how acceptable the translation of TT for TT readerships.
The method used in this study is the library and field research. The field research takes acceptability analysis of study which needs 30 respondents to fill out the questionnaires of 30 data translation. The indications is used for questionnaires is Nababan’s acceptability category. The library research is also used for the needs of information, theories and study related to the topic discussed in such equivalence problem which only uses functionalist theory to analyze.
xiv
ABSTRAK
DYAHPRAMESTI, PURINDRASWARI. The Translation of English Fictional Book Titles into Indonesian Contexts: A Functionalist Approach. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang ekuivalensi dan keberterimaan beberapa buku fiksi bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam konteks Bahasa Indonesia. Sasaran utama pada sekumpulan judul buku yang secara spesifik bukan terjemahan kata-per-kata yang telah di kategorikan dalam misteri dan romansa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan fungsional yang mana turut menjadi teori utama dikarenakan analisis teks akan mengenai fungsi teks terjemahan itu sendiri dalam menjembatani dua kebudayaan yang berbeda dari Teks Sumber (Source Text) dan TeksTarget (Target Text).
Dalam studi ini terdapat dua permasalahan yang akan di analisis. Permasalahan pertama adalah menemukan ekuivalensi dari data ST dan TT menggunakan teori keefektifan komunikatif yang merupakan bagian dari metode pendekatan fungsional yang mengevaluasi belum atau sudahnya terjemahan ST ke TT mencapai tujuan yang sama, dan masalah kedua adalah seberapa berterima terjemahan TT untuk pembaca TT.
Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah penelitian pustaka dan lapangan. Penelitian lapangan digunakan dalam analisis keberterimaan yang membutuhkan 30 responden untuk mengisi kuesioner yang terdiri dari 30 data terjemahan. Indikator yang digunakan dalam kuesioner adalah kategori keberterimaan milik Nababan. Penelitian pustaka digunakan sebagai sumber informasi, teoridanstuditambahan yang berhubungan dengan topik diskusi seperti permasalahan ekuivalen, yang hanya menggunakan teori fungsional dalam analisisnya.
Pada hasil akhir, ditemukan dua penemuan dalam penelitian skripsi yaitu terdapat 7 data dinyatakan ekuivalen pada analisis pertama. Ekuivalensi ditandai dengan pencapaian penuh teks dalam memilikifield, modedan tenoryang positif atau sama (ST dengan TT). Sisanya, 23 data, menunjukan hasil berbeda untuk
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Translation activity has been known and done for long time. It is a process of
textual material substitution from source language (SL) into target language (TL)
(Catford, 1974: 20). Therefore, translation is an activity of rendering information
from one language to another which has also become a way or tool to broaden
knowledge and experience views in the brief period of time and limited form of
text. As important as language as it is used as system of communication for
human beings, translation activity is inevitable to be said as vital as language in
communication since it has to do with delivering messages from two different
spoken or written words culturally or in meaning. “Translation is an operation
performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text
in another.” (Catford, 1965:1). Moreover, the job of delivering messages in
translation is also a crucial one that a translator must not mislead the messages
conveyed to the target reader or receiver. Thus, the exigency of accuracy and
acceptability are very essentially needed in the process of translation to be able to
cope with catching the idea of two languages that also deals with the cultural
differences from both Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL).
Likewise in nowadays, many imported books have been subtitled in other
foreign languages in order to fulfill the gain of the books’ popularity throughout
the world, so have English import books been, which are, in many case, translated
and tendency of changing the books’ original element to make it more familiar in
target language and attract target readerships. One example is to suit the culture of
target language, by changing the books’ title, even farther from the original title.
Accordingly, one example English fictional book title taken into account in which
it embarks on the case mentioned above is Mitch Albom’s The Five People You
Meet in Heaven translated and published into Indonesian version as Mitch
Albom’s Meniti Bianglala. Whereas the Indonesian subtitle of the book’s title
would be Lima Orang yang Anda Temui di Surga since Meniti Bianglala holds
literal meaning Walking on the Rainbow when it is literally translated in English.
Consequently, the impression of the book would be different as well because book
titles represent different idea. The idea holds an explicit ambiguity of what the
book is about, presenting a different first impression for Target Language (TL)
further than the original one from Source Language (SL).
To analyze such a case, the translation strategy in description is used to draw
the meaning of SL into TL with the consideration of situational model and
socio-cultural meaning. The description strategy in situational model is a way of
translation with understanding the meaning of expressions or sentences by seeing
and determining its situational context (Widyamartaya, 1989: 22). As Catford
seconds with “SL and TL texts or items are translation equivalents when they are
interchangeable in a give situation” (1965: 3). Meanwhile, the application of
socio-cultural meaning in descriptive translation strategy is the way the translator
used other words or original SL to hold particular word meaning that describes
acceptability are chosen as the translation assessments to evaluate the translation’s
quality further. Those two assessments are best applied to analyze and consider
what particular words in TL shall replace any other words of SL, or why some
words remain in the real form of not being translated in TL.
Therefore, the thesis would analyze the translation of novel titles into
Indonesian using functionalist approach. It is an approach that grasps the idea of
descriptive and socio-in-cultural translation in dynamic flow persisting to
complete the aim of conveying message, getting through two cultures (Nord,
1997: 3). The approach seconds the analysis of quality assessment in equivalence
of a text in this thesis. Therefore, the presence of functionalist approach takes out
its map of areas to be analyzed in which each of it has its specialist viewpoint
bringing out intention in solving and answering why such translation of a text is
conveyed and delivered in such particular another way. According to Boleslav,
functional linguistics has its division of analysis that is divided into field, mode
and tenor (2005: 1). In addition, there is communicative effectiveness theory is
used that aspires the deeper flow of text analysis based on field, mode and tenor.
The usage of field in this thesis would assist analysis in descriptive point of
experiential elements through lexical words and proportions in divides that could
be seen in the text itself. Furthermore, mode is more concerned on textual
viewpoint about the style of the text produced and delivered, which is all over a
point in a continuum defined by several axis (the spoken/written axis & the
action/reflection axis), interactivity and spontaneity. As mode analysis takes more
tenor is the part of interpersonal metadata of text to analyze as it manages about
the identity of author, the target readership and the relationship between author
and target readership whether it is by chance or deliberate re-present. Lastly, the
addition of communicative effectiveness keeps the analysis of translation in this
thesis in the checking extent whether or not the text translated is considered
effective to be said as translated already upon its accomplishment in conditional
register of Field, Mode and Tenor.
On the other hand, the translation novels also associates directly to TL,
Therefore the necessity in proving how the translation could be accepted by target
receivers is included in the study as well. The translation is acceptable when it
could be accepted in target language by adapting the translation with the cultures
and norms of the target language (Munday, 2011: 144). That means, if the
translation is acceptable, it is understandable by target receivers. The
understandable term stands for accomplishing message delivery and adjusting TL
culture. Therefore, the terms of result is used in the acceptability analysis are
acceptable and less acceptable. Since acceptable takes for a text is understandable
by target readership, therefore less acceptable is for a text that results being less
acceptable by target readership. That such consideration is taken because many
TL’s translation books appear different from original titles; however they are still
published and read by target receivers. Thus, less acceptable is chosen as a
concern of functional aspect on how the translation is used and performed and its
Additionally, the writer hopes that the thesis would be useful for the readers to
give insights and understandings how translation process works and what
problems usually occur in translating two different languages.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is the equivalence of the translation of English fictional book titles
into Indonesian context seen from functionalist approach?
2. How acceptable arethe series of English fictional book titles translated into
Indonesian context?
C. Objectives of Study
Based on the problem formulation above, there are three objectives in this
study. The first objective is to find out how equivalent a list of English fictional
book titles translated into Indonesian contextas the data inserted in this study.
The determination of equivalence is followed by the functionalist approach that
has been already constructed with its own conditional aspect to be precise in aim
fulfilling the viewpoint of Field, Mode and Tenor, and also the communicative
effectiveness goal.
The second objective of this study is to identify the acceptability of several
English fictional book titles with comparing to its translated version in
Indonesian. Moreover, this will be followed by the result of acceptable and less
acceptable classification. And the last is to find out the conclusion about how
much functionalist approach influence the context-related translation and solve
D. Definition of Terms
There are several terms are used in this study. They are translation,
equivalence, acceptability, functionalist approach and titles. To avoid
misunderstanding and misinterpretation, here are the explanations of the
terms.
Translation is the process of transferring message rendered from one
language into another different language. According to Nida and Taber (1969:
27) translation is reproducing the receptor language to closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. Thus, the naturalness in translation is important to
render and adjust in the same idea that appears in TL.
Equivalence generally has a thing to do with being similar or the same,
interchangeable with something else. Bell stated that “translation is the
replacement of a representative of a text in one language by a representation
of an equivalent text in a second language.” (1991: 6). Thus, to find
equivalence in translation is to find similarity of the two texts with its
substantial which is conveying the message of first language (Source
Language) into second language (Target Language).
Acceptability based on Hatim’s theory about standards of textuality is the
term that means text receivers’ response (2001: 117). In addition, translation
considered acceptable if the TL can understand the translated translation with
for TL translation that appears in different idea from the original message
conveyed.
Functionalist approach is the approach that has other names such as
functionalism or functional in the very simplest form into function in which it
refers to what a text means or is intended to mean from the receiver’s point of
view (Nord, 1997: 28). Accordingly, it is the form of semantically translation
as the other words of the continuant of dynamic equivalence.
Titles refer to the name of book, poem, painting, piece of music and other
literary or artistic works (Oxford, 2015: 1626). Hence, book titles in this study
are the texts which are represented by certain words. The words are the names
that are designed to present the story inside.
8 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter elaborates the studies done by other researchers on similar topics and
reviews some theories applied in this thesis. The studies similar to this thesis are
taken from Puspitaratri, Wachyuni and Kuil’s ones. Each study is reviewed
somewhat at length to find the similarities and the different point of views in order
to avoid topics duplication. Some theories applied are also reviewed and discussed
to find a solid ground on which this thesis is carried on.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Diah Puspitaratri’s thesis “Translation Quality Assessment on Accuracy, Naturalness and Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy’s After the Dance into Setelah Pesta Dansaby Anton Kurnia”
This undergraduate thesis discusses the quality assessment on accuracy,
naturalness and acceptability as translation strategies applied in the data of Leo
Tolstoy’s fictional book entitled After the Dance which is translated into Setelah
Pesta Dansain Indonesian. In Puspitaratri’s analysis, the process and steps taken
are by the consideration of whether or not the text translation found in the book
are accurate when compared to its original Source Text.Furthermore, it steps on
applying the second tool of translation strategy examining it into its naturalness to
read for TL readers in order to check whether or not the TT is capable of reaching
local custom and value in conveying messages.In short, these two theses may
to the same issue, even such delete or adaption of several words are the analyzed
material.
The present thesis is quite different from Puspitaratri‘s thesis as it is
evident from which the data are already different that Puspitaratri’s thesis uses
some sentences, or excerpts to analyze in assisting brief and implicit explanation
for the context and meaning of several words replaced or erased in the final TL’s
translation, as this data thesis are lists of book titles that use reviews to analyze
data. Furthermore, although the use of strategy is the same and the steps of
analysis is similar, this thesis has concernon focusing on some particular
diction,that change the whole phrase or sentence semantically and syntactically,
and relating to the whole context of review. Meanwhile, Puspitaratri’s thesis
comes down to the analysis of phrases and clauses into TL’s contexts.
2. Sophia F. Wachyuni’s “The Problem of the Translation of Lubis’s Jalan Tak Ada Ujunginto A Road with No End”
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalence of meanings in the
novel which is originally from Indonesian translated into English. The scope data
and analysis of Wachyuni‘s thesis is to analyze the English translated form as TL
studied and compared to the original version written in Indonesian as SL. Also
States that there are found many words that are wrongly or non-equivalent
translated which leads to the final mark that the translation is unacceptable.
That is an interesting study since it provides various evidence of words,
comparative method in bridging two different cultures that somehow become the
problematic in translation.
Nevertheless, Wachyuni‘s is different from this thesis as it concerns more to
the cultural problem in the sense of dictions’ use and functions, with its
effects,merely using equivalent strategy. Meanwhile, the present thesis analyzes
the equivalence of two outputs from two different languages leading more to the
reasons why such translation applied in such particular contexts, although both
theses apply equivalent strategy analysis.
3. Fransisca Margaretha Kuil’s thesis “A Study on the Translation of Christian Related Terms in the Constitution of the Sisters of Notre Dame”
This undergraduate thesis studies about the translation of Christian
relatedterms in the Constitution of a religious Congregation of Notre Dame. To
bridge the two cultural translation, the main goal of this thesis is to keep message
and meaning by using certain methods of the theory of SL-emphasis and
TL-emphasis and finding method in later analysis.
The thesis in some way relates to the writer’s thesis as there are found many
theories and strategies applied that used semantic approach in bridging
socio-cultural case of context.
However, there is difference found in the thesis from the writer thesis in
which, the concerns of Kuil’s is broader that check and consider the data whether
has already specifically studied the data with the method of functionalist approach
meaning to say, the data taken are already the dynamic translation type.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Translation
Translation is the process of transferring message rendered from one language
into another different language.
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida and Taber, 1969:27).
In short, according to Nida and Taber, it is urgency that translation must keep
meaning and style in delivering the data of translation. In other words, it does not
only carry the point of message being rendered and transferred from SL (Source
Language) to TL (Target Language), but also keeps its style, which is naturalness
of translation,that the message of SL transferred and adjusted in the same idea that
appears in TL.
2. Translation Equivalence
Newmark says that “the principle of equivalent frequency of usage in source
and target language applied to grammatical structures and lexis is particularly
useful as an additional method of verifying a translation.” (1981: 145)
Equivalence is a part of translation strategy that concerns on the process of
conveying the same message from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target
Language).
According to Eugene Nida’s classification of equivalence in Susan Bassnett’s
dynamic ones. The difference is that formal equivalence is always based on the
rule.
Formal equivalence ‘focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In such translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept.’ Nida calls this type of translation a ‘gloss translation’, which aims to allow the reader to understand as much of the SL context as possible. (Bassnett, 2008: 33)
Meanwhile, the dynamic equivalence has the translation in TL that may have
different from SL.
Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being at the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. (Bassnett, 2008: 33)
Even though, there are two different strategy of equivalence in translation, in
for short can be categorized as ‘word-for-word’ and ‘free’ translation based on
Catford’s theory; yet, those two emphasize the essence and necessity of equivalent
translation that has to be able to cover up what is being rendered, delivered and
received in the same way.
3. Translation Acceptability
The strategy process in translating by considering the understanding or
response of the audience is well-known as acceptability. This term is the
continuant strategy to check whether or not the translation from SL into TL can be
accepted as valid or invalid translation.
According to Hatim’s theory about standards of textuality, the term
considered acceptable if the TL can understand the translated translation with their
basis of culture.
Thus, Bassnett in her book also states about the Durisin’s argument about
translator.
The translator of literary text is not concerned with establishing equivalence of natural language but of artistic producers. And those products cannot be considered in isolation, but must be located within the specific cultural-temporal context within which they are utilized.
To conclude, acceptability is the keyword of cultural pass in which it functions
to come into two sides of the door transferring messages faithfully but it is not
engaged with rule. The rule itself is the strict playing of syntax and literalism.
Moreover, acceptability must follow what is served in the TT, TL’s culture, and it
is very urgent for the TL audiences to be able to understand the message of SL in
their own understanding based on their own kind of context.
4. Functionalist Approach
Functionalist approach is an approach in translation that is ‘functional’ which
concerns on the function of text and translation. The typically recognazition of
functionalist approach which is somehow also called as functional approach and
functionalism, is in which, translation could be descriptive, but it still manages to
render the message of original source. Briefly, it has the tendency to give
situation-in-culture in exchanging communication material as the result of the
translation in the basis of personal input.
This approach has been a new continuant strategy system in translation of
dynamic equivalence. Christiane Nord, Hans J. Vermeer stated term of
refers to what a text means or is intended to mean from the receiver’s point of
view. (1997: 28) In other words, functionalism is semantically translation or
sense-for-sense as dynamic equivalence. Hence, to apply functionalism as the
mean of translation two different titles, is to see how and why the target text take
particular words and style and do check on its function.
Furthermore, functionalism is also taken note as the process of rendering
massage from source translation which must accomplish conditional goals, among
others: Field (experiental point), Mode (textual point), and Tenor (interpersonal
point). Those three points are also included as the ‘functionalist’ checklist of text
translation that compulses text translation (Boleslav, 2015: 4)
5. Communicative Effectiveness
The other practical guide that determine a target text has been translated based
on its source—passing through the message and intended meaning of text—with
fulfilling conditional goals and terms is to make sure the existence of text telling.
Communicative effectiveness is a theory saying “a text is effective if it suceeds in
achieving its purpose” (Boleslav, 2005: 13) focuses on accomplishing functions—
different from function in functional approach—judged in a text that in which a
text must have either “thematic organization” as the kind of text themes and
elements, and “cohesion” as named sense-of-meaning for target receivers, or the
goal accomplishment of Field, Mode and Tenor to be found.
What Field, Mode and Tenor mean to categorize communicative effectiveness
is merely the same expression as it is found in functionalist analysis texts. To
text’s semantic domain and its specialization. Moreover, the “about” element
conceived by Field also includes what kind of text is it practically have the talk
about the process and circumstance types. Meanwhile, Mode deals with the
textual element of a text which relates to the method taken by a text generated as
it is. In this element, it is very likely a text’s method appears to be more than
varies of production as a text may adjust interactivity or spontaneity-like.
Furthermore, to analyze a text’s effectiveness, last categorization used is Tenor in
which practically relates to the author and his audiences talking about language,
social features, and the relationship between them. It is practically way in
analyzing a text based on text produced and what kind of audiences expected to be
presented with such language written in a text itself.
6. Field, Mode and Tenor
According to Boleslav’s theory (2015: 4), there are three qualifications to
determine whether a text is functional or not. The qualifications are field, mode
and tenor which are explained below, as following:
Field The experiential viewpoint from a text that basically concern on what text is about.
Mode The textual viewpoint from a text that displays the characteristics of its intended mode (high interactivity and high spontaneity (could be counted by lexical density)).
Tenor The interpersonal viewpoint from a text that constructs the expected tenor for the participants.
Those three qualifications are essential in text analysis. Each of them carries
role of viewpoints that construct text to accomplish its functionalism as well as
The study of field is the analysis of dictions used in ST and TT by drawing the
meaning of words. It is also used to see how a word performs to replace and
represent the idea of ST and TT as well as the genre of text. Meanwhile, mode is
about the study of interactivity of text that is used to interest readers. It also
studies the spontaneity of text that relies on the calculation of lexical density.
What it indicates is the lower lexical density results; the more spontaneous text
appears. On the other hand, tenor is about the technique on how text is constructed
(personalization >< impersonalization). Next, by the stance of text that indicates
what attitude is expressed. The analysis covers lexical choices and evaluative
expression (asserted, assumed and triggered attitude in choices).
7. Lexical Density
In this study, in proving how the translation works in theory, arts and market
is also determined by lexical density. According to Hallday, “lexical density is
distinguishing lexical and grammatical item (content words) to the total
discourse.” It can be measured in various ways: the ration of the lexical items
either to the total running words or some higher grammatical unit, most obviously
the clause. (1987: 60). Therefore, the method of calculating Lexical Density (LD)
is written in the following formula.
LD (%) = ே ௨ ௫ ௪ ௗ ௦ ் ௧ ௨ (் ௦) × 100%
Moreover, LD is used in this study in the practice of mode analysis. The
significance is the lower LD in a text, the more spontaneous the text is. The
structures constructed. Therefore, a title is effective as possible that is able to
attract target readership as well as produces intended result.
8. Back Translation
According to Harkness and Glusberg (1998), back translation involves the
translation of a text which itself is a translation back into the original language. It
is most commonly used and recommended as a way to asses translation work.
(Werner Campbell, 1970). Back translation also could be used as the translator
assessment. It is used to bridge the translation of SL and TL in comparison of
word meaning.
C. Theoretical Framework
The definition of translation based on Nida and Taber, and with translation
quality assessments cover equivalence and acceptability aspects by Bassnett,
Hatim and Durisin (stated in Bassnett’s book) with the addition of
functional/functionalist approach/functionalism stated from Christiane Nord and
practical guide for functional text analysis by Boleslav which also covering for
communicative effectiveness; and field, mode and tenor are the basic
understanding to the topic being discussed in this study. Along with the theory of
lexical density and back translation, the translation analysis is also assessed by
those theories to accomplish objectives.
To begin, the theory of Translation by Nida and Taber is very essential in
elaborating what and how translator and translation need to translate with the
naturalist work. Relating to this study, the theory of equivalence and its type
acceptability theory by Hatim and Durisin help the writer to the understanding on
the formality of ‘what is called acceptability’ and its importance. Furthermore,
using the appliance of Nababan’s acceptability indicator and simplified category
is to assess the data in this research.
Functional/Functionalist Approach/Functionalism is the third theory used
in this study that covers most of the work. The importance of this approach is to
assess the traslation compentence and help the writer finding equivalence of ST
and TT marking the the accomplishment of translation and its communicative
effectiveness that also, later on becoming the additional theory. Field, Mode and
Tenor which are a part of functionalist approach are the categorization that is used
to assess the approach in analysis. Thus, these last theory, approach and
qualifications are very useful in answering the first problem formulation.
Lastly, lexical density is used to assess the equivalence analysis. It deals
with the spontaneity that is included in the method on solving the first problem.
On the other hand, back translation takes a part in assessing the analysis in the
first and second formulations. It is a tool in this study to find the ‘functional’
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
The study concerns on the translation of source texts and targets texts with
evaluation of English fictional book titles into its translated version of Indonesian
contexts. It uses the implementation of a functionalist approach to work on its
analysis extent. The data are evaluated consisted of 30 English fictional book titles
completed with its Indonesian adaptation titles which are from two different
genres, that are thriller for 15fictional titles preceded and 15 romance fictional
book titles. According to Williams and Chesterman (2002: 6), this kind of study is
text analysis and translation which functions to analyze the translation strategy
and change or shift between SL and TL applied and its condition of use.
B. Object of the Study
The object of this study was 30 English fictional book titles that had been
translated and adapted into Indonesian version; however, it was limited to several
titles which were not word-to-word translation between original title and its
translated ones. Since the translatable unit in the form of book titles, therefore
they were in the phrase and sentence forms. The data of fiction titles are a series
of romance and thriller bestseller books in TL.
Moreover, in this study, there was a superior role of functionalist approach
in which it was an approach that took more scale of space in the study as it had the
counterbalance for the descriptive translation strategy and socio-cultural meaning
analyzed were far from each other in meaning impressed people who
pickedwithout knowing the original names would think the title as it is.Therefore
that was the task of functional approach in which it took concern on the
equivalence between ST and TT titles dispersing around analysis viewpoints
related to the work of text called as a good text through terms of Field, Mode and
Tenor.
C. Method of the Study
The method taken in analyzing the work was a library research, as to
second and complete this study;there is the needs of information, theories and
study related to the topic which would be discussed.
The data in this study was primary data in which it was collected by the
researcher who studied the topic and was not taken from other sources. All the
primary data were taken from referent books and internet.
D. Research Procedure
1. Type of Data
a. Objective Data
The objective data used in this research are a list of English fictional book
titles. There were several fictional titles originally written by Agatha Christie in
thriller. Its number of titles and their Indonesian translation were 14, and the rest
of total thriller fictions were the writing of John Fielding. Meanwhile, there are 15
romance English of fictional books titles compiled from several different
that are mostly found in Indonesian bookstores or libraries with the amount of
translation versions are often read by target receivers.
b. Affective Data
This study also collected the affirmative data garnered from respondents to
fill out questionnaires concerning translation equivalence and acceptability of the
English of fictional titles translated into Indonesian context. The form of
questionnaires would be the whole data which had been categorized differently
based on its genres, into two divisions: thriller and romance. There were 30
randomly chosen respondents who were people in general without age levels or
occupation differences as the base of measurement cover.That becomes the fair
measurement since analysis would be focus on acceptability translation that
relates to target receivers who could be anybody who understand Indonesian. The
acceptability questionnaire always concerns on target receivers as it is up to the
standard of the translation beneficiary. This affective data were used to measure
how acceptable the translation was.
2. Data Collection
Since the data in this study were a list of book titles, therefore the first step
was to collect the English fictional book titles that had been translated into
Indonesian with its particular conditions, that those books to choose had already
had its Indonesian title versions in no word-for-word translation. The work of
collecting data took any fictional titles which were found in the bookstore, library
or even some websites in the internet. The picking-up came with the condition
After having the list of titles to use and analyze, they were categorized by genres
in order to limit the research area and to find the exact analysis and objectivity of
its translation. As a result, there are two different genre of book categories used in
this study, which are thriller and romance.
Furthermore, the primary data collections were to use the assessment of
questionnaires. The data of questions were taken by samples and it was in the kind
of purposive samples so that it could give the information needed by the
researcher to bridge the problem formulation between SL and TL. Therefore, it
means that the questionnaires only took one of the quality assessments in
translation, which was acceptability, to be sampled to and checked on
respondents.
Table 1.1.Example of Acceptability Analysis
No Data ST TT Category
1 1/ST/ThG/Ac/FL Five Little Pigs
MengungkitPembun
uhan Acceptable
2 2/ST/RoG/Ac/FR Fools Rush
In CintaTiba-tiba
Less Acceptable
In which,
ST : Source Text
TTAc : Target Text for Acceptability ThG : Thriller Genre
RoG : Romance Genre
Ac : Acceptability of Quality Assessment Translation FL : Three Little Pigs
After the data in the Source Text and Target Text were all coded, the data
were given to respondents. The writer used the questionnaires to measure the
acceptability among people in general. The respondents gave score for each data.
3. Population and Sample
The population data in this study consisted of 30 English and Indonesian
fictional book titles. 15 were thriller and 15 are romance genre book. All data
were analyzed.
4. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, there were some steps taken to accomplish the
analysis goal in this study based on the quality of assessments and approach used.
Seeing from the problem formulation and objectivity, the first step was to put the
list of titles it the equivalence analysis of two different expression titles from SL
into TL. The measurement scope of quality assessment translation in equivalence
here would take the functional approach to second the grip of analysis work. The
basic aim of this approach was to analyze about how the readers get the message
of what is told. Thus, by using the guide compass from Boleslav’s theory, the
search of equivalence and non-equivalence would be determined by Field (for the
experiential viewpoint), Mode (for the textual viewpoint) and Tenor (for the
interpersonal viewpoint) as the method of score in analysis. In addition, there is
communicative effectiveness as a tool of measurement on whether or not the text
translated achieves the goal from rendering messages from SL to TL to
In this instance, in the equivalence analysis, the theoretical practice of
communicative effectiveness would be used to support. The proceeding was taken
since the praxis which was used that suggested communicative effectiveness took
the analysis of text came all over the text’s ideas of Field, Mode and Tenor the
same way as equivalence. To make use of communicative effectiveness as an
assessment, thereforethere will be a deeper practice analysis to texts equivalence
and also effectiveness in use. Thus, the categorization would be induced into table
for practical mode below.
Table 4.2. Example of Translation Equivalence Assessment Using Communicative Effectiveness
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
22/ST/Ro G/TNC/
DBH
The Twelve Nights of Christmas
DuaBelasHariTeri
ndah X √ √
The criteria were borrowed from the method of classification written by
Boleslav which is sorted by the writer into three columns of category for field,
mode and tenor. To analyze the text equivalence and effectiveness, two different
titles are on display in comparison for both names followed by the
checked-column initially placed for a text consideration for accomplishing the same field,
mode or tenor. To use those three criteria lead to a better problem, solving on how
the translation English fictional book titles that somehow presents very far from
original translation well-analyzed both theoretically and culturally.
Seeing the example of table 4.2, it shows the two titles translated from
column, indicates that a text produced and appeared based on both translation is
considered equivalent. Therefore, the changes of title are considered effective as
well. The equivalence takes for the same meanings implied for each element
analyzed while the effectiveness takes for a text translation (both English and
Indonesian translation) has achieved a text purpose—that is giving factual
information until convincing receivers for its validity—and the expectations of
Field, Mode and Tenor which is register completely register for a text.
The second analysis would give room for quality assessment translation in
acceptability which is the strategy process in translating by considering the
understanding or response of the audience. This term was in the continuum
strategy to check whether or not the translation from SL to TL can be accepted, as
valid or invalid translation. Thus, the writer adapted and used Nababan’s score
indicator from The Translation Theory (translated) (1999).
Table 4.1.Nababan’s Indicator of Acceptability (modified)
Scale Score Acceptability
Category Acceptability Indicator
1.00 –
1.5 1 Acceptable
The TL title is understood by target readership and naturally translated in Indonesian.
1.6 –
2.00 2 Less Acceptable
The TL title is not understood by target readership and not matched with the content of blurb.
According to the indicator score above, to apply it to questionnaire forms
would be like table 4.3. There was an additional column of comment which
applicable to other to scores given to the same data) as consideration of
supplementary analysis.
Table 4.3.Example of the questionnaires (written in Indonesian) [translated back in English]
Isi Cerita (Content): Hasrat Amyas Cralepada lukisan dan wanita membuat namanya terkenal. Namun pembunuhan atas dirinya membuat namanya tercemar. Enam belas tahun kemudian istrinya yang cemburu dituduh dan dijatuhi hukuman seumur hidup karena pembunuhan yang menggemparkan. Kini Carla, putri mereka, wanita muda yang yakin ibunya tidak bersalah, menghadapkan Hercule Poirot pada tantangan yang menggoda: memulihkan nama baik ibunya dengan kembali ke tempat terjadinya pembunuhan dan mencari kekurangan fatal pada kejahatan yang sempurna itu.
(AmyasCrale’s murder made a fuss in city and put him in a bad name. Until 16 years later, his jealous wife was accused and sentenced to life due to the shocking homicide. It was all left to Carla, the Crale’sdaughter, who was certain that her mother was innocence. She confronted HerculePoirot to the tempting challenge: cleaned her mother’s name by coming back to the homicide scene and searched for fatal absence in that perfect crime.)
Catatan (Note):
In which,
Nilai(Score) 1:berterima (the data is acceptable for target readership)
Nilai (Score) 2: kurang berterima (the data is less acceptable for target
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part covers the analysis of
the first problem formulated which is equivalence translation seen from
functionalist approach. The analysis is assessed byBoleslav’scommunicative
effectiveness theory (2005) that uses field, mode and tenor as deeper guide of text
analysis in order to find the functional aspects of 30 translation data compared
back to its source version.
The second part covers the analysis of acceptability that studieshow texts
which are considered acceptable in its native context. The analysis isgarnered
from discussion of questionnaires filled in by 30 respondents using Nababan’s
score and category in acceptability.
1. The Translation Equivalence Assessment Using Communicative
Effectiveness
The analysis of translation equivalence assessment is divided into groups
of grade as result of Field, Mode and Tenor examination into 8 different
resolutions, which are: (√√√), (√XX), (√√X), (√X√), (X√√), (X√X), (XX√), and
(XXX). As noted in the column above, there has already been a sequence of
(Field, Mode, and Tenor) in the following orders. In details, (√) indicates that
source and target texts have the same analysis results, meanwhile (X) indicates
To note down, all modes in text analyses apparently have the same result.
All of TT modes are equivalent to ST modes because the data are book titles that
use written language.
a. Equivalent Translation
The equivalent translation of the first problem formulation this study is
marked by field, mode and tenor that appear positive or the same as the source
text (√√√). Based on the analysis below, there are 7 equivalent translations of
fictional book titles in Indonesian contexts as a result.
1. The Target Text Has the Same Field, Mode and Tenor as the Source Text
i. Data 2
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
2/ST/ThG/
DMF/KB Dead Man’s Folly Kubur Berkubah √ √ √ In the analysis of Field, “dead man” in ST and “kubur” (grave) in TT are
dictions that influence text equivalence. Moreover, “berkubah”(domed)and
“folly” that are intriguing details in both texts that are put for clues of mystery.
Therefore, as the dictions could relate to each other, the expression and ideas are
also conveyed equivalently as well.
In the analysis of mode, both texts show the same lexical density for 1
point indicating that the text is spontaneous. ST title has word “folly” as
interactivity that signifies readers’ interest to see more of what the word means in
text. Moreover, TT title functions dictions “kubur” (grave) and “berkubah”
(doomed)as the interactivity. Those words combined signify thriller rather than ST
The third analysis talks about tenor. Both ST and TT have the same tenor
four using impersonalization. Both texts also put negative meanings in the
dictions which relates to thriller stuff and impression of clues or such cases. ST
uses “dead man” and “folly”; meanwhile, ST uses “kubur”. In addition, the
evaluative expression used by ST and TT are triggered attitude as well. That is
used by the author and translator to create titles with the meaning of words and its
relation of content that encourages readers to imply more.
ii. Data 6
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
6/ST/ThG/
SC/MTB Sad Cypress
Mawar Tak
Berduri √ √ √
In the field analysis, ST uses dictions “sad” and “cypress” that signifies for
mourning and great loss. Meanwhile, TT uses dictions “mawar” (rose) and “tak
berduri” (spineless) that are combined altogether signifies for weakness. In the
term of field, both titles reflect the ugly experiences in interpreting the same idea,
especially the adjective dictions (“sad” and “tak berduri”) chosen are quite
contrasted to the nouns (“cypress” and “mawar”).
Secondly, for the mode of text, ST has 1 point and TT has 0.7 point for
lexical densities indicate that both texts are spontaneous. In ST word “cypress”
and “sad” are used to make an emphasis of pessimistic ambience in story.
Meanwhile, TT title uses “mawar” (rose) combined with “tak berduri” (spineless)
that appears as unfamiliar knowledge for “rose” to have “spineless” character.
Thirdly, in analysis oftenor, both texts appear as impersonalization since
there is no subjectivity. Furthermore, ST uses word “cypress” and “sad” which
carry meaning for ‘mourning and unhappiness’ to construct a negative attitude in
text. Similar to ST, the lexical choices of TT are “tak berduri” (spineless) and
“mawar” (rose). They instantly have different meanings to imply. The word “tak
berduri” is positively means no harm. However, when translator uses that word
combined with “mawar”, it becomes negative in meaning that the rose has no
strength to protect itself. Hence, both titles are included in triggered attitude since
there is a lot to imply more.
iii. Data 12
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
12/ST/ThG /DCE/LD
Death Comes as the End
Ledakan
Dendam √ √ √
The analysis of field, ST uses the word “death” and “end” as the highlights
of title. Those words make the impression of intrigue and put the text into thriller
shelves. Meanwhile, TT title has “ledakan” (explosion) that stresses impression
of how big the word “dendam” (revenge) functions in text. Moreover, in the term
of field, two data show that both titles actually relate to each since with dictions
“death”, “end” and “dendam” that relate in meanings.
Next, the second analysis talks about mode in which ST has 0.6 point and
TT has 1 point for lexical density which indicates that both texts are spontaneous.
Furthermore, ST keeps the word “death” as interactivity to make title like the kind
shows to an allusion to which “revenge” has implied meaning to. It also becomes
the interactivity that interest readers since it is included in thriller terms.
Moreover, the third analysis is about tenor which ST and TT take
impersonalization which press to the objectivity of text. Furthermore, for stance of
lexical choices, the word “death” and “end” in ST represent negative meanings
that the author uses to create such feeling of negative attitude due to thriller
fiction. Meanwhile the word that stands out the most in TT is “revenge” which
already brings negative meanings, then noun “explosion” added, it makes an
emphasis used by the translator to construct negative attitude. Therefore, the
evaluative expression is used in ST and TT are assumed attitude as well, since the
title is built in the form of main idea. Thus, tenor in this data is equivalent.
iv. Data 15
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
15/ST/ThG/ OBI/MRH
Ordeal by Innocence
Mata Rantai
yang Hilang √ √ √ In analysis of field, ST title uses “ordeal” means s a very difficult situation
which is a general word that represents the usual plot of thriller. Meanwhile, TT
title takes dictions “Mata Rantai” (link)that also match the detective or mystery
term. Added by the diction, “yang Hilang” (missing) that gives impression for
riddles. Moreover, by the dictions chosen for ST and TT, “ordeal” could be
represented by “mata rantai yang hilang” as the description of situation.
Therefore, both texts are equivalent.
Moreover, the second analysis is about mode in which ST has 0.7 point
Rantai yang Hilang” show thriller terms. They all seem intriguing that could be
interactivity for target readership.
For tenor analysis, ST and TT titles which are constructed in a phrase,
included in impersonalization since there is no personal derivatives inside text.
However, they have strong lexical choices for “ordeal” and “innocence” that goes
for negative meanings and causes implied negatives perspectives. It is then
functioned by author to create one such negative atmosphere and attitude of what
thriller is usually like. Meanwhile, TT uses “mata rantai” as the word which
could relate to thriller term, added to an adjective “yang hilang” which brings
negative meaning. Thus, the evaluative expressions for both texts are assumed
attitude since the words that is displayed is implied to be supposed to.
v. Data 18
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
18/ST/RoG
/BOR/PT Bed of Roses
Pernikahan
Terindah √ √ √ In the analysis of field, data 18 is considered to have the same field as
dictions “bed”, “roses”, “pernikahan” (wedding) and “terindah” (the most
beautiful) represent the same idea. Each one is included in romance term that is
often used. Diction “bed” in ST and “pernikahan” in TT are the symbol words of
togetherness and comfort. For “roses” and “terindah” implies happiness meaning
instead. In addition, Bed of Roses is English idiom for ‘an easy, comfortable
situation” that is best replaced in Pernikahan Terindah(the most beautiful
Furthermore, for the analysis of mode, ST has 0.7 point and TT has 1 point
for lexical density indicating that both titles are structured spontaneously. The
interactivity of SL on the choice of words that turns out to be idiom which makes
readers believe the story must be good and expected that way. Meanwhile, for TL
title uses allusion in the word “pernikahan” which attract readers for good
romance.
Moreover, the third analysis is tenor in which both texts use
impersonalization for no subjectivity within their texts. Anyhow, ST title uses the
stance of lexical choices for romance with “roses” and “bed”.With their meaning,
they are constructed to a positive attitude marking the romance to have happy
ending. Similarly, TT has positive meaning for words “pernikahan” and
“terindah” used by the translator to make a positive attitude. Thus, the evaluative
expressions found in these texts are assumed attitude since the title is put like it is
something factual in the first place.
vi. Data 26
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
26/ST/Ro
G/Ov/Te Overbite Terpikat √ √ √ In the analysis of field, ST diction “overbite” and TT diction “terpikat”
(attracted) are considered equivalent. “Overbite” itself means ‘misalignment of
teeth in which the upper teeth is project over too far over the lower teeth when
mouth is closed’. Meanwhile, “terpikat” means ‘to get drawn attention to
someone else’. The word definitions seem different, but the expression appears
Secondly, for mode analysis, ST and TT have 1 point for lexical density
which means both titles are spontaneous in structural way. Both data also show
the same way of text produced by acquiring a word for title.Thus, it is the part of
interactivity in text that is used to encourage readers’ curiosity.
Thirdly, in the analysis of tenor, the two texts that do not project any
subjectivity take for impersonalization. Both titles also display negative meaning
by lexical choices. ST’s “overbite” negatively means the situation of something
bites off more than it should. It is used by the author to construct the same attitude
and ambience to how the story goes. “Attracted” in TT is also directed more
negatively because it shows no control to oneself in handling circumstance of
feeling. Hence, the evaluative attitude used for both texts, which appear to be the
same, is assumed attitude in which needs for other statement to complete the
entire meaning.
vii. Data 30
Code ST TT Field Mode Tenor
30/ST/RoG
/SF/BDR Secret Fire Bersemi di Rusia √ √ √ In the analysis of field, dictions that are related in romance term are
“secret”, “fire” and “bersemi” (growing). Those dictions indicate meanings for
‘passion and sparks’ romantically based on the context. Therefore, in the term of
field, both texts are equivalent since TT could represent what is meant in ST.
Furthermore, in the analysis of mode, ST has 1 point and TT has 0.7 point
for lexical density that means the structure of both titles are spontaneous. ST uses
